1
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Machin DC, Williamson DJ, Fisher P, Miller VJ, Arnott ZLP, Stevenson CME, Wildsmith GC, Ross JF, Wasson CW, Macdonald A, Andrews BI, Ungar D, Turnbull WB, Webb ME. Sortase-Modified Cholera Toxoids Show Specific Golgi Localization. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:194. [PMID: 38668619 PMCID: PMC11054894 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxoid is an established tool for use in cellular tracing in neuroscience and cell biology. We use a sortase labeling approach to generate site-specific N-terminally modified variants of both the A2-B5 heterohexamer and B5 pentamer forms of the toxoid. Both forms of the toxoid are endocytosed by GM1-positive mammalian cells, and while the heterohexameric toxoid was principally localized in the ER, the B5 pentamer showed an unexpectedly specific localization in the medial/trans-Golgi. This study suggests a future role for specifically labeled cholera toxoids in live-cell imaging beyond their current applications in neuronal tracing and labeling of lipid rafts in fixed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C. Machin
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Daniel J. Williamson
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Peter Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Zoe L. P. Arnott
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Charlotte M. E. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Gemma C. Wildsmith
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - James F. Ross
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Christopher W. Wasson
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (A.M.)
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (A.M.)
| | - Benjamin I. Andrews
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - W. Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
| | - Michael E. Webb
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (D.C.M.)
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2
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Sharma R, Ungar D, Dyson E, Rimmer S, Chechik V. Functional magnetic nanoparticles for protein delivery applications: understanding protein-nanoparticle interactions. Nanoscale 2024; 16:2466-2477. [PMID: 38205681 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04544g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) surface functionalised with thermo-responsive polymers can encapsulate therapeutic proteins and release them upon heating with an alternating magnetic field above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In order to make this delivery system clinically-relevant, we prepared IONPs coated with poly-N-isopropylmethacrylamide (PNIPMAM), a polymer with LCST above human body temperature. The optimal polymer chain length and nanoparticle size to achieve LCST of ca. 45 °C were 19 kDa PNIPMAM and 16 nm IONPs. The PNIPMAM-coated IONPs could encapsulate a range of proteins which were released upon heating above LCST in the presence of a competitor protein or serum. A small amount of encapsulated protein leakage was observed below LCST. The efficiency of protein encapsulation and release was correlated with molecular weight and glycosylation state of the proteins. Magnetic heating resulted in a faster protein release as compared to conventional heating without significant temperature increase of the bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | | | - Edward Dyson
- Polymer and Biomaterials Chemistry Laboratories, University of Bradford, UK
| | - Stephen Rimmer
- Polymer and Biomaterials Chemistry Laboratories, University of Bradford, UK
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3
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Mentlak DA, Raven J, Moses T, Massie F, Barber N, Hoare R, Burton G, Young A, Pybus LP, Rosser S, White RJ, Ungar D, Bryant NJ. Dissecting cell death pathways in fed-batch bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300257. [PMID: 38038229 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for production of biologics including therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Cell death in CHO cells is a significant factor in biopharmaceutical production, impacting both product yield and quality. Apoptosis has previously been described as the major form of cell death occurring in CHO cells in bioreactors. However, these studies were undertaken when less was known about non-apoptotic cell death pathways. Here, we report the occurrence of non-apoptotic cell death in an industrial antibody-producing CHO cell line during fed-batch culture. Under standard conditions, crucial markers of apoptosis were not observed despite a decrease in viability towards the end of the culture; only by increasing stress within the system did we observe caspase activation indicative of apoptosis. In contrast, markers of parthanatos and ferroptosis were observed during standard fed-batch culture, indicating that these non-apoptotic cell death pathways contribute to viability loss under these conditions. These findings pave the way for targeting non-conventional cell death pathways to improve viability and biologic production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Mentlak
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - John Raven
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Tessa Moses
- EdinOmics, RR*ID:SCR_021838, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fraser Massie
- EdinOmics, RR*ID:SCR_021838, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas Barber
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Robyn Hoare
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Graeme Burton
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Alison Young
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Leon P Pybus
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development, Billingham, UK
| | - Susan Rosser
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert J White
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Nia J Bryant
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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4
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Colanzi A, Parashuraman S, Reis CA, Ungar D. Editorial: Does the golgi complex enable oncogenesis? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1000946. [PMID: 36111334 PMCID: PMC9468973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonino Colanzi, ; Setharaman Parashuraman, ; Celso A. Reis, ; Daniel Ungar,
| | - Setharaman Parashuraman
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Antonino Colanzi, ; Setharaman Parashuraman, ; Celso A. Reis, ; Daniel Ungar,
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health—i3S, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Antonino Colanzi, ; Setharaman Parashuraman, ; Celso A. Reis, ; Daniel Ungar,
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Antonino Colanzi, ; Setharaman Parashuraman, ; Celso A. Reis, ; Daniel Ungar,
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5
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West B, Wood AJ, Ungar D. Computational Modeling of Glycan Processing in the Golgi for Investigating Changes in the Arrangements of Biosynthetic Enzymes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2370:209-222. [PMID: 34611871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1685-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modeling glycan biosynthesis is becoming increasingly important due to the far-reaching implications that glycosylation can exhibit, from pathologies to biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Here we describe a stochastic simulation approach, to overcome the deterministic nature of previous models, that aims to simulate the action of glycan modifying enzymes to produce a glycan profile. This is then coupled with an approximate Bayesian computation methodology to systematically fit to empirical data in order to determine which set of parameters adequately describes the organization of enzymes within the Golgi. The model is described in detail along with a proof of concept and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben West
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - A Jamie Wood
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
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6
