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Nolan K, Verzosa G, Cleaver T, Tippimanchai D, DePledge LN, Wