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Orchowski LM, Oesterle DW, Borsari B, Berry-Cabán CS, Kazemi DM, Kahler CW, Berkowitz AD. Qualitative Analysis of Bystander Intervention Among Young Adult Male Soldiers Who Engage in At-Risk Drinking. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:1104-1131. [PMID: 37850670 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231203597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bystander intervention-when someone intervenes to help in situations that pose a risk for harm-is a promising strategy for sexual violence prevention. In the current study, a sample of U.S. Army male soldiers (N = 10; ages 18-24) who engaged in at-risk drinking completed a 90-min individual semi-structured interview to understand the ways in which soldiers intervene to address risk for sexual violence. Two independent raters coded soldier responses using thematic analysis and identified eight main themes: (a) recognizing risk for sexual violence; (b) labeling situations as problematic and taking responsibility; (c) facilitators of intervention; (d) barriers to intervention; (e) intervention strategies; (f) reactions and consequences to intervention; (g) alcohol's influence on intervention; and (h) using bystander intervention to shift cultural norms. As soldiers reported noticing more extreme risks for violence, prevention interventions may help service members identify situations earlier in the continuum of harm. Soldiers anticipated intervening in a way that was physical and aggressive, which could facilitate physical altercation and result in collateral misconduct. Results from the present study reveal ways that bystander intervention programs for civilians can be tailored to address the unique individual, situational, and contextual factors relevant to the military. These findings also highlight the importance of teaching soldiers indirect and nonaggressive strategies for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
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2
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Blackburn AM, Katz BW, Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM. Preventing sexual violence in sexual orientation and gender diverse communities: A call to action. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2297544. [PMID: 38197295 PMCID: PMC10783832 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2297544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual orientation and gender diverse (SOGD) communities are at disproportionately higher risk for sexual violence compared to cisgender heterosexual people. Despite this elevated risk, relatively few sexual violence prevention efforts effectively reduce these victimization disparities based on sexual orientation or gender identity.Objective: This narrative review provides an overview of the prevalence of sexual violence in the SOGD communities, delineates risk factors for sexual victimization among SOGD community members, and reviews and evaluates existing prevention efforts for the SOGD communities. We outline specific recommendations for ensuring that prevention efforts meet the needs of the SOGD communities.Method: Drawing on ecological systems theory and public health approaches to sexual violence prevention, we outline current approaches and opportunities for preventionists and scholars to push the field forward.Results: There have been promising prevention programmes designed to be implemented within SOGD communities specifically; however, it is important that general primary prevention programmes endeavour to specifically address sexual violence perpetrated against SOGD people. While many packaged programmes that endeavour to prevent sexual violence across all gender identities and sexual orientations are inclusive of SOGD participants, more programming is needed that integrates anti-oppression training to target social norms that perpetuate SOGD-specific rape myths and normalize sexual violence against SOGD community members.Conclusion: Ecological prevention strategies in line with a public health approach for primary prevention may be particularly valuable for reducing victimization disparities based on SOGD status and identity. Comprehensive sexual education and anti-discrimination policies should be considered front-line prevention programming. To assess if these strategies are effective, the implementation of large-scale surveillance surveys that use comprehensive assessments of sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual violence are needed. Using theoretically grounded implementation strategies for prevention programmes can ensure effective programme delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M. Blackburn
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical-Community Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel W. Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health & Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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3
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Orchowski LM, Merrill JE, Oesterle DW, Barnett NP, Borsari B, Zlotnick C, Haikalis MP, Bekowitz AD. Integrated Alcohol Use and Sexual Assault Prevention Program for College Men Who Engage in Heavy Drinking: Randomized Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e47354. [PMID: 37995129 DOI: 10.2196/47354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual assault is prevalent on college campuses and most commonly is perpetrated by men. Problematically, there is a dearth of evidence-based prevention programs targeting men as perpetrators of sexual aggression. The Sexual Assault and Alcohol Feedback and Education (SAFE) program is an integrated alcohol and sexual assault prevention intervention for college men who engage in heavy drinking that aims to address sexual aggression proclivity and alcohol use outcomes by incorporating social norms theory, bystander intervention, and motivational interviewing. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the initial feasibility-, acceptability-, and efficacy-related outcomes of a randomized pilot trial of an integrated alcohol and sexual assault prevention program for college men who engage in heavy drinking. METHODS This study included 115 college men who engaged in heavy drinking, who were randomly assigned to the SAFE program or a mindfulness-based control condition (MBCC). The feasibility of implementation, adequacy of participant retention, fidelity and competency of program administration, and satisfaction and utility of the intervention were evaluated. The primary outcomes of alcohol use and sexual aggression were evaluated at 2 and 6 months after baseline. The secondary outcomes of perceived peer norms, risks for sexual aggression, and bystander intervention were also assessed. The extent to which the motivational interviewing session with personalized normative feedback facilitated changes in the proximal outcomes of drinking intentions, motivation to change, and self-efficacy was also examined. RESULTS The study procedures resulted in high program completion and retention (>80%), high fidelity to the program manual (>80% of the content included), high competency in program administration, and high ratings of satisfaction and program utility in addressing sexual relationships and alcohol use. Both groups reported declines in the number of drinks per week and number of heavy drinking days. Compared with the MBCC participants, the SAFE participants reported higher motivation to change alcohol use after the program, as well as greater use of alcohol protective behavioral strategies at 6 months. Compared with the MBCC participants, the SAFE participants also reported lower perceived peer engagement in sexual coercion, perceived peer comfort with sexism, and peer drinking norms at 2 and 6 months. However, no group differences were observed in sexual aggression severity, rape myth acceptance, or the labeling of sexual consent. Results regarding bystander intervention intentions were mixed, with the MBCC group showing decreased intentions at 2 months and the SAFE group reporting increased intentions at both 2 and 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide promising evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, utility, and preliminary efficacy of the SAFE program in reducing alcohol use and positively influencing perceived peer norms and intentions for bystander intervention among college men who drink. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05773027; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05773027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Brown University/Lifespan Center for Digital Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Caron Zlotnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Michelle P Haikalis
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alan D Bekowitz
- Indepedent Researcher and Practitioner, Mount Shasta, CA, United States
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Oesterle DW, McKee GB, Dworkin ER, Blackburn AM, Daigle LE, Gill-Hopple K, Gilmore AK. Characteristics of Sexual Assault Among Men Receiving a Forensic Medical Examination. J Child Sex Abus 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37661816 PMCID: PMC10909921 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2249890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault is a form of violence disproportionately perpetrated against women by men; however, men also experience high rates of sexual victimization. While recent research exploring victimization of sexual assault among men does exist, little is known about situational characteristics and consequences surrounding men's assault experiences. Therefore, the current study examines narratives of men's sexual assault to further understand the unique experiences of men receiving a sexual assault medical forensic examination. To accomplish this, we conducted a retrospective medical chart review of sexual assault narratives from N = 45 men receiving a sexual assault medical forensic examination at a large academic medical institution in the southeastern United States. Three general constructs were identified within the records: a) Perpetrator use of coercive tactics, b) Memory loss, and c) Contextual factors. Nested within these constructs, five specific themes emerged, including: a1) Use of weapons and physical force; a2) Tactical administration of alcohol and drugs; b1) Difficulties remembering assault; c1) Consensual sexual activity turned non-consensual; c2) Incarceration. Findings from the present study common identified characteristics of sexual assaults among men receiving a sexual assault medical forensic examination, including coercive tactics used by perpetrators, consequences of sexual assault, and high-risk settings for male victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace B McKee
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily R Dworkin
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Trinka T, Oesterle DW, Silverman AC, Vriniotis MG, Orchowski LM, Beidas R, Betz ME, Hudson C, Kesner T, Ranney ML. Bystander intervention to prevent firearm injury: A qualitative study of 4-H shooting sports participants. J Community Psychol 2023; 51:2652-2666. [PMID: 37294273 PMCID: PMC10644270 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study examines how youth and adult members of 4-H Shooting Sports clubs perceive firearm injury risk and risk reduction, and the applicability of a bystander intervention (BI) risk reduction framework in this community. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 youth and 13 adult members of 4-H Shooting Sports clubs across nine US states from March to December of 2021 until thematic saturation was reached. Deductive and inductive thematic qualitative analyses were performed. Six overarching themes emerged: (1) The tendency to view firearm injury as predominantly unintentional in nature; (2) Acknowledgment of a wide array of risks for firearm injury; (3) Perceived barriers to bystander action to prevent firearm injury including knowledge, confidence, and consequences of action; (4) Facilitators of bystander action including a sense of civic responsibility; (5) Direct and indirect strategies to address potential risks for firearm injury; and (6) Belief that BI skills training would be useful for 4-H Shooting Sports. Findings lay the groundwork for applying BI skills training as an approach to firearm injury prevention in 4-H Shooting Sports, similar to how BI has been applied to other types of injury (i.e., sexual assault). 4-H Shooting Sports club members' sense of civic responsibility is a key facilitator. Prevention efforts should attend to the broad array of ways in which firearm injury occurs, including suicide, mass shootings, homicide, and intimate partner violence, as well as unintentional injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Trinka
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | | | - Amira C Silverman
- Brown-Lifespan Center for Digital Health, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI, 02903 USA
| | - Mary G Vriniotis
- Brown-Lifespan Center for Digital Health, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI, 02903 USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI, 02903 USA