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Zinzani PL, Caimi PF, Carlo‐Stella C, Ai W, Alderuccio JP, Ardeshna KM, Hess B, Kahl BS, Radford J, Solh M, Stathis A, Feingold J, Ungar D, Qin Y, He S, Hamadani M. LOTIS 2 FOLLOW‐UP ANALYSIS: UPDATED RESULTS FROM A PHASE 2 STUDY OF LONCASTUXIMAB TESIRINE IN RELAPSED OR REFRACTORY DIFFUSE LARGE B‐CELL LYMPHOMA. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.89_2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. L. Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria di Bologna Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli" and Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Bologna Italy
| | - P. F. Caimi
- Case Western Reserve University University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland USA
| | - C. Carlo‐Stella
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, and Humanitas University Department of Oncology and Hematology Rozzano Milan Italy
| | - W. Ai
- University of California Division of Hematology and Oncology Department of Medicine San Francisco USA
| | - J. P. Alderuccio
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Miami USA
| | - K. M. Ardeshna
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Department of Haematology London UK
| | - B. Hess
- Medical University of South Carolina Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology Department of Medicine Charleston USA
| | - B. S. Kahl
- Washington University Department of Medicine Oncology Division St Louis USA
| | - J. Radford
- Christie NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Manchester NIHR Clinical Research Facility Manchester UK
| | - M. Solh
- Northside Hospital Blood and Marrow Transplant Program AtlantaGeorgia USA
| | - A. Stathis
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland Division of Medical Oncology Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - J. Feingold
- ADC Therapeutics America, Inc Clinical Development Murray Hill USA
| | - D. Ungar
- ADC Therapeutics America, Inc Clinical Development Murray Hill USA
| | - Y. Qin
- ADC Therapeutics America, Inc Clinical Development Murray Hill USA
| | - S. He
- ADC Therapeutics America, Inc Clinical Development Murray Hill USA
| | - M. Hamadani
- Medical College of Wisconsin Division of Hematology and Oncology Milwaukee USA
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7
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Carlo‐Stella C, Depaus J, Hess BT, Kingsley E, Zinzani PL, Ungar D, Dai V, Wang L, Ardeshna KM. A PHASE 2 RANDOMIZED STUDY OF LONCASTUXIMAB TESIRINE (LONCA) VERSUS (VS) IDELALISIB IN PATIENTS (PTS) WITH RELAPSED OR REFRACTORY (R/R) FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA (FL) – LOTIS‐6. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.176_2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Carlo‐Stella
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, and Humanitas University Department of Oncology and Hematology Rozzano Milan Italy
| | - J. Depaus
- CHU UCL Namur site Godinne Department of Hematology Yvoir Belgium
| | - B. T. Hess
- Medical University of South Carolina Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology Department of Medicine Charleston USA
| | - E. Kingsley
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada Las Vegas USA
| | - P. L. Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria di Bologna Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli" and Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Bologna Italy
| | - D. Ungar
- ADC Therapeutics America, Inc Clinical Development Murray Hill USA
| | - V. Dai
- ADC Therapeutics America, Inc Clinical Development Murray Hill USA
| | - L. Wang
- ADC Therapeutics America, Inc Clinical Development Murray Hill USA
| | - K. M. Ardeshna
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Department of Haematology London UK
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8
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CARLO‐STELLA C, Linhares Y, Gandhi MD, Chung M, Adamis H, Ungar D, Hamadani M. PHASE 3 RANDOMIZED STUDY OF LONCASTUXIMAB TESIRINE PLUS RITUXIMAB VERSUS IMMUNOCHEMOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY DIFFUSE LARGE B‐CELL LYMPHOMA – LOTIS‐5. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.163_2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. CARLO‐STELLA
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCS and Humanitas University Department of Oncology and Hematology Rozzano Milan Italy
| | - Y. Linhares
- Miami Cancer Institute Baptist Health Medical Oncology Miami USA
| | - M. D. Gandhi
- Virginia Cancer Specialists, Medical Oncology Gainesville USA
| | - M. Chung
- The Oncology Institute of Hope and Innovation Hematology/Oncology Downey USA
| | - H. Adamis
- ADC Therapeutics SA Clinical Development Epalinges Switzerland
| | - D. Ungar
- ADC Therapeutics America, Inc Clinical Development Murray Hill USA
| | - M. Hamadani
- Medical College of Wisconsin Division of Hematology and Oncology Milwaukee USA
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9
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Bagdonas H, Ungar D, Agirre J. Leveraging glycomics data in glycoprotein 3D structure validation with Privateer. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2523-2533. [PMID: 33093930 PMCID: PMC7554661 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity, mobility and complexity of glycans in glycoproteins have been, and currently remain, significant challenges in structural biology. These aspects present unique problems to the two most prolific techniques: X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. At the same time, advances in mass spectrometry have made it possible to get deeper insights on precisely the information that is most difficult to recover by structure solution methods: the full-length glycan composition, including linkage details for the glycosidic bonds. The developments have given rise to glycomics. Thankfully, several large scale glycomics initiatives have stored results in publicly available databases, some of which can be accessed through API interfaces. In the present work, we will describe how the Privateer carbohydrate structure validation software has been extended to harness results from glycomics projects, and its use to greatly improve the validation of 3D glycoprotein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldas Bagdonas
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jon Agirre
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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10
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Walker M, Will I, Pratt A, Chechik V, Genever P, Ungar D. Magnetically Triggered Release of Entrapped Bioactive Proteins from Thermally Responsive Polymer-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Stem-Cell Proliferation. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2020; 3:5008-5013. [PMID: 32626842 PMCID: PMC7325428 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles could conceal bioactive proteins during therapeutic delivery, avoiding side effects. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated with a temperature-sensitive polymer were tested for protein release. We show that coated SPIONs can entrap test proteins and release them in a temperature-controlled manner in a biological system. Magnetically heating SPIONs triggered protein release at bulk solution temperatures below the polymer transition. The entrapped growth factor Wnt3a was inactive until magnetically triggered release, upon which it could increase mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. Once the polymer transition will be chemically adjusted above body temperature, this system could be used for targeted cell stimulation in model animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Walker
- Department
of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Iain Will
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of
York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Andrew Pratt
- Department
of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- (A.P.)
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- (V.C.)
| | - Paul Genever
- Department
of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- (P.G.)
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department
of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- (D.U.)
