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De Riccardis A, Lee M, Kazantsev RV, Garza AJ, Zeng G, Larson DM, Clark EL, Lobaccaro P, Burroughs PWW, Bloise E, Ager JW, Bell AT, Head-Gordon M, Mele G, Toma FM. Heterogenized Pyridine-Substituted Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine Yields Reduction of CO 2 by Tuning the Electron Affinity of the Co Center. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:5251-5258. [PMID: 31971360 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of CO2 to reduced products is a promising route to alleviate irreversible climate change. Here we report the synthesis of a Co-based phthalocyanine with pyridine moieties (CoPc-Pyr), which is supported on a carbon electrode and shows Faradaic efficiency ∼90% for CO at 490 mV of overpotential (-0.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)). In addition, its catalytic activity at -0.7 V versus RHE surpasses other Co-based molecular and metal-organic framework catalysts for CO2 reduction at this bias. Density functional theory calculations show that pyridine moieties enhance CO2 adsorption and electron affinity of the Co center by an inductive effect, thus lowering the overpotential necessary for CO2 conversion. Our study shows that CoPc-Pyr reduces CO2 at lower overpotential and with higher activity than noble metal electrodes, such as silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto De Riccardis
- Department of Engineering for Innovation , University of Salento , via Arnesano , Lecce 73100 , Italy
| | - Michelle Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca 14850 , New York , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Ezra L Clark
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley 94720 , California , United States
| | | | | | - Ermelinda Bloise
- Department of Engineering for Innovation , University of Salento , via Arnesano , Lecce 73100 , Italy
| | | | - Alexis T Bell
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley 94720 , California , United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley 94720 , California , United States
| | - Giuseppe Mele
- Department of Engineering for Innovation , University of Salento , via Arnesano , Lecce 73100 , Italy
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2
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Buckley AK, Lee M, Cheng T, Kazantsev RV, Larson DM, Goddard III WA, Toste FD, Toma FM. Electrocatalysis at Organic–Metal Interfaces: Identification of Structure–Reactivity Relationships for CO2 Reduction at Modified Cu Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7355-7364. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya K. Buckley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michelle Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tao Cheng
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis and Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | | | | | - William A. Goddard III
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis and Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Kazantsev RV, Dannenhoffer A, Aytun T, Harutyunyan B, Fairfield DJ, Bedzyk MJ, Stupp SI. Molecular Control of Internal Crystallization and Photocatalytic Function in Supramolecular Nanostructures. Chem 2018; 4:1596-1608. [PMID: 30740552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular light-absorbing nanostructures are useful building blocks for the design of next-generation artificial photosynthetic systems. Development of such systems requires a detailed understanding of how molecular packing influences the material's optoelectronic properties. We describe a series of crystalline supramolecular nanostructures in which the substituents on their monomeric units strongly affects morphology, ordering kinetics, and exciton behavior. By designing constitutionally-isomeric perylene monoimide (PMI) amphiphiles, the effect of side chain sterics on nanostructure crystallization was studied. Molecules with short amine linked alkyl-tails rapidly crystallize upon dissolution in water, while bulkier tails require the addition of salt to screen electrostatic repulsion and annealing to drive crystallization. A PMI monomer bearing a 3-pentylamine tail was found to possess a unique structure that results in strongly red-shifted absorbance, indicative of charge-transfer exciton formation. This particular supramolecular structure was found to have an enhanced ability to photosensitize a thiomolybdate, [(NH4)2Mo3S13], catalyst to generate hydrogen gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Kazantsev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Adam Dannenhoffer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Taner Aytun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Boris Harutyunyan
- Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daniel J Fairfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Lead Contact
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4
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Weingarten AS, Dannenhoffer AJ, Kazantsev RV, Sai H, Huang D, Stupp SI. Chromophore Dipole Directs Morphology and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4965-4968. [PMID: 29624383 PMCID: PMC6072259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous self-assembly of chromophores into light-harvesting antennae provides a potentially low-cost approach to building solar-to-fuel conversion materials. However, designing such supramolecular architectures requires a better understanding of the balance between noncovalent forces among the molecular components. We investigated here the aqueous assembly of perylene monoimide chromophore amphiphiles synthesized with different substituents in the 9-position. The molecular dipole strength decreases as the nature of the substituent is altered from electron donating to electron withdrawing. Compounds with stronger molecular dipoles, in which dipolar interactions stabilize assemblies by 10-15 kJ·mol-1, were found to form crystalline nanoribbons in solution. In contrast, when the molecular dipole moment is small, nanofibers were obtained. Highly blue-shifted absorption maxima were observed in assemblies with large dipoles, indicating strong electronic coupling is present. However, only the moderate dipole compound had the appropriate molecular packing to access charge-transfer excitons leading to enhanced photocatalytic H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Weingarten
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Adam J. Dannenhoffer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Roman V. Kazantsev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Dongxu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 E. Huron St, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Ye R, Zhukhovitskiy AV, Kazantsev RV, Fakra SC, Wickemeyer BB, Toste FD, Somorjai GA. Supported Au Nanoparticles with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands as Active and Stable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Lactonization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4144-4149. [PMID: 29506380 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on the surface of metal nanoparticle (NP) catalysts permits fine-tuning of catalytic activity and product selectivity. Yet, NHC-coated Au NPs have been seldom used in catalysis beyond hydrogenation chemistry. One challenge in this field has been to develop a platform that permits arbitrary ligand modification without having to compromise NP stability toward aggregation or leaching. Herein, we exploit the strategy of supported dendrimer-encapsulated metal clusters (DEMCs) to achieve aggregation-stable yet active heterogeneous Au NP catalysts with NHC ligands. Dendrimers function as aggregation-inhibitors during the NP synthesis, and NHCs, well-known for their strong attachment to the gold surface, provide a handle to modify the stereochemistry, stereoelectronics, and chemical functionality of the NP surface. Indeed, compared to "ligandless" Au NPs which are virtually inactive below 80 °C, the NHC-ligated Au NP catalysts enable a model lactonization reaction to proceed at 20 °C on the same time scale (hours). Based on Eyring analysis, proto-deauration is the turnover-limiting step accelerated by the NHC ligands. Furthermore, the use of chiral NHCs led to asymmetric induction (up to 16% enantiomeric excess) in the lactonization transformations, which demonstrates the potential of supported DEMCs with ancillary ligands in enantioselective catalysis.
