1
|
De Caro D, Tedesco MM, Pujante J, Bongiovanni A, Sbrega G, Baricco M, Rizzi P. Effect of Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of 6000 Series Aluminum-Alloy Sheet. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6778. [PMID: 37895758 PMCID: PMC10608306 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Sustainability is one of the biggest values of today and for the future of our society; a responsible usage of material in every sector is fundamental to achieving sustainability goals. Aluminum alloys are some of the most promising materials in terms of strength and weight, but their production implies the emission of a high amount of CO2. For that reason, the study and development of aluminum alloys with increasing scrap content play a central role in future applications. In the current study, two sheet-aluminum 6181 alloys with different scrap content were analyzed and compared with a 6181 alloy coming from primary production. The alloys were compared in terms of chemical composition, microstructure, tensile properties, and forming behaviors. The results showed that the alloys coming from secondary productions contained a higher amount of manganese, iron, and copper. The metallurgical and mechanical behaviors were very similar to those of the primary produced alloy. Nevertheless, a drop in formability was shown in the aluminum alloys containing a high scrap amount when stressed in a biaxial condition. The study demonstrated the viability of 6181 alloy production using a high scrap amount, highlighting the main difference with the same alloy coming from primary route production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Caro
- Stellantis, Metals & Anticorrosion Department, Corso Settembrini 40, 10135 Turin, Italy; (D.D.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Michele Maria Tedesco
- Stellantis, Metals & Anticorrosion Department, Corso Settembrini 40, 10135 Turin, Italy; (D.D.C.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Jaume Pujante
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unit of Metallic and Ceramic Materials, Plaça de la Ciència, 2, 08243 Manresa, Spain;
| | - Andrea Bongiovanni
- Chemistry Department and NIS-INSTM, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Giovanni Sbrega
- Profilglass S.p.a, Via Meda, 28 (Zona Ind.le), 61030 Bellocchi di Fano, Italy;
| | - Marcello Baricco
- Chemistry Department and NIS-INSTM, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Paola Rizzi
- Chemistry Department and NIS-INSTM, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (A.B.); (P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mirone G, Barbagallo R, Bua G, De Caro D, Ferrea M, Tedesco MM. A Simple Procedure for the Post-Necking Stress-Strain Curves of Anisotropic Sheet Metals. Metals 2023; 13:1156. [DOI: 10.3390/met13071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Modelling the anisotropic plasticity of a metal requires the derivation of various experimental flow curves from specimens machined along different orientations and, depending on the anisotropy model, tested under different loading modes (tension, compression, torsion). The derivation of stress–strain curves from tensile experiments is a common practice within the uniform straining range but still presents some uncertainties after necking onset. Modern sheet metals, for structural applications where significant energy absorption is required, may exhibit early necking and prolonged post-necking ductility; when such alloys also exhibit pronounced anisotropy, the derivation of their flow curves may be challenging, whatever the loading mode or the specimen direction. This work examines the experimental procedures for determining the true-stress–true-strain curve and the anisotropic strain ratio, extended over the post-necking range and up to failure, from representative tensile tests along the rolling direction of PHS-1800 steel and aluminum 6181 alloy. The validity ranges of different standard procedures for stress–strain derivation are investigated to understand when and how fast the typical true-stress–true-strain data start to depart from the effective material response. Other considerations, based on simple experimental and post-processing procedures, aim at a procedure delivering useful information about the material response over the post-necking range and up to failure. The procedure to retrieve post-necking true curves and anisotropy ratios is then applied to tensile tests at static, intermediate, and high strain rates on the two sheet metals of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mirone
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Barbagallo
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bua
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele De Caro
- Metals Department, Centro Ricerche Fiat—C.R.F. S.C.p.A, Corso Settembrini 40, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrea
- Metals Department, Centro Ricerche Fiat—C.R.F. S.C.p.A, Corso Settembrini 40, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Michele M. Tedesco
- Metals Department, Centro Ricerche Fiat—C.R.F. S.C.p.A, Corso Settembrini 40, 10135 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
D'Aiuto F, De Caro D, Federici C, Tedesco MM, Ziggiotti A, Cadoni E. Application of the dynamic characterization of metals in automotive industry. EPJ Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20159405002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|