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11
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Tolcher A, Falchook G, Bendell J, Ungar D, Boni J, Chao G, Patel M. A phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of ADCT-601 in patients with advanced solid tumours. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz244.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Fisher P, Thomas-Oates J, Wood AJ, Ungar D. The N-Glycosylation Processing Potential of the Mammalian Golgi Apparatus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:157. [PMID: 31457009 PMCID: PMC6700225 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity is an inherent feature of the glycosylation process. Mammalian cells often produce a variety of glycan structures on separate molecules of the same protein, known as glycoforms. This heterogeneity is not random but is controlled by the organization of the glycosylation machinery in the Golgi cisternae. In this work, we use a computational model of the N-glycosylation process to probe how the organization of the glycosylation machinery into different cisternae drives N-glycan biosynthesis toward differing degrees of heterogeneity. Using this model, we demonstrate the N-glycosylation potential and limits of the mammalian Golgi apparatus, for example how the number of cisternae limits the goal of achieving near homogeneity for N-glycans. The production of specific glycoforms guided by this computational study could pave the way for “glycoform engineering,” which will find uses in the functional investigation of glycans, the modulation of glycan-mediated physiological functions, and in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - A Jamie Wood
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,Department of Mathematics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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13
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Radford J, Kahl B, Hamadani M, Carlo-Stella C, O'Connor O, Ardeshna K, Feingold J, He S, Reid E, Solh M, Chung K, Heffner L, Ungar D, Caimi P. ANALYSIS OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF LONCASTUXIMAB TESIRINE (ADCT-402) BY DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN RELAPSED/REFRACTORY DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.60_2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Radford
- Department of Medical Oncology; University of Manchester and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - B. Kahl
- Department of Medicine; Oncology Division, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis MO United States
| | - M. Hamadani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI United States
| | - C. Carlo-Stella
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas University; Milan Italy
| | - O.A. O'Connor
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies; NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center; New York United States
| | - K.M. Ardeshna
- Department of Haematology; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London United Kingdom
| | - J. Feingold
- Clinical Development; ADC Therapeutics; Murray Hill NJ United States
| | - S. He
- Clinical Development; ADC Therapeutics; Murray Hill NJ United States
| | - E. Reid
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center; La Jolla CA United States
| | - M. Solh
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program; Northside Hospital; Atlanta GA United States
| | - K. Chung
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Greenville Health System; Greenville SC United States
| | - L. Heffner
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University; Atlanta GA United States
| | - D. Ungar
- Clinical Development; ADC Therapeutics; Murray Hill NJ United States
| | - P. Caimi
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University (CWRU); Cleveland OH United States
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14
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Witkos TM, Chan WL, Joensuu M, Rhiel M, Pallister E, Thomas-Oates J, Mould AP, Mironov AA, Biot C, Guerardel Y, Morelle W, Ungar D, Wieland FT, Jokitalo E, Tassabehji M, Kornak U, Lowe M. GORAB scaffolds COPI at the trans-Golgi for efficient enzyme recycling and correct protein glycosylation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:127. [PMID: 30631079 PMCID: PMC6328613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COPI is a key mediator of protein trafficking within the secretory pathway. COPI is recruited to the membrane primarily through binding to Arf GTPases, upon which it undergoes assembly to form coated transport intermediates responsible for trafficking numerous proteins, including Golgi-resident enzymes. Here, we identify GORAB, the protein mutated in the skin and bone disorder gerodermia osteodysplastica, as a component of the COPI machinery. GORAB forms stable domains at the trans-Golgi that, via interactions with the COPI-binding protein Scyl1, promote COPI recruitment to these domains. Pathogenic GORAB mutations perturb Scyl1 binding or GORAB assembly into domains, indicating the importance of these interactions. Loss of GORAB causes impairment of COPI-mediated retrieval of trans-Golgi enzymes, resulting in a deficit in glycosylation of secretory cargo proteins. Our results therefore identify GORAB as a COPI scaffolding factor, and support the view that defective protein glycosylation is a major disease mechanism in gerodermia osteodysplastica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Witkos
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Wing Lee Chan
- Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Institut fuer Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 13353, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Merja Joensuu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Clem Jones Centre of Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Rhiel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ed Pallister
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DG, UK
| | | | - A Paul Mould
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alex A Mironov
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christophe Biot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Willy Morelle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Felix T Wieland
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - May Tassabehji
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Institut fuer Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 13353, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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15
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Wilson KM, Jagger AM, Walker M, Seinkmane E, Fox JM, Kröger R, Genever P, Ungar D. Glycans modify mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to impact on the function of resulting osteoblasts. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.209452. [PMID: 29361539 PMCID: PMC5868951 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are inherently heterogeneous, yet glycosylation is essential in eukaryotes, and glycans show characteristic cell type-dependent distributions. By using an immortalized human mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) line model, we show that both N- and O-glycan processing in the Golgi functionally modulates early steps of osteogenic differentiation. We found that inhibiting O-glycan processing in the Golgi prior to the start of osteogenesis inhibited the mineralization capacity of the formed osteoblasts 3 weeks later. In contrast, inhibition of N-glycan processing in MSCs altered differentiation to enhance the mineralization capacity of the osteoblasts. The effect of N-glycans on MSC differentiation was mediated by the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway owing to reduced Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, by inhibiting PI3K during the first 2 days of osteogenesis, we were able to phenocopy the effect of inhibiting N-glycan processing. Thus, glycan processing provides another layer of regulation that can modulate the functional outcome of differentiation. Glycan processing can thereby offer a novel set of targets for many therapeutically attractive processes. Summary: Both N- and O-glycan processing modulate MSC differentiation early during osteogenesis to influence mineral formation. Inhibition of N-glycan processing increases mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Walker
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - James M Fox
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Roland Kröger
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul Genever
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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16
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Cottam NP, Ungar D. Cell-free Fluorescent Intra-Golgi Retrograde Vesicle Trafficking Assay. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2616. [PMID: 29201946 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-Golgi retrograde vesicle transport is used to traffic and sort resident Golgi enzymes to their appropriate cisternal locations. An assay was established to investigate the molecular details of vesicle targeting in a cell-free system. Stable cell lines were generated in which the trans-Golgi enzyme galactosyltransferase (GalT) was tagged with either CFP or YFP. Given that GalT is recycled to the cisterna where it is located at steady state, GalT-containing vesicles target GalT-containing cisternal membranes. Golgi membranes were therefore isolated from GalT-CFP expressing cells, while vesicles were prepared from GalT-YFP expressing ones. Incubating CFP-labelled Golgi with YFP-labelled vesicles in the presence of cytosol and an energy regeneration mixture at 37 °C produced a significant increase in CFP-YFP co-localization upon fluorescent imaging of the mixture compared to incubation on ice. The assay was validated to require energy, proteins and physiologically important trafficking components such as Rab GTPases and the conserved oligomeric Golgi tethering complex. This assay is useful for the investigation of both physiological and pathological changes that affect the Golgi trafficking machinery, in particular, vesicle tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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17