| | - Rinad Beidas
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Marian E. Betz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Injury and Violence Prevention Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, 80220, USA
| | - Craven Hudson
- University of Georgia Extension, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Todd Kesner
- Montana State University Extension, Bozeman MT, 59717, USA
| | - Megan L Ranney
- Brown-Lifespan Center for Digital Health, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI, 02903 USA
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Orchowski LM, Paszek C, Lopez RM, Oesterle DW, Pearlman DN, Rizzo CJ, Elwy ARG, Berkowitz AD, Malone S, Fortson BL. School partner perspectives on the implementation of the Your Voice Your View sexual assault prevention program for high school students. J Community Psychol 2023; 51:2906-2926. [PMID: 37148561 PMCID: PMC10494965 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high risk for sexual assault among adolescents, few sexual assault prevention programs designed for implementation in high schools have sustained rigorous evaluation. The present study sought to better understand the factors that influenced the implementation of Your Voice Your View (YVYV), a four-session sexual assault prevention program for 10th grade students, which includes a teacher "Lunch and Learn" training as well as a 4-week school-specific social norms poster campaign. Following program implementation, eight school partners (i.e., health teachers, guidance counselors, teachers, and principals) participated in an interview to provide feedback on the process of program implementation. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was utilized to examine site-specific determinants of program implementation. Participants discussed the importance of the design quality and packaging of the program, as well as the relative advantage of offering students a violence prevention program led by an outside team, as opposed to teachers in the school. School partners highlighted the importance of intensive preplanning before implementation, clear communication between staff, the utility of engaging a specific champion to coordinate programming, and the utility of offering incentives for participation. Having resources to support implementation, a desire to address sexual violence in the school, and a positive classroom climate in which to administer the small-group sessions were seen as school-specific facilitators of program implementation. These findings can help to support the subsequent implementation of the YVYV program, as well as other sexual assault prevention programs in high schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Rhode Island Hospital, Rhode Island, Providence, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Claudia Paszek
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard M. Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel W. Oesterle
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Deborah N. Pearlman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christie J. Rizzo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anashua Rani Ghose Elwy
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alan D. Berkowitz
- Indepedent Researcher and Practitioner, Mount Shasta, California, USA
| | - Sandra Malone
- Day One of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Beverly L. Fortson
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Oesterle DW, Eckhardt CI, Parrott DJ. Impulsivity and Reactive-Proactive Aggression as Mechanisms of Alcohol-Related Sexual Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among Romantic Partners. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1761-1770. [PMID: 37614061 PMCID: PMC10538412 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2247074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Sexual intimate partner violence (S-IPV) commonly occurs within the contexts of committed romantic relationshops. Prior research has demonstrated the existence of a robust link between alcohol use and S-IPV. Despite this, few research studies have explored the etiological underpinnings of alcohol-related S-IPV perpetration, specifically. The present study examines the role of several key factors (i.e., problematic drinking, negative and positive urgency, proactive and reactive aggression) on S-IPV perpetration. Methods: Participants were 337 heavy drinking men and women in intimate relatinships who reported perpetrating some form of IPV toward their current partner within the past-year. A moderated-mediation model was used to determine how the key study variables interacted to predict S-IPV perpetration. Results: Results indicated that problematic drinking was positively correlated with both negative urgency and positive uregency. Findings also revealed that negative urgency, positive urgency, proactive aggression, and reactive aggression were all positively related to S-IPV perpetration. The indirect relationship between problematic drinking and S-IPV perpetration was mediated by positive urgency. Additionally, a significant main effect of proactive aggression on S-IPV perpetration was also detected. Conclusions: These findings suggest that impulsivity, specifically positive urgency, and proactive aggression may be under-appreciated constructs within the existing sexual aggression literature, and future research examining these variables as mechanisms explaining the association between the alcohol and S-IPV is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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8
