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Hellenbrand DJ, Quinn CM, Piper ZJ, Elder RT, Mishra RR, Marti TL, Omuro PM, Roddick RM, Lee JS, Murphy WL, Hanna AS. The secondary injury cascade after spinal cord injury: an analysis of local cytokine/chemokine regulation. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1308-1317. [PMID: 37905880 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202406000-00035/inline-graphic1/v/2023-10-30T152229Z/r/image-tiff
After spinal cord injury, there is an extensive infiltration of immune cells, which exacerbates the injury and leads to further neural degeneration. Therefore, a major aim of current research involves targeting the immune response as a treatment for spinal cord injury. Although much research has been performed analyzing the complex inflammatory process following spinal cord injury, there remain major discrepancies within previous literature regarding the timeline of local cytokine regulation. The objectives of this study were to establish an overview of the timeline of cytokine regulation for 2 weeks after spinal cord injury, identify sexual dimorphisms in terms of cytokine levels, and determine local cytokines that significantly change based on the severity of spinal cord injury. Rats were inflicted with either a mild contusion, moderate contusion, severe contusion, or complete transection, 7 mm of spinal cord centered on the injury was harvested at varying times post-injury, and tissue homogenates were analyzed with a Cytokine/Chemokine 27-Plex assay. Results demonstrated pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were all upregulated after spinal cord injury, but returned to uninjured levels within approximately 24 hours post-injury, while chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 remained upregulated for days post-injury. In contrast, several anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors including interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor were downregulated by 7 days post-injury. After spinal cord injury, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, which specifically affects astrocytes involved in glial scar development, increased more than all other cytokines tested, reaching 26.9-fold higher than uninjured rats. After a mild injury, 11 cytokines demonstrated sexual dimorphisms; however, after a severe contusion only leptin levels were different between female and male rats. In conclusion, pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate the inflammatory process and return to baseline within hours post-injury, chemokines continue to recruit immune cells for days post-injury, while anti-inflammatory cytokines are downregulated by a week post-injury, and sexual dimorphisms observed after mild injury subsided with more severe injuries. Results from this work define critical chemokines that influence immune cell infiltration and important cytokines involved in glial scar development after spinal cord injury, which are essential for researchers developing treatments targeting secondary damage after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles M Quinn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zachariah J Piper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan T Elder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raveena R Mishra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taylor L Marti
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Phoebe M Omuro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rylie M Roddick
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Forward BIO Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amgad S Hanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Sveum JW, Mishra RR, Marti TL, Jones JM, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna AS. Gait analysis in swine, sheep, and goats after neurologic injury: a literature review. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1917-1924. [PMID: 36926708 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.367839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical research on neurologic ailments requires representative animal models to validate treatments before they are translated to human clinical trials. Rodents are the predominant animal model used in neurological research despite limited anatomic and physiologic similarities to humans. As a result, functional testing designed to assess locomotor recovery after neurologic impairment is well established in rodent models. Comparatively, larger, more clinically relevant models have not been as well studied. To achieve similar locomotor testing standardization in larger animals, the models must be accessible to a wide array of researchers. Non-human primates are the most relevant animal model for translational research, however ethical and financial barriers limit their accessibility. This review focuses on swine, sheep, and goats as large animal alternatives for transitional studies between rodents and non-human primates. The objective of this review is to compare motor testing and data collection methods used in swine, sheep, and goats to encourage testing standardization in these larger animal models. The PubMed database was analyzed by searching combinations of swine, sheep, and goats, neurologic injuries, and functional assessments. Findings were categorized by animal model, data collection method, and assessment design. Swine and sheep were used in the majority of the studies, while only two studies were found using goats. The functional assessments included open pen analysis, treadmill walking, and guided free walking. Data collection methods included subjective behavioral rating scales and objective tools such as pressure-sensitive mats and image-based analysis software. Overall, swine and sheep were well-suited for a variety of assessment designs, with treadmill walking and guided free walking offering the most consistency across multiple trials. Data collection methods varied, but image-based gait analysis software provided the most robust analysis. Future studies should be conducted to standardize functional testing methods after neurologic impairment in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Sveum