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Kahan S, Cuker A, Kushner RF, Maahs J, Recht M, Wadden T, Willis T, Majumdar S, Ungar D, Cooper D. Prevalence and impact of obesity in people with haemophilia: Review of literature and expert discussion around implementing weight management guidelines. Haemophilia 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kahan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore MD USA
| | - A. Cuker
- Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - R. F. Kushner
- Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago IL USA
| | - J. Maahs
- Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - M. Recht
- Oregon Health & Science University; Portland OR USA
| | - T. Wadden
- Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - T. Willis
- Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - S. Majumdar
- Division of Hematology; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC USA
| | - D. Ungar
- Clinical, Medical, and Regulatory Affairs; Novo Nordisk Inc.; Plainsboro NJ USA
| | - D. Cooper
- Clinical, Medical, and Regulatory Affairs; Novo Nordisk Inc.; Plainsboro NJ USA
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18
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Skeene K, Walker M, Clarke G, Bergström E, Genever P, Ungar D, Thomas-Oates J. One Filter, One Sample, and the N- and O-Glyco(proteo)me: Toward a System to Study Disorders of Protein Glycosylation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5840-5849. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Graham Clarke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral, CH46 1QW, United Kingdom
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19
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Tan X, Banerjee P, Guo HF, Ireland S, Pankova D, Ahn YH, Nikolaidis IM, Liu X, Zhao Y, Xue Y, Burns AR, Roybal J, Gibbons DL, Zal T, Creighton CJ, Ungar D, Wang Y, Kurie JM. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition drives a pro-metastatic Golgi compaction process through scaffolding protein PAQR11. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:117-131. [PMID: 27869652 DOI: 10.1172/jci88736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells gain metastatic capacity through a Golgi phosphoprotein 3-dependent (GOLPH3-dependent) Golgi membrane dispersal process that drives the budding and transport of secretory vesicles. Whether Golgi dispersal underlies the pro-metastatic vesicular trafficking that is associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remains unclear. Here, we have shown that, rather than causing Golgi dispersal, EMT led to the formation of compact Golgi organelles with improved ribbon linking and cisternal stacking. Ectopic expression of the EMT-activating transcription factor ZEB1 stimulated Golgi compaction and relieved microRNA-mediated repression of the Golgi scaffolding protein PAQR11. Depletion of PAQR11 dispersed Golgi organelles and impaired anterograde vesicle transport to the plasma membrane as well as retrograde vesicle tethering to the Golgi. The N-terminal scaffolding domain of PAQR11 was associated with key regulators of Golgi compaction and vesicle transport in pull-down assays and was required to reconstitute Golgi compaction in PAQR11-deficient tumor cells. Finally, high PAQR11 levels were correlated with EMT and shorter survival in human cancers, and PAQR11 was found to be essential for tumor cell migration and metastasis in EMT-driven lung adenocarcinoma models. We conclude that EMT initiates a PAQR11-mediated Golgi compaction process that drives metastasis.
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20
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Ha JY, Chou HT, Ungar D, Yip CK, Walz T, Hughson FM. Molecular architecture of the complete COG tethering complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:758-60. [PMID: 27428773 PMCID: PMC4972656 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex orchestrates vesicular trafficking to and within the Golgi apparatus. Here, we use negative-stain electron microscopy to elucidate the architecture of the hetero-octameric COG complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intact COG has an intricate shape, with four (or possibly five) flexible legs, that differs strikingly from the exocyst complex and appears well-suited for vesicle capture and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong Ha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hui-Ting Chou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Calvin K Yip
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Walz
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederick M Hughson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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21
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Wilson KM, Thomas-Oates JE, Genever PG, Ungar D. Glycan Profiling Shows Unvaried N-Glycomes in MSC Clones with Distinct Differentiation Potentials. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:52. [PMID: 27303666 PMCID: PMC4885867 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Different cell types have different N-glycomes in mammals. This means that cellular differentiation is accompanied by changes in the N-glycan profile. Yet when the N-glycomes of cell types with differing fates diverge is unclear. We have investigated the N-glycan profiles of two different clonal populations of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). One clone (Y101), when differentiated into osteoblasts, showed a marked shift in the glycan profile toward a higher abundance of complex N-glycans and more core fucosylation. Yet chemical inhibition of complex glycan formation during osteogenic differentiation did not prevent the formation of functional osteoblasts. However, the N-glycan profile of another MSC clone (Y202), which cannot differentiate into osteoblasts, was not significantly different from that of the clone that can. Interestingly, incubation of Y202 cells in osteogenic medium caused a similar reduction of oligomannose glycan content in this non-differentiating cell line. Our analysis implies that the N-glycome changes seen upon differentiation do not have direct functional links to the differentiation process. Thus N-glycans may instead be important for self-renewal rather than for cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane E Thomas-Oates
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, University of York York, UK
| | | | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
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22
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Bailey Blackburn J, Pokrovskaya I, Fisher P, Ungar D, Lupashin VV. COG Complex Complexities: Detailed Characterization of a Complete Set of HEK293T Cells Lacking Individual COG Subunits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27066481 PMCID: PMC4813393 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Conserved Oligomeric Golgi complex is an evolutionarily conserved multisubunit tethering complex (MTC) that is crucial for intracellular membrane trafficking and Golgi homeostasis. The COG complex interacts with core vesicle docking and fusion machinery at the Golgi; however, its exact mechanism of action is still an enigma. Previous studies of COG complex were limited to the use of CDGII (Congenital disorders of glycosylation type II)-COG patient fibroblasts, siRNA mediated knockdowns, or protein relocalization approaches. In this study we have used the CRISPR approach to generate HEK293T knock-out (KO) cell lines missing individual COG subunits. These cell lines were characterized for glycosylation and trafficking defects, cell proliferation rates, stability of COG subunits, localization of Golgi markers, changes in Golgi structure, and N-glycan profiling. We found that all KO cell lines were uniformly deficient in cis/medial-Golgi glycosylation and each had nearly abolished binding of Cholera toxin. In addition, all cell lines showed defects in Golgi morphology, retrograde trafficking and sorting, sialylation and fucosylation, but severities varied according to the affected subunit. Lobe A and Cog6 subunit KOs displayed a more severely distorted Golgi structure, while Cog2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 knock outs had the most hypo glycosylated form of Lamp2. These results led us to conclude that every subunit is essential for COG complex function in Golgi trafficking, though to varying extents. We believe that this study and further analyses of these cells will help further elucidate the roles of individual COG subunits and bring a greater understanding to the class of MTCs as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bailey Blackburn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Irina Pokrovskaya
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Peter Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - Vladimir V Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
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23
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Abstract
Glycosylation is recognized as a vitally important posttranslational modification. The structure of glycans that decorate proteins and lipids is largely dictated by biosynthetic reactions occurring in the Golgi apparatus. This biosynthesis relies on the relative distribution of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases, which is maintained by retrograde vesicle traffic between Golgi cisternae. Tethering of vesicles at the Golgi apparatus prior to fusion is regulated by Rab GTPases, coiled-coil tethers termed golgins and the multisubunit tethering complex known as the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. In this review we discuss the mechanisms involved in vesicle tethering at the Golgi apparatus and highlight the importance of tethering in the context of glycan biosynthesis and a set of diseases known as congenital disorders of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