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Orchowski LM, Oesterle DW, Berry-Cabán CS, Borsari B, Kahler CW, Kazemi DM, Berkowitz AD. An Application of the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression Among Young Adult Male Soldiers. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:8263-8285. [PMID: 36843432 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231153895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence in the U.S. military is a serious concern. Whereas numerous studies document the prevalence of sexual violence among service members, far less research has examined etiological risk factors for sexual aggression perpetration among service members. The present study sought to evaluate the applicability of the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression among a sample of young adult men engaged in active-duty military service within the U.S. Army. Anonymous surveys were completed by 326 male soldiers between the ages of 18 and 24 at a large military installation in the Southeastern region of the United tStates. Men's likelihood to engage in sexual aggression was operationalized as men's perceived likelihood to persist with sexual activity despite a partner's resistance. Aligning with the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression, two composite variables reflecting hostile masculinity and tendency toward impersonal sex were created. A linear regression indicated that the main effects of hostile masculinity and impersonal sex were significantly associated with greater perceived likelihood of sexual aggression perpetration. Results also revealed that while the interaction term between hostile masculinity and impersonal sex was significant, the direction of the relationship suggests that the effect of impersonal sex is weaker at higher levels of hostile masculinity. These findings lend evidence to help identify those at elevated risk for perpetrating sexual aggression, as well as informing programmatic efforts to prevent sexual assault within the military.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
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9
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Orchowski LM, Oesterle DW, Zong ZY, Bogen KW, Elwy AR, Berkowitz AD, Pearlman DN. Implementing school-wide sexual assault prevention in middle schools: A qualitative analysis of school stakeholder perspectives. J Community Psychol 2023; 51:1314-1334. [PMID: 36468237 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault and harassment are significant problems that begin early in the lifespan. The current study sought to understand the contextual factors that influence the implementation of school-wide sexual assault prevention programs in middle schools that focus on fostering community norms change. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) is a menu of constructs arranged across 5 domains that assists stakeholders in assessing and identifying site-specific determinants of successful intervention implementation. In the present study, researchers conducted a series of 10 interviews with middle school stakeholders (i.e., principals, guidance counselors, teachers) to document characteristics inside and outside of the school environment (i.e., cultural norms, relative priority, prior interventions, implementation climate) relevant to the implementation of prevention programming, using the CFIR as a guiding framework for analysis. Whereas schools recognized the importance of implementing violence prevention programming, stakeholders reported several other competing demands (i.e., time, resources) that make it difficult to implement rigorous programming without support from an outside agency/team. Community agencies and research teams hoping to implement violence prevention in middle schools can benefit from using stakeholder interviews grounded in the CFIR model to gain a better awareness of the school- and community-specific factors that are likely to influence successful implementation of violence prevention programs in middle schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Staff Psychologist, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zoe Y Zong
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine W Bogen
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - A Rani Elwy
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alan D Berkowitz
- Independent Researcher and Practitioner, Mount Shasta, California, USA
| | - Deborah N Pearlman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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10
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Abstract
Although rates of sexual aggression are high among college men who engage in heavy drinking, little is known regarding how often heavy drinking college men initiate unwanted sexual advances towards women that could lead to a potential sexual assault or the reasons why these advances stop or proceed. The present study describes heavy drinking college men's (N = 210) initiation of unwanted sexual and social advances towards women, as well as outcomes of these interactions, including how often these behaviors continue, and men's perception of what stopped the behavior over a 3-month period. Men indicated whether they were in a situation where a sexual partner noted that she does not want sexual activity to proceed further, initiated unwanted sexual contact, initiated unwanted sexual intercourse, attempted to give a woman alcohol when she did not appear to want to drink, or attempted to take a woman to an isolated location when she did not appear to want to go. These unwanted sexual and social advances most often stopped because of women's verbal resistance (i.e., saying "stop" or "no"), or because men engaged in a discussion regarding the women's limits or choices. Given that none of the unwanted sexual or social advances stopped because of bystander intervention, the present study highlights the importance of raising awareness of the effectiveness of women's resistance tactics and continuing to train bystanders to notice and take action to address risky situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, 311308Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michelle Haikalis
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, 6752Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Oesterle DW, Jarnecke AM, Gilmore AK. Sexual Re-Assault among College Women Differs Based on Sexual Refusal Assertiveness and Assertive Resistance Strategy Intentions. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP17473-NP17491. [PMID: 34229531 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault and sexual re-assault are common problems on college campuses for women, and experiencing an initial assault dramatically increases risk for experiencing sexual re-assault. Low use of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions has been found to predict initial victimization, yet few studies to date look collectively at the associations of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions to sexual re-assault. The current study examined both sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions as potential moderators of sexual re-assault among college women. It was hypothesized that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college would be stronger among those with low sexual refusal assertiveness compared to those with high sexual refusal assertiveness (Hypothesis 1). it was also hypothesized that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college would be stronger among those who endorsed assertive resistance strategy intentions (Hypothesis 2). Participants (N = 623) included college women at a large, public university within the northwestern region of the United States, who completed a web-based survey. Results revealed that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college was significant among those with lower levels of sexual refusal assertiveness (t = 91.42, p < 0 .001). Results also revealed that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college was stronger among those who endorsed non-assertive resistance strategy intentions to a potential sexual assault scenario (t = 25.09, p < 0.001). These findings provide insight into risk for sexual re-assault, wherein risk reduction programmatic efforts may be targeted towards women entering college with a sexual assault history to increase their use of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