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raveena R Mishra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taylor L Marti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jalon M Jones
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel J Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amgad S Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI, USA
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Hanna AS, Hellenbrand DJ, Schomberg DT, Salamat SM, Loh M, Wheeler L, Hanna B, Ozaydin B, Meudt J, Shanmuganayagam D. Brachial plexus anatomy in the miniature swine as compared to human. J Anat 2022; 240:172-181. [PMID: 34355792 PMCID: PMC8655215 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachial plexus injury (BPI) occurs when the brachial plexus is compressed, stretched, or avulsed. Although rodents are commonly used to study BPI, these models poorly mimic human BPI due to the discrepancy in size. The objective of this study was to compare the brachial plexus between human and Wisconsin Miniature SwineTM (WMSTM ), which are approximately the weight of an average human (68-91 kg), to determine if swine would be a suitable model for studying BPI mechanisms and treatments. To analyze the gross anatomy, WMS brachial plexuses were dissected both anteriorly and posteriorly. For histological analysis, sections from various nerves of human and WMS brachial plexuses were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and postfixed with 2% osmium tetroxide. Subsequently paraffin sections were counter-stained with Masson's Trichrome. Gross anatomy revealed that the separation into three trunks and three cords is significantly less developed in the swine than in human. In swine, it takes the form of upper, middle, and lower systems with ventral and dorsal components. Histological evaluation of selected nerves revealed differences in nerve trunk diameters and the number of myelinated axons in the two species. The WMS had significantly fewer myelinated axons than humans in median (p = 0.0049), ulnar (p = 0.0002), and musculocutaneous nerves (p = 0.0454). The higher number of myelinated axons in these nerves for humans is expected because there is a high demand of fine motor and sensory functions in the human hand. Due to the stronger shoulder girdle muscles in WMS, the WMS suprascapular and axillary nerves were larger than in human. Overall, the WMS brachial plexus is similar in size and origin to human making them a very good model to study BPI. Future studies analyzing the effects of BPI in WMS should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad S. Hanna
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dominic T. Schomberg
- Department of Animal and Dairy SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Shahriar M. Salamat
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH)MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Megan Loh
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lea Wheeler
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Barbara Hanna
- University of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Burak Ozaydin
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jennifer Meudt
- Biomedical & Genomic Research GroupUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam
- Department of Animal and Dairy SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Hellenbrand DJ, Quinn CM, Piper ZJ, Morehouse CN, Fixel JA, Hanna AS. Inflammation after spinal cord injury: a review of the critical timeline of signaling cues and cellular infiltration. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:284. [PMID: 34876174 PMCID: PMC8653609 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition that results in a loss of motor and sensory function. Although extensive research to develop treatments for SCI has been performed, to date, none of these treatments have produced a meaningful amount of functional recovery after injury. The primary injury is caused by the initial trauma to the spinal cord and results in ischemia, oxidative damage, edema, and glutamate excitotoxicity. This process initiates a secondary injury cascade, which starts just a few hours post-injury and may continue for more than 6 months, leading to additional cell death and spinal cord damage. Inflammation after SCI is complex and driven by a diverse set of cells and signaling molecules. In this review, we utilize an extensive literature survey to develop the timeline of local immune cell and cytokine behavior after SCI in rodent models. We discuss the precise functional roles of several key cytokines and their effects on a variety of cell types involved in the secondary injury cascade. Furthermore, variations in the inflammatory response between rats and mice are highlighted. Since current SCI treatment options do not successfully initiate functional recovery or axonal regeneration, identifying the specific mechanisms attributed to secondary injury is critical. With a more thorough understanding of the complex SCI pathophysiology, effective therapeutic targets with realistic timelines for intervention may be established to successfully attenuate secondary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Charles M Quinn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Zachariah J Piper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Carolyn N Morehouse