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24
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Abdul Rahman S, Bergström E, Watson CJ, Wilson KM, Ashford DA, Thomas JR, Ungar D, Thomas-Oates JE. Filter-aided N-glycan separation (FANGS): a convenient sample preparation method for mass spectrometric N-glycan profiling. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1167-76. [PMID: 24450425 PMCID: PMC3971760 DOI: 10.1021/pr401043r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We have developed a simple method
for the release and isolation
of glycoprotein N-glycans from whole-cell lysates
using less than a million cells, for subsequent implementation with
mass spectrometric analysis. Cellular protein extracts prepared using
SDS solubilization were sequentially treated in a membrane filter
device to ultimately release glycans enzymatically using PNGase F
in the volatile buffer ammonium bicarbonate. The released glycans
are recovered in the filtrate following centrifugation and typically
permethylated prior to mass spectrometric analysis. We call our method “filter-aided N-glycan separation” and have successfully applied
it to investigate N-glycan profiles of wild-type
and mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells. This method is readily multiplexed
and, because of the small numbers of cells needed, is compatible with
the analysis of replicate samples to assess the true nature of glycan
variability in tissue culture samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salina Abdul Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, and §Department of Biology, University of York , York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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25
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Cottam NP, Wilson KM, Ng BG, Körner C, Freeze HH, Ungar D. Dissecting functions of the conserved oligomeric Golgi tethering complex using a cell-free assay. Traffic 2013; 15:12-21. [PMID: 24102787 PMCID: PMC3892563 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle transport sorts proteins between compartments and is thereby responsible for generating the non-uniform protein distribution along the eukaryotic secretory and endocytic pathways. The mechanistic details of specific vesicle targeting are not yet well characterized at the molecular level. We have developed a cell-free assay that reconstitutes vesicle targeting utilizing the recycling of resident enzymes within the Golgi apparatus. The assay has physiological properties, and could be used to show that the two lobes of the conserved oligomeric Golgi tethering complex play antagonistic roles in trans-Golgi vesicle targeting. Moreover, we can show that the assay is sensitive to several different congenital defects that disrupt Golgi function and therefore cause glycosylation disorders. Consequently, this assay will allow mechanistic insight into the targeting step of vesicle transport at the Golgi, and could also be useful for characterizing some novel cases of congenital glycosylation disorders.
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26
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Willett R, Ungar D, Lupashin V. The Golgi puppet master: COG complex at center stage of membrane trafficking interactions. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:271-83. [PMID: 23839779 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The central organelle within the secretory pathway is the Golgi apparatus, a collection of flattened membranes organized into stacks. The cisternal maturation model of intra-Golgi transport depicts Golgi cisternae that mature from cis to medial to trans by receiving resident proteins, such as glycosylation enzymes via retrograde vesicle-mediated recycling. The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, a multi-subunit tethering complex of the complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods family, organizes vesicle targeting during intra-Golgi retrograde transport. The COG complex, both physically and functionally, interacts with all classes of molecules maintaining intra-Golgi trafficking, namely SNAREs, SNARE-interacting proteins, Rabs, coiled-coil tethers, vesicular coats, and molecular motors. In this report, we will review the current state of the COG interactome and analyze possible scenarios for the molecular mechanism of the COG orchestrated vesicle targeting, which plays a central role in maintaining glycosylation homeostasis in all eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Willett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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27
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Abstract
Vesicular tethers and SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmalemide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptors) are two key protein components of the intracellular membrane-trafficking machinery. The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex has been implicated in the tethering of retrograde intra-Golgi vesicles. Here, using yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation approaches, we show that three COG subunits, namely COG4, 6 and 8, are capable of interacting with defined Golgi SNAREs, namely STX5, STX6, STX16, GS27 and SNAP29. Comparative analysis of COG8-STX16 and COG4-STX5 interactions by a COG-based mitochondrial relocalization assay reveals that the COG8 and COG4 proteins initiate the formation of two different tethering platforms that can facilitate the redirection of two populations of Golgi transport intermediates to the mitochondrial vicinity. Our results uncover a role for COG sub-complexes in defining the specificity of vesicular sorting within the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Willett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UAMS, Little Rock, AR
| | - Tetyana Kudlyk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UAMS, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Robert Schönherr
- Institute of Biology, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Ungar
- University of York, Department of Biology, York, UK
| | - Rainer Duden
- Institute of Biology, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Germany
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28
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Miller VJ, Sharma P, Kudlyk TA, Frost L, Rofe AP, Watson IJ, Duden R, Lowe M, Lupashin VV, Ungar D. Molecular insights into vesicle tethering at the Golgi by the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex and the golgin TATA element modulatory factor (TMF). J Biol Chem 2012; 288:4229-40. [PMID: 23239882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.426767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein sorting between eukaryotic compartments requires vesicular transport, wherein tethering provides the first contact between vesicle and target membranes. Here we map and start to functionally analyze the interaction network of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex that mediates retrograde tethering at the Golgi. The interactions of COG subunits with members of transport factor families assign the individual subunits as specific interaction hubs. Functional analysis of selected interactions suggests a mechanistic tethering model. We find that the COG complex interacts with two different Rabs in addition to each end of the golgin "TATA element modulatory factor" (TMF). This allows COG to potentially bridge the distance between the distal end of the golgin and the target membrane thereby promoting tighter docking. Concurrently we show that the central portion of TMF can bind to Golgi membranes that are liberated of their COPI cover. This latter interaction could serve to bring vesicle and target membranes into close apposition prior to fusion. A target selection mechanism, in which a hetero-oligomeric tethering factor organizes Rabs and coiled transport factors to enable protein sorting specificity, could be applicable to vesicle targeting throughout eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Miller
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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29
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the central sorting and biosynthesis hub of the secretory pathway, and uses vesicle transport for the recycling of its resident enzymes. This system must operate with high fidelity and efficiency for the correct modification of secretory glycoconjugates. In this review, we discuss recent advances on how coats, tethers, Rabs and SNAREs cooperate at the Golgi to achieve vesicle transport. We cover the well understood vesicle formation process orchestrated by the COPI coat, and the comprehensively documented fusion process governed by a set of Golgi localised SNAREs. Much less clear are the steps in-between formation and fusion of vesicles, and we therefore provide a much needed update of the latest findings about vesicle tethering. The interplay between Rab GTPases, golgin family coiled-coil tethers and the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex at the Golgi are thoroughly evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael P Cottam
- Department of Biology (Area 9), University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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30
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology; University of York; York; UK
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31