| | - Amber M Jarnecke
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Georgia, USA
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12
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Gilmore AK, McKee G, Flanagan JC, Leone RM, Oesterle DW, Kirby CM, Short N, Gill-Hopple K. Medications at the Emergency Department After Recent Rape. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP12954-NP12972. [PMID: 33736532 PMCID: PMC9922488 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rape is associated with myriad negative physical and mental health effects, yet little is known about medical prescribing following rape-related emergency room visits. The goal of this study was to examine factors associated with medications prescribed the same day as a sexual assault medical forensic examination (SAMFE). A total of 939 medical records (93.9% female) of a medical university in the Southeastern United States between July 1, 2014, and May 15, 2019, were paired with Sexual Assault Nurse Exam records. Demographic and assault characteristics were examined as correlates of medications prescribed at the emergency department within the same day of a SAMFE. All individuals were offered medications within the national guidelines. Intimate partner violence (IPV) was negatively associated with antibiotic prescriptions and with emergency contraception prescriptions. Genital injury and male gender of victim were positively associated with antiviral prescriptions. Non-genital injury was positively associated with both over-the-counter and prescription pain medication prescriptions. Report of strangulation was positively associated with accepting over-the-counter but not prescription pain medication. IPV and strangulation were positively associated with psychotropic prescriptions. Although specific medications were offered to individuals during the SAMFE, demographic and assault characteristics were associated with medication acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Grace McKee
- Advanced Fellowship Program in Mental Illness Research and Treatment, Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Central Virginia VA Health Care System
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Julianne C. Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center
| | - Ruschelle M. Leone
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Daniel W. Oesterle
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Charli M. Kirby
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Nicole Short
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
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13
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Gilmore AK, Leone RM, Oesterle DW, Davis KC, Orchowski LM, Ramakrishnan V, Kaysen D. Web-Based Alcohol and Sexual Assault Prevention Program With Tailored Content Based on Gender and Sexual Orientation: Preliminary Outcomes and Usability Study of Positive Change (+Change). JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e23823. [PMID: 35867393 PMCID: PMC9356330 DOI: 10.2196/23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use and sexual assault are common on college campuses in the United States, and the rates of occurrence differ based on gender identity and sexual orientation. Objective We aimed to provide an assessment of the usability and preliminary outcomes of Positive Change (+Change), a program that provides integrated personalized feedback to target alcohol use, sexual assault victimization, sexual assault perpetration, and bystander intervention among cisgender heterosexual men, cisgender heterosexual women, and sexual minority men and women. Methods Participants included 24 undergraduate students from a large university in the Southwestern United States aged between 18 and 25 years who engaged in heavy episodic drinking in the past month. All procedures were conducted on the web, and participants completed a baseline survey, +Change, and a follow-up survey immediately after completing +Change. Results Our findings indicated that +Change was acceptable and usable among all participants, despite gender identity or sexual orientation. Furthermore, there were preliminary outcomes indicating the benefit for efficacy testing of +Change. Conclusions Importantly, +Change is the first program to target alcohol use, sexual assault victimization, sexual assault perpetration, and bystander intervention within the same program and to provide personalized content based on gender identity and sexual orientation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04089137; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04089137
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ruschelle M Leone
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kelly Cue Davis
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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14
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Gilmore AK, Walsh K, López C, Fortson K, Oesterle DW, Salamanca NK, Orchowski LM, Davis KC. Sexual Assault Victimization: Latinx Identity as a Protective Factor for Sexual Minorities. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP12542-NP12563. [PMID: 33691510 PMCID: PMC8429509 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521999122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault victimization is an experience that impacts many college students, and rates differ based on ethnicity and sexual minority status. However, little is known about the impact of the intersectionality of Latinx and sexual minority identities on sexual assault severity among college students. The current study examined past year sexual assault victimization severity based on sexual orientation and Latinx identities among a random sample of college students (n = 506). Further, factors associated with past year sexual assault victimization severity were examined among sexual minority participants (n = 170). Among all college students, identifying as a cisgender woman, sexual minority, or having a more severe sexual assault history was associated with higher past year sexual assault victimization severity. Further, among sexual minorities, identifying as Latinx or having fewer drinks per week were associated with less severe past year sexual assault victimization. Although preliminary, this finding suggests a need for future research to examine potential cultural factors associated with Latinx populations that may serve as protective factors for sexual assault victimization among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Kate Walsh