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Jordyn A Fixel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Amgad S Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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Hanna AS, Omuro PM, Hutchinson JR, Fofana ML, Hellenbrand DJ. The Window Test: a simple bedside method to detect radial deviation of the wrist commonly seen in posterior interosseous nerve palsy. World Neurosurg 2021; 158:e369-e376. [PMID: 34758378 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.10.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posterior interosseous nerve palsy (PINP) is a disorder caused by damage to the posterior interosseous nerve, resulting in weak extension of the wrist and fingers as well as radial deviation of the wrist. METHODS In this study, a new type of evaluation for PINP was analyzed in hopes of increasing ease of diagnosis and earlier detection of the disorder. The "Window Test" is performed by the examiner laying hands on the ulnar aspect of the patient's pronated forearm while the latter is trying to extend the wrist. A positive test is observed when a gap (window) appears between the examiner's forearm and the patient's hand. Lay people, medical students, residents, and practicing providers were assessed prospectively on their ability to correctly diagnose PINP by observing one hand, both hands, and by using the Window Test. RESULTS The Window Test was consistently found to be the most effective method of evaluation as it increased the accuracy of diagnoses in all groups surveyed. Additionally, case studies were performed using the Window Test on patients, further demonstrating the efficacy of the test by confirming wrist radial deviation. CONCLUSION The Window Test introduces a reference frame, making it easier to assess wrist radial deviation and offering a simple evaluation that can be administered by virtually anyone. These findings indicate that the implementation of the Window Test will increase the accuracy and effectiveness of PINP diagnosis, thus allowing early diagnosis and better management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad S Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Phoebe M Omuro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob R Hutchinson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mohamed L Fofana
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel J Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Hellenbrand DJ, Haldeman CL, Lee JS, Gableman AG, Dai EK, Ortmann SD, Gotchy JC, Miller KK, Doucas AM, Nowak NC, Murphy WL, Hanna AS. Functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury via sustained growth factor delivery from mineral-coated microparticles. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:871-877. [PMID: 33229722 PMCID: PMC8178781 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold standard for treating peripheral nerve injuries that have large nerve gaps where the nerves cannot be directly sutured back together because it creates tension on the nerve, is to incorporate an autologous nerve graft. However, even with the incorporation of a nerve graft, generally patients only regain a small portion of function in limbs affected by the injury. Although, there has been some promising results using growth factors to induce more axon growth through the nerve graft, many of these previous therapies are limited in their ability to release growth factors in a sustained manner and tailor them to a desired time frame. The ideal drug delivery platform would deliver growth factors at therapeutic levels for enough time to grow axons the entire length of the nerve graft. We hypothesized that mineral coated microparticles (MCMs) would bind, stabilize and release biologically active glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in a sustained manner. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the ability of MCMs releasing growth factors at the distal end of a 10 mm sciatic nerve graft, to induce axon growth through the nerve graft and restore hind limb function. After sciatic nerve grafting in Lewis rats, the hind limb function was tested weekly by measuring the angle of the ankle at toe lift-off while walking down a track. Twelve weeks after grafting, the grafts were harvested and myelinated axons were analyzed proximal to the graft, in the center of the graft, and distal to the graft. Under physiological conditions in vitro, the MCMs delivered a burst release of NGF and GDNF for 3 days followed by a sustained release for at least 22 days. In vivo, MCMs releasing NGF and GDNF at the distal end of sciatic nerve grafts resulted in significantly more myelinated axons extending distal to the graft when compared to rats that received nerve grafts without growth factor treatment. The rats with nerve grafts incorporated with MCMs releasing NGF and GDNF also showed significant improvement in hind limb function starting at 7 weeks postoperatively and continuing through 12 weeks postoperatively when compared to rats that received nerve grafts without growth factor treatment. In conclusion, MCMs released biologically active NGF and GDNF in a sustained manner, which significantly enhanced axon growth resulting in a significant improvement of hind limb function in rats. The animal experiments were approved by University of Wisconsin-Madison Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC, protocol# M5958) on January 3, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Clayton L Haldeman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Angela G Gableman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elena K Dai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stephen D Ortmann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jerrod C Gotchy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kierra K Miller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adrianna M Doucas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicole C Nowak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amgad S Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Hellenbrand DJ, Reichl KA, Travis BJ, Filipp ME, Khalil AS, Pulito DJ, Gavigan AV, Maginot ER, Arnold MT, Adler AG, Murphy WL, Hanna AS. Sustained interleukin-10 delivery reduces inflammation and improves motor function after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:93. [PMID: 31039819 PMCID: PMC6489327 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been explored previously as a treatment method for spinal cord injury (SCI) due to its ability to attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce apoptosis. Primary limitations when using systemic injections of IL-10 are that it is rapidly cleared from the injury site and that it does not cross the blood–spinal cord barrier. Objective Here, mineral-coated microparticles (MCMs) were used to obtain a local sustained delivery of IL-10 directly into the injury site after SCI. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats were contused at T10 and treated with either an intraperitoneal injection of IL-10, an intramedullary injection of IL-10, or MCMs bound with IL-10 (MCMs+IL-10). After treatment, cytokine levels were measured in the spinal cord, functional testing and electrophysiology were performed, axon tracers were injected into the brainstem and motor cortex, macrophage levels were counted using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, and lesion size was measured. Results When treated with MCMs+IL-10, IL-10 was significantly elevated in the injury site and inflammatory cytokines were significantly suppressed, prompting significantly less cells expressing antigens characteristic of inflammatory macrophages and significantly more cells expressing antigens characteristic of earlier stage anti-inflammatory macrophages. Significantly more axons were preserved within the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts through the injury site when treated with MCMs+IL-10; however, there was no significant difference in corticospinal tract axons preserved, regardless of treatment group. The rats treated with MCMs+IL-10 were the only group with a significantly higher functional score compared to injured controls 28 days post-contusion. Conclusion These data demonstrate that MCMs can effectively deliver biologically active IL-10 for an extended period of time altering macrophage phenotype and aiding in functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Reichl
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Benjamin J Travis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Mallory E Filipp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Andrew S Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Domenic J Pulito
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Ashley V Gavigan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Maginot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Mitchell T Arnold
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Alexander G Adler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Amgad S Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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Filipp ME, Travis BJ, Henry SS, Idzikowski EC, Magnuson SA, Loh MY, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna AS. Differences in neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury in varying animal models and humans. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:7-19. [PMID: 30531063 PMCID: PMC6263009 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.243694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats have been the primary model to study the process and underlying mechanisms of recovery after spinal cord injury. Two weeks after a severe spinal cord contusion, rats can regain weight-bearing abilities without therapeutic interventions, as assessed by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor scale. However, many human patients suffer from permanent loss of motor function following spinal cord injury. While rats are the most understood animal model, major differences in sensorimotor pathways between quadrupeds and bipeds need to be considered. Understanding the major differences between the sensorimotor pathways of rats, non-human primates, and humans is a start to improving targets for treatments of human spinal cord injury. This review will discuss the neuroplasticity of the brain and spinal cord after spinal cord injury in rats, non-human primates, and humans. A brief overview of emerging interventions to induce plasticity in humans with spinal cord injury will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory E Filipp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin J Travis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stefanie S Henry
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emma C Idzikowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sarah A Magnuson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan Yf Loh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Amgad S Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ortmann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Rosich K, Hanna BF, Ibrahim RK, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:3311-3325. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rosich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bishoy F. Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ross University School of Medicine, Dominica, West Indies