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Lübbehusen J, Thiel C, Rind N, Ungar D, Prinsen BHCMT, de Koning TJ, van Hasselt PM, Körner C. Fatal outcome due to deficiency of subunit 6 of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex leading to a new type of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3623-33. [PMID: 20605848 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of subunit 6 of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG6) complex causes a new combined N- and O-glycosylation deficiency of the congenital disorders of glycosylation, designated as CDG-IIL (COG6-CDG). The index patient presented with a severe neurologic disease characterized by vitamin K deficiency, vomiting, intractable focal seizures, intracranial bleedings and fatal outcome in early infancy. Analysis of oligosaccharides from serum transferrin by HPLC and mass spectrometry revealed the loss of galactose and sialic acid residues, whereas import and transfer of these sugar residues into Golgi-enriched vesicles or onto proteins, respectively, were normal to slightly reduced. Western blot examinations combined with gel filtration chromatography studies in patient-derived skin fibroblasts showed a severely reduced expression of the mentioned subunit and the occurrence of COG complex fragments at the expense of the integral COG complex. Sequencing of COG6-cDNA and COG6 gene resulted in a homozygous mutation (c.G1646T), leading to amino acid exchange p.G549V in the COG6 protein. Retroviral complementation of the patients' fibroblasts with the wild-type COG6-cDNA led to normalization of the COG complex-depending retrograde protein transport after Brefeldin A treatment, demonstrated by immunofluorescence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lübbehusen
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Metabolic Diseases Heidelberg, Department I, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Abstract
One of the Golgi's main functions is the glycosylation of secreted proteins. A large variety of glycan chains can be synthesized in the Golgi, and it is increasingly clear that these are critical in basic cellular functions as well as the development of multicellular organisms. The structurally best-documented glycans are N-glycans, yet these are also the most enigmatic in their function. In contrast, O-glycan function is far better understood, but here the structures and biosynthetic pathways are very incomplete. The critical importance of glycans is highlighted by the broad spectrum of diseases they are associated with, such as a number of inherited diseases, but also cancers or diabetes. The molecular clues to these, however, are only just being elucidated. Although some glycan structures are known to be involved in signaling or adhesion to the extracellular matrix, for most the functions are not yet known. This review aims at summarizing current knowledge as much as to point out critical areas key for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ungar
- University of York, Department of Biology (area 9), PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK.
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33
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Cavanaugh LF, Chen X, Richardson BC, Ungar D, Pelczer I, Rizo J, Hughson FM. Structural analysis of conserved oligomeric Golgi complex subunit 2. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23418-26. [PMID: 17565980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703716200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is strongly implicated in retrograde vesicular trafficking within the Golgi apparatus. Although its mechanism of action is poorly understood, it has been proposed to function by mediating the initial physical contact between transport vesicles and their membrane targets. An analogous role in tethering vesicles has been suggested for at least six additional large multisubunit complexes, including the exocyst, a complex essential for trafficking to the plasma membrane. Here we report the solution structure of a large portion of yeast Cog2p, one of eight subunits composing the COG complex. The structure reveals a six-helix bundle with few conserved surface features but a general resemblance to recently determined crystal structures of four different exocyst subunits. This finding provides the first structural evidence that COG, like the exocyst and potentially other tethering complexes, is constructed from helical bundles. These structures may represent platforms for interaction with other trafficking proteins including SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide factor attachment protein receptors) and Rabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine F Cavanaugh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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34
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Ng BG, Kranz C, Hagebeuk EEO, Duran M, Abeling NGGM, Wuyts B, Ungar D, Lupashin V, Hartdorff CM, Poll-The BT, Freeze HH. Molecular and clinical characterization of a Moroccan Cog7 deficient patient. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 91:201-4. [PMID: 17395513 PMCID: PMC1941618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 02/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the N-linked glycosylation pathway cause rare autosomal recessive defects known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG). A previously reported mutation in the Conserved Oligomeric Golgi complex gene, COG7, defined a new subtype of CDG in a Tunisian family. The mutation disrupted the hetero-octomeric COG complex and altered both N- and O-linked glycosylation. Here we present clinical and biochemical data from a second family with the same mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby G. Ng
- Department of Glycobiology and Carbohydrate Chemistry, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Christian Kranz
- Department of Glycobiology and Carbohydrate Chemistry, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - EEO Hagebeuk
- Department of Pediatrics Neurology, University of Amsterdam/Academical Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Duran
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam/Academical Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - NGGM Abeling
- Department of Pediatrics Neurology, University of Amsterdam/Academical Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Wuyts
- University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544 USA
| | - Vladimir Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205 USA
| | - CM Hartdorff
- Department of Pediatrics, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - BT Poll-The
- Department of Pediatrics Neurology, University of Amsterdam/Academical Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hudson H. Freeze
- Department of Glycobiology and Carbohydrate Chemistry, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
- *Corresponding author: Hudson H. Freeze, Glycobiology and Carbohydrate Chemistry, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, phone: 858-646-3142, fax: 858-713-6281, E-mail:
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35
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Kranz C, Ng BG, Sun L, Sharma V, Eklund EA, Miura Y, Ungar D, Lupashin V, Winkel RD, Cipollo JF, Costello CE, Loh E, Hong W, Freeze HH. COG8 deficiency causes new congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIh. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:731-41. [PMID: 17331980 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new Type II congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG-II) caused by mutations in the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex gene, COG8. The patient has severe psychomotor retardation, seizures, failure to thrive and intolerance to wheat and dairy products. Analysis of serum transferrin and total serum N-glycans showed normal addition of one sialic acid, but severe deficiency in subsequent sialylation of mostly normal N-glycans. Patient fibroblasts were deficient in sialylation of both N- and O-glycans, and also showed slower brefeldin A (BFA)-induced disruption of the Golgi matrix, reminiscent of COG7-deficient cells. Patient fibroblasts completely lacked COG8 protein and had reduced levels and/or mislocalization of several other COG proteins. The patient had two COG8 mutations which severely truncated the protein and destabilized the COG complex. The first, IVS3 + 1G > A, altered the conserved splicing site of intron 3, and the second deleted two nucleotides (1687-1688 del TT) in exon 5, truncating the last 47 amino acids. Lentiviral-mediated complementation with normal COG8 corrected mislocalization of other COG proteins, normalized sialylation and restored normal BFA-induced Golgi disruption. We propose to call this new disorder CDG-IIh or CDG-II/COG8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranz
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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36
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Foulquier F, Ungar D, Reynders E, Zeevaert R, Mills P, García-Silva MT, Briones P, Winchester B, Morelle W, Krieger M, Annaert W, Matthijs G. A new inborn error of glycosylation due to a Cog8 deficiency reveals a critical role for the Cog1–Cog8 interaction in COG complex formation. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:717-30. [PMID: 17220172 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hetero-octameric conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is essential for the structure/function of the Golgi apparatus through regulation of membrane trafficking. Here, we describe a patient with a mild form of a congenital disorder of glycosylation type II (CDG-II), which is caused by a homozygous nonsense mutation in the hCOG8 gene. This leads to a premature stop codon resulting in a truncated Cog8 subunit lacking the 76 C-terminal amino acids. Mass spectrometric analysis of the N- and O-glycan structures identified a mild sialylation deficiency. We showed that the molecular basis of this defect in N- and O-glycosylation is caused by the disruption of the Cog1-Cog8 interaction due to truncation. As a result, Cog1 deficiency accompanies the Cog8 deficiency, preventing assembly of the intact, stable complex and resulting in the appearance of smaller subcomplexes. Moreover, levels of beta1,4-galactosytransferase were significantly reduced. The defects in O-glycosylation could be fully restored by transfecting the patient's fibroblasts with full-length Cog8. The Cog8 defect described here represents a novel type of CDG-II, which we propose to name as CDG-IIh or CDG caused by Cog8 deficiency (CDG-II/Cog8).