- Departments of Psychology and Gender & Women's Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Cristina López
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Kennicia Fortson
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Human Science, Purdue University
| | - Nashalys K Salamanca
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
| | - Kelly Cue Davis
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University
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15
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McKee GB, Gill-Hopple K, Oesterle DW, Daigle LE, Gilmore AK. New Perspectives on Risk Factors for Non-fatal Strangulation and Post-assault Imaging. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP8226-NP8236. [PMID: 33045917 PMCID: PMC8104448 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520966673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strangulation has long been associated with death in the context of sexual assault and intimate partner violence (IPV). Non-fatal strangulation (NFS) during sexual assault, which refers to strangulation or choking that does not result in death, is common and has been associated with IPV and with bodily injury; however, other factors associated with NFS are unknown. The current study examined demographic and sexual assault characteristics associated with NFS among women who received a sexual assault medical forensic exam (SAMFE). A second purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with receiving follow-up imaging orders after NFS was identified during a SAMFE. Participants (N = 882) ranged in age from 18 to 81 (M = 28.85), with the majority identifying as non-Hispanic White (70.4%) or Black/African American (23.4%). A total of 75 women (8.5%) experienced NFS during the sexual assault. Of these, only 13 (17.3%) received follow-up imaging orders for relevant scans. Results from a logistic regression analysis demonstrated that NFS was positively associated with report of anal penetration, intimate partner perpetration, non-genital injury, and weapon use during the assault. Results from chi-square analysis showed that among sexual assaults involving women who experienced NFS, those whose assaults involved weapon use were over four times more likely to receive imaging orders compared to assaults without weapon use. These findings have implications for criminal justice, and if incorporated into danger assessments, could potentially reduce fatalities linked to sexual assault and/or IPV. Additional work is needed to ensure that all assaults with NFS trigger a referral for imaging regardless of other assault characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace B. McKee
- Advanced Fellowship Program in Mental Illness Research and Treatment, Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Daniel W. Oesterle
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Leah E. Daigle
- Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University
| | - Amanda K. Gilmore
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
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16
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Schipani-McLaughlin AM, Nielsen KE, Mosley EA, Leone RM, Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM, Davis KC, Gilmore AK. Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences based on gender and sexual orientation among college students. Am J Addict 2022; 31:189-199. [PMID: 35385599 PMCID: PMC9117501 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Research has not yet investigated how the association between alcohol and alcohol-related consequences differs across cisgender heterosexual women (CHW), cisgender heterosexual men (CHM), and sexual and gender minority (SGM) college students. METHODS Participants were N = 754 college students (34.5% CHW [n = 260]; 34.5% CHM [n = 260]; 31.0% SGM [n = 234]) between the ages 18 and 25 who completed a survey on sexual orientation, gender identity, alcohol use (i.e., average drinks per week), and alcohol-related consequences. RESULTS Among individuals who reported alcohol use, CHM reported significantly more drinks per week compared to CHW and SGM. The logistic model of a zero-inflated negative binomial regression indicated that excess zeros in the alcohol-related consequences were more likely among (1) nondrinkers and (2) SGM compared to CHM. The count portion of the model indicated that, among drinkers, there was a positive association between drinks per week and alcohol-related consequences. Estimated alcohol-related consequences per drink were 1.90% higher among CHW than CHM and 2.76% higher among SGM than CHM. Exploratory analyses did not find significant differences in outcomes between cisgender female and male sexual minority students. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Findings suggest that although CHW and SGM students consume less alcohol than CHM, these students experience more alcohol-related consequences per drink. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This study advances the field's knowledge of alcohol use patterns and consequences among SGM college students. There is a need for alcohol education programming that is tailored to the unique experiences, identities, and minority stressors of SGM college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Schipani-McLaughlin
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen E Nielsen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mosley
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruschelle M Leone