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Kazantsev RV, Dannenhoffer AJ, Weingarten AS, Phelan BT, Harutyunyan B, Aytun T, Narayanan A, Fairfield DJ, Boekhoven J, Sai H, Senesi A, O'Dogherty PI, Palmer LC, Bedzyk MJ, Wasielewski MR, Stupp SI. Crystal-Phase Transitions and Photocatalysis in Supramolecular Scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6120-6127. [PMID: 28436654 PMCID: PMC5556754 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
energy landscape of a supramolecular material can include different
molecular packing configurations that differ in stability and function.
We report here on a thermally driven crystalline order transition
in the landscape of supramolecular nanostructures formed by charged
chromophore amphiphiles in salt-containing aqueous solutions. An irreversible
transition was observed from a metastable to a stable crystal phase
within the nanostructures. In the stable crystalline phase, the molecules
end up organized in a short scroll morphology at high ionic strengths
and as long helical ribbons at lower salt content. This is interpreted
as the result of the competition between electrostatic repulsive forces
and attractive molecular interactions. Only the stable phase forms
charge-transfer excitons upon exposure to visible light as indicated
by absorbance and fluorescence features, second-order harmonic generation
microscopy, and femtosecond transient absorbance spectroscopy. Interestingly,
the supramolecular reconfiguration to the stable crystalline phase
nanostructures enhances photosensitization of a proton reduction catalyst
for hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Senesi
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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7
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Hestand NJ, Kazantsev RV, Weingarten AS, Palmer LC, Stupp SI, Spano FC. Extended-Charge-Transfer Excitons in Crystalline Supramolecular Photocatalytic Scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11762-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Hestand
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank C. Spano
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Weingarten AS, Kazantsev RV, Palmer LC, Fairfield DJ, Koltonow AR, Stupp SI. Supramolecular Packing Controls H₂ Photocatalysis in Chromophore Amphiphile Hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15241-6. [PMID: 26593389 PMCID: PMC4676032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Light harvesting supramolecular assemblies
are potentially useful
structures as components of solar-to-fuel conversion materials. The
development of these functional constructs requires an understanding
of optimal packing modes for chromophores. We investigated here assembly
in water and the photocatalytic function of perylene monoimide chromophore
amphiphiles with different alkyl linker lengths separating their hydrophobic
core and the hydrophilic carboxylate headgroup. We found that these
chromophore amphiphiles (CAs) self-assemble into charged nanostructures
of increasing aspect ratio as the linker length is increased. The
addition of salt to screen the charged nanostructures induced the
formation of hydrogels and led to internal crystallization within
some of the nanostructures. For linker lengths up to seven methylenes,
the CAs were found to pack into 2D crystalline unit cells within ribbon-shaped
nanostructures, whereas the nine methylene CAs assembled into long
nanofibers without crystalline molecular packing. At the same time,
the different molecular packing arrangements after charge screening
led to different absorbance spectra, despite the identical electronic
properties of all PMI amphiphiles. While the crystalline CAs formed
electronically coupled H-aggregates, only CAs with intermediate linker
lengths showed evidence of high intermolecular orbital overlap. Photocatalytic
hydrogen production using a nickel-based catalyst was observed in
all hydrogels, with the highest turnovers observed for CA gels having
intermediate linker lengths. We conclude that the improved photocatalytic
performance of the hydrogels formed by supramolecular assemblies of
the intermediate linker CA molecules likely arises from improved exciton
splitting efficiencies due to their higher orbital overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Weingarten
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Roman V Kazantsev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Liam C Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Daniel J Fairfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Andrew R Koltonow
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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