| | - Rami K. Ibrahim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Hellenbrand DJ, Kaeppler KE, Ehlers ME, Thompson CD, Zurko JC, Buchholz MM, Springer AR, Thompson DL, Ibrahim RK, Hanna A. Immunohistochemical assessment of rat nerve isografts and immunosuppressed allografts. Neurol Res 2016; 38:1094-1101. [PMID: 27809726 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1248626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autologous peripheral nerve grafts are commonly used clinically as a treatment for peripheral nerve injuries. However, in research using an autologous graft is not always feasible due to loss of function, which in many cases is assessed to determine the efficacy of the peripheral nerve graft. In addition, using allografts for research require the use of an immunosuppressant, which creates unwanted side effects and another variable within the experiment that can affect regeneration. The objective of this study was to analyze graft rejection in peripheral nerve grafts and the effects of cyclosporine A (CSA) on axonal regeneration. METHODS Peripheral nerve grafts in inbred Lewis rats were compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to assess graft rejection, CSA side effects, immune responses, and regenerative capability. Macrophages and CD8+ cells were labeled to determine graft rejection, and neurofilaments were labeled to determine axonal regeneration. RESULTS SD rats without CSA had significantly more macrophages and CD8+ cells compared to Lewis autografts, Lewis isografts, and SD allografts treated with CSA. Lewis autografts, Lewis isografts, and SD autografts had significantly more regenerated axons than SD rat allografts. Moreover, allografts in immunosuppressed SD rats had significantly less axons than Lewis rat autograft and isografts. DISCUSSION Autografts have long been the gold standard for treating major nerve injuries and these data suggest that even though CSA is effective at reducing graft rejection, axon regeneration is still superior in autografts versus immunosuppressed allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Katie E Kaeppler
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Mark E Ehlers
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Colton D Thompson
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Joanna C Zurko
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Morgan M Buchholz
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Alexandra R Springer
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Daniel L Thompson
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Rami K Ibrahim
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Amgad Hanna
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Hanna A, Thompson DL, Hellenbrand DJ, Lee JS, Madura CJ, Wesley MG, Dillon NJ, Sharma T, Enright CJ, Murphy WL. Sustained release of neurotrophin-3 via calcium phosphate-coated sutures promotes axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:645-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Daniel L. Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Jae-Sung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Casey J. Madura
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Meredith G. Wesley
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Natalie J. Dillon
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Tapan Sharma
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Connor J. Enright
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
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Hellenbrand DJ, Kaeppler KE, Hwang E, Ehlers ME, Toigo RD, Giesler JD, Vassar-Olsen ER, Hanna A. Basic techniques for long distance axon tracing in the spinal cord. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:1240-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53792
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Katie E. Kaeppler
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53792
| | - Euhaa Hwang
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53792
| | - Mark E. Ehlers
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53792
| | - Ross D. Toigo
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53792
| | - Joseph D. Giesler
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53792
| | - Erika R. Vassar-Olsen
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53792
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53792
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Thompson CD, Zurko JC, Hanna BF, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The therapeutic role of interleukin-10 after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1311-24. [PMID: 23731227 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition affecting 270,000 people in the United States. A potential treatment for decreasing the secondary inflammation, excitotoxic damage, and neuronal apoptosis associated with SCI, is the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. The best characterized effects of IL-10 are anti-inflammatory-it downregulates pro-inflammatory species interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, matrix metalloproteinase-9, nitric oxide synthase, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen species. Pro-apoptotic factors cytochrome c, caspase 3, and Bax are downregulated by IL-10, whereas anti-apoptotic factors B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X, B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) are upregulated by IL-10. IL-10 also provides trophic support to neurons through the IL-10 receptor. Increased tissue sparing, functional recovery, and neuroprotection are seen with an immediate post-SCI systemic administration of IL-10. Treatment of SCI with IL-10 has been used successfully in combination with Schwann cell and olfactory glial cell grafts, as well as methylprednisolone. Minocycline, tetramethylpyrazine, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment all increase IL-10 levels in a SCI models and result in increased tissue sparing and functional recovery. A chronic systemic administration of IL-10 does not appear to be beneficial to SCI recovery and causes increased susceptibility to septicemia, pneumonia, and peripheral neuropathy. However, a localized upregulation of IL-10 has been shown to be beneficial and can be achieved by herpes simplex virus gene therapy, injection of poliovirus replicons, or surgical placement of a slow-release compound. IL-10 shows promise as a treatment for SCI, although research on local IL-10 delivery timeline and dosage needs to be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton D Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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