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Affiliation(s)
- François Foulquier
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Lucas KG, Ungar D, Comito M, Bayerl M, Groh B. Submyeloablative cord blood transplantation corrects clinical defects seen in IPEX syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 39:55-6. [PMID: 17115064 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Ungar D, Oka T, Krieger M, Hughson FM. Retrograde transport on the COG railway. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 16:113-20. [PMID: 16406524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is essential for establishing and/or maintaining the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus, in turn, has a central role in protein sorting and glycosylation within the eukaryotic secretory pathway. As a consequence, COG mutations can give rise to human genetic diseases known as congenital disorders of glycosylation. We review recent results from studies of yeast, worm, fly and mammalian COG that provide evidence that COG might function in retrograde vesicular trafficking within the Golgi apparatus. This hypothesis explains the impact of COG mutations by postulating that they impair the retrograde flow of resident Golgi proteins needed to maintain normal Golgi structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ungar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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39
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Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is thought to function in intra-Golgi retrograde trafficking mediated by coat protein I vesicles, a pathway essential for the proper structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. Previous work suggested that COG might act as a tethering factor to mediate the initial attachment between coat protein I vesicles and Golgi membranes. Here, we present extensive in vitro co-translation and immunoprecipitation experiments leading to a new model for the overall architecture of the mammalian COG complex. The eight COG subunits (Cog1-8) are found to form two heterotrimeric subassemblies (Cog2/3/4 and Cog5/6/7) linked by a heterodimer composed of the remaining subunits (Cog1/8). This model is in excellent agreement with in vivo data presented in an accompanying paper (Oka, T., Vasile, E., Penman, M., Novina, C. D., Dykxhoorn, D. M., Ungar, D., Hughson, F. M., and Krieger, M. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 32736-32745).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ungar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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40
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Oka T, Vasile E, Penman M, Novina CD, Dykxhoorn DM, Ungar D, Hughson FM, Krieger M. Genetic analysis of the subunit organization and function of the conserved oligomeric golgi (COG) complex: studies of COG5- and COG7-deficient mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32736-45. [PMID: 16051600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is an eight-subunit (Cog1-8) peripheral Golgi protein involved in Golgi-associated membrane trafficking and glycoconjugate synthesis. We have analyzed the structure and function of COG using Cog1 or Cog2 null Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants, fibroblasts from a patient with Cog7-deficient congenital disorders of glycosylation, and stable Cog5-deficient HeLa cells generated by RNA interference. Although the dilation of some Golgi cisternae in Cog5-deficient cells resembled that observed in Cog1- or Cog2-deficient cells, their global glycosylation defects (less severe) and intracellular processing and function of low density lipoprotein receptors (essentially normal) differed from Cog1- and Cog2-deficient cells. Immunoblotting, gel filtration, and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses of the COG-deficient cells and cell extracts indicated that 1) Cog2-4 and Cog5-7 form stable subcomplexes, 2) Cog1 mediates Golgi association of a Cog2-4 plus Cog8 subcomplex, 3) Cog8 associates stably with both Cog5-7 and Cog1-4 subcomplexes, and thus 4) Cog8 helps assemble the Cog1-4 and Cog5-7 subcomplexes into the complete COG complex. This model of the subunit organization of COG is in excellent agreement with in vitro data presented in an accompanying paper (Ungar, D., Oka, T., Vasile, E., Krieger, M., and Hughson, F. M. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 32729-32735). Only one or two of the seven Cog1- or Cog2-dependent Golgi membrane proteins called GEARs are also sensitive to Cog5 or Cog7 deficiency, indicating that the COG subunits play distinctive roles in controlling Golgi structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Oka
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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41
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Oka T, Ungar D, Hughson FM, Krieger M. The COG and COPI complexes interact to control the abundance of GEARs, a subset of Golgi integral membrane proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:2423-35. [PMID: 15004235 PMCID: PMC404034 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-09-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is a soluble hetero-octamer associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the Golgi. Mammalian somatic cell mutants lacking the Cog1 (ldlB) or Cog2 (ldlC) subunits exhibit pleiotropic defects in Golgi-associated glycoprotein and glycolipid processing that suggest COG is involved in the localization, transport, and/or function of multiple Golgi processing proteins. We have identified a set of COG-sensitive, integral membrane Golgi proteins called GEARs (mannosidase II, GOS-28, GS15, GPP130, CASP, giantin, and golgin-84) whose abundances were reduced in the mutant cells and, in some cases, increased in COG-overexpressing cells. In the mutants, some GEARs were abnormally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and were degraded by proteasomes. The distributions of the GEARs were altered by small interfering RNA depletion of epsilon-COP in wild-type cells under conditions in which COG-insensitive proteins were unaffected. Furthermore, synthetic phenotypes arose in mutants deficient in both epsilon-COP and either Cog1 or Cog2. COG and COPI may work in concert to ensure the proper retention or retrieval of a subset of proteins in the Golgi, and COG helps prevent the endoplasmic reticulum accumulation and degradation of some GEARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Oka
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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42
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Abstract
The SNARE superfamily has become, since its discovery approximately a decade ago, the most intensively studied element of the protein machinery involved in intracellular trafficking. Intracellular membrane fusion in eukaryotes requires SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor) proteins that form complexes bridging the two membranes. Although common themes have emerged from structural and functional studies of SNAREs and other components of the eukaryotic membrane fusion machinery, there is still much to learn about how the assembly and activity of this machinery is choreographed in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ungar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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43