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Illinois, USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Orchowski LM, Oesterle DW, Moreno O, Yusufov M, Berkowitz A, Abbey A, Barnett NP, Borsari B. A Qualitative Analysis of Sexual Consent among Heavy-drinking College Men. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP5566-NP5593. [PMID: 32990140 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520958658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study sought to examine how heavy-drinking college men describe communication of sexual interest and sexual consent. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 12 heavy-drinking college men identified three themes. Themes included: (a) expectations about parties and sexual activity, (b) observing and communicating sexual interest, and (c) communication of sexual consent. Men reported visiting drinking environments to locate women who they assumed would be open to sexual advances. In these environments, sexual interest was inferred indirectly through shared alcohol use. Anticipating token resistance men reported "trying and trying again" to pursue escalating types of sexual activity. Consent was inferred when participants did not hear "no" from a sexual partner, highlighting the importance of continued education on verbal consent in the context of sexual assault prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oswaldo Moreno
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Miryam Yusufov
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | | | | | | | - Brian Borsari
- San Franisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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18
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Eckhardt CI, Oesterle DW, Maloney MA. The instigating effects of isolation on substance-related intimate partner violence: A review. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:18-23. [PMID: 34536712 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we examine the empirical and theoretical support for the idea that experiences of isolation can intensify substance use, even among those in committed close relationships, and can increase the likelihood of negative conflict behaviors, including intimate partner violence (IPV). Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and laboratory-based research suggest that individuals and couples who report experiences of social exclusion and have fewer social supports experience more mental health problems, more negative emotional experiences, and higher levels of stress. These negative outcomes spur coping efforts to reduce these distressing states, which often involve pain-relieving substances such as alcohol. We describe how dynamic models of relationship conflict and IPV can integrate alcohol and substance use patterns among both individuals and couples to understand and predict contexts leading to conflict escalation and IPV perpetration.
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19
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Norona JC, Borsari B, Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM. Alcohol Use and Risk Factors for Sexual Aggression: Differences According to Relationship Status. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP5125-NP5147. [PMID: 30168352 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518795169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the ways alcohol use and risk factors for sexual assault perpetration vary by relationship status. Participants included 242 college men (age = 18-22 years) from a northeastern university who identified as being single or in a casual or committed dating relationship with a female partner. ANCOVAs and paired t tests compared individuals who were single, casually dating, and in committed relationships on self-reported alcohol use during sexual situations, beliefs about sexual communication, behavior associated with sexual aggression, and peer approval of sexual aggression. Differences in alcohol use during sexual situations and behavior associated with sexual aggression according to relationship status emerged. Post hoc analyses examining whether alcohol use during sexual situations moderated significant associations between relationship status and behavior associated with sexual aggression suggested that men in committed relationships who endorsed more frequent alcohol use during sexual situations also endorsed more behavior associated with sexual aggression. Findings suggest that individuals in committed relationships who often use alcohol during sexual situations may be at increased risk of sexually aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika C Norona
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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20
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Flanagan JC, Jarnecke AM, Leone RM, Oesterle DW. Effects of couple conflict on alcohol craving: Does intimate partner violence play a role? Addict Behav 2020; 109:106474. [PMID: 32485550 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social stress in the form of maladaptive relationship conflict is a common precipitant to alcohol misuse and problems. Research has also established a clear causal association between alcohol misuse and relationship conflict in the form of intimate partner violence (IPV). Despite the robust literature linking relationship conflict and problematic drinking using survey methodology, no laboratory studies have examined the proximal association between relationship conflict and alcohol craving among couples, or the influence of IPV perpetration and victimization on this association. METHOD As part of a larger randomized controlled trial, 30 different-sex community couples with substance misuse completed a laboratory conflict resolution task. Participants reported subjective alcohol craving on a Likert-type scale immediately, before, and after the task. Conflict behaviors were coded by trained observers. Analyses were conducted using a multilevel modeling framework to account for the dyadic nature of the data. RESULTS Findings indicate that psychological and physical IPV perpetration and victimization strengthened the associations between negative and positive conflict behaviors and alcohol craving among men only. Contrary to our hypotheses, no main or moderating effects of conflict behaviors, IPV perpetration, or IPV victimization were found for women. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this exploratory study suggest that in this sample, relationship conflict and IPV in one's current relationship played a more impactful role on acute alcohol craving among men compared to women. Future studies should examine the role of specific conflict behaviors on alcohol craving and relapse risk, and patterns of communication that might increase or reduce risk for exacerbated alcohol craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, United States.