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Ungar D, Oka T, Brittle EE, Vasile E, Lupashin VV, Chatterton JE, Heuser JE, Krieger M, Waters MG. Characterization of a mammalian Golgi-localized protein complex, COG, that is required for normal Golgi morphology and function. J Cell Biol 2002; 157:405-15. [PMID: 11980916 PMCID: PMC2173297 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200202016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiprotein complexes are key determinants of Golgi apparatus structure and its capacity for intracellular transport and glycoprotein modification. Three complexes that have previously been partially characterized include (a) the Golgi transport complex (GTC), identified in an in vitro membrane transport assay, (b) the ldlCp complex, identified in analyses of CHO cell mutants with defects in Golgi-associated glycosylation reactions, and (c) the mammalian Sec34 complex, identified by homology to yeast Sec34p, implicated in vesicular transport. We show that these three complexes are identical and rename them the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. The COG complex comprises four previously characterized proteins (Cog1/ldlBp, Cog2/ldlCp, Cog3/Sec34, and Cog5/GTC-90), three homologues of yeast Sec34/35 complex subunits (Cog4, -6, and -8), and a previously unidentified Golgi-associated protein (Cog7). EM of ldlB and ldlC mutants established that COG is required for normal Golgi morphology. "Deep etch" EM of purified COG revealed an approximately 37-nm-long structure comprised of two similarly sized globular domains connected by smaller extensions. Consideration of biochemical and genetic data for mammalian COG and its yeast homologue suggests a model for the subunit distribution within this complex, which plays critical roles in Golgi structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ungar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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44
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Ungar D, Barth A, Haase W, Kaunzinger A, Lewitzki E, Ruiz T, Reiländer H, Michel H. Analysis of a putative voltage-gated prokaryotic potassium channel. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268:5386-96. [PMID: 11606201 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most of the completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes contain genes of potassium channel homologues, but there is still not much known about the role of these proteins in prokaryotes. Here we describe the large-scale overproduction and purification of a prokaryotic voltage-gated potassium channel homologue, Kch, from Escherichia coli. After successful overproduction of the protein, a specific increase in the potassium permeability of the cells was found. Kch could be purified in large amounts using classical purification methods to prevent aggregation of the protein. The physiological state of the protein was revealed to be a homotetramer and the protein was shown to be localized to the cytoplasmic membrane of the cells. In the course of the localization studies, we found a specific increase in the density of the cytoplasmic membrane on Kch production. This was linked to the observed increase in the protein to lipid ratio in the membranes. Another observed change in the membrane composition was an increase in the cardiolipin to phosphatidylglycerol ratio, which may indicate a specific cardiolipin requirement of Kch. On the basis of some of our results, we discuss a function for Kch in the maintenance of the membrane potential in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ungar
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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45
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Paul IM, Sanders J, Ruggiero F, Andrews T, Ungar D, Eyster ME. Chronic hepatitis C virus infections in leukemia survivors: prevalence, viral load, and severity of liver disease. Blood 1999; 93:3672-7. [PMID: 10339473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural history of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infections in long-term leukemia survivors has not been well characterized. We studied the prevalence of HCV infections, measured HCV RNA levels, and evaluated the severity of liver disease in patients with leukemia who achieved long-term remissions after intensive chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation (BMT). HCV antibody tests were performed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and positive tests confirmed by the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). HCV RNA levels were measured by the branched DNA (bDNA) assay. Seventy-five leukemia survivors with 25 or more blood donor exposures were identified. Nine (12%) were anti-HCV positive. All were infected before 1992 when second generation HCV screening tests were implemented. Mean HCV RNA levels were 10.3 x10(6) eq/mL versus 3.2 x 10(6) eq/mL (P =.056) in a control group of 20 anti-HCV positive immunocompetent individuals of comparable age who were infected twice as long (17.8 +/- 6.5 years v 9.0 +/- 4.4 years in leukemia survivors, P =.001). Liver biopsies were performed on six of the nine anti-HCV positive leukemia survivors. All showed at least moderate portal inflammation and half had evidence of bridging fibrosis. We conclude that viral loads in anti-HCV positive leukemia survivors are markedly higher than in immunocompetent controls. Our results suggest that long-term leukemia survivors with chronic HCV may have more rapidly progressive liver disease than has been previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Paul
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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46
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Abstract
Autophonia, the hyperperception of one's own voice and breathing, is one of the consequences of rapid weight loss and is explained within the syndrome of the patulous eustachian tube. We report on a female adolescent, who presented to an otologist for autophonia and was finally diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. The occurrence and relevance of this symptom in eating-disorder patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karwautz
- Department of Neuropsychiatry of Childhood and Adolescence, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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47
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Lovell SC, Ungar D, Mullick AH, Muirhead H. Structural investigation of regulation in Bacillus stearothermophiluspyruvate kinase. Acta Crystallogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876739609486x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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48
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Ungar D, Gössler R, Toifl K, Wanke T. [Innovative respiratory muscle training for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy--a psychological evaluation]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1996; 146:213-6. [PMID: 9012219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
For neuromuscular patients with progressive respiratory muscle weakness a new training apparatus was developed, which allows a home training of strength as well as endurance of the inspiratory muscles, especially the diaphragma. A significant positive training result could be proved in a comparative study between 2 groups of 15 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients each (8). By the end of the training the satisfaction of patients with the new training equipment was evaluated by means of a questionnaire. The degree of satisfaction was determined at a 10-point scale. Critical ideas were used for improvement of the newly developed training apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ungar
- Universitätsklinik für Neuropsychiatrie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Wien
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49
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50
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Hanash SM, Beretta L, Barcroft CL, Sheldon S, Glover TW, Ungar D, Sonenberg N. Mapping of the gene for interferon-inducible dsRNA-dependent protein kinase to chromosome region 2p21-22: a site of rearrangements in myeloproliferative disorders. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1993; 8:34-7. [PMID: 7691157 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870080107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the human interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase may function as a tumor suppressor. Here we describe the mapping of the gene for this kinase to chromosome region 2p21-22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. A combined analysis of cytogenetic data from a series of 341 patients with hematologic disorders that exhibited cytogenetic abnormalities and from published reports indicates that abnormalities involving 2p21-22 occur nonrandomly and are observed among patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, raising the possibility of a role for this protein kinase in leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hanash
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
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