| | - Amber M Jarnecke
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Ruschelle M Leone
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
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21
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Gilmore AK, Lopez C, Muzzy W, Brown WJ, Grubaugh A, Oesterle DW, Acierno R. Emotion Dysregulation Predicts Dropout from Prolonged Exposure Treatment among Women Veterans with Military Sexual Trauma-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Womens Health Issues 2020; 30:462-469. [PMID: 32843240 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military sexual trauma (MST) is notably prevalent among military personnel and can result in mental and physical health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although there are several evidence-based treatments for MST-related PTSD, including prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, it is unclear what factors are associated with premature termination (i.e., dropout) from this treatment. Given the popularity of PE as an evidence-based treatment for PTSD, the examination of variables that influence dropout from PE among women veterans with MST is warranted. Identification of these specific factors may assist clinicians in addressing the unique symptom profiles and potential barriers to treatment access for individual MST survivors. METHODS The current study presents secondary data analyses from an ongoing randomized clinical trial that compared the effectiveness of PE delivered in person to delivery via telemedicine for women veterans with MST-related PTSD (n = 136). RESULTS A total of 50% of participants dropped out from the study (n = 68). Difficulties with emotion regulation at baseline were associated with treatment dropout (odds ratio, 1.03; p < .01), whereas baseline PTSD and demographic factors were not. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the current study indicate that emotion regulation skills deficits contribute to PE dropout and may be an appropriate target to address in future clinical trials for PTSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences and Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Cristina Lopez
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Wendy Muzzy
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Wilson J Brown
- School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania
| | - Anouk Grubaugh
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina; Military Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences and Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ron Acierno
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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22
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Gilmore AK, Davidson TM, Leone RM, Wray LB, Oesterle DW, Hahn CK, Flanagan JC, Gill-Hopple K, Acierno R. Usability Testing of a Mobile Health Intervention to Address Acute Care Needs after Sexual Assault. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E3088. [PMID: 31450676 PMCID: PMC6747119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault is associated with a range of poor mental health outcomes. To enhance access to care by this population, technology-based mental health interventions have been implemented in the emergency room; however, more accessible and easily disseminated interventions are needed. The aim of the present study was to test the usability of a mobile health intervention targeting alcohol and drug misuse, suicide prevention, posttraumatic stress symptoms, coping skills, and referral to formal assistance for individuals who have experienced sexual assault. Feedback on the usability of the intervention was collected from individuals who received a sexual assault medical forensic examination (n = 13), and feedback on the usability and likelihood of recommending the application was collected from community providers (n = 25). Thematic analysis was used to describe qualitative data. Content themes related to aesthetics, usability, barriers to resources, and likes/dislikes about the intervention arose from interviews following the intervention. Participants found the intervention to be user friendly and endorsed more likes than dislikes. Providers rated the intervention as being helpful and would recommend it to survivors of sexual assault. Findings suggest that the intervention is usable and fit for future effectiveness testing, filling an important gap in treatment for individuals who experience sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Tatiana M Davidson
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ruschelle M Leone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lauren B Wray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Christine K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kathleen Gill-Hopple
- Forensic Nursing Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ron Acierno
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM, Moreno O, Berkowitz A. A Qualitative Analysis of Bystander Intervention Among Heavy-Drinking College Men. Violence Against Women 2019; 24:1207-1231. [PMID: 30037315 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218781931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study qualitatively examines how heavy-drinking college men conceptualize bystander intervention. Twelve semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with college men reporting past-month heavy drinking and sexual activity within the past 2 months. NVivo software was used to conduct a thematic analysis. Following the stage model of bystander intervention, men in this sample described situations-predominantly in drinking contexts-when other men made sexual advances toward women who were not interested or who were intoxicated as opportunities for intervention. Men reported relying on women's expression of verbal and nonverbal cues as a sign that a situation was problematic, and warranting intervention. Men reported a desire to protect women from experiencing a sexual assault, or to protect a peer from being accused of rape. Men perceived themselves to be more likely to assume responsibility for intervening when the situation involved someone they knew, especially a female friend. A variety of intervention strategies were also reported. Preliminary support was offered for considering alcohol myopia as a barrier to intervention. The interviews also provided preliminary support for further investigation into the role of alcohol expectancies regarding "liquid courage" and "aggression" as factors that can influence bystander intervention when intoxicated. Implications for future research and the development of tailored sexual assault prevention efforts for heavy-drinking men are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- 1 Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,2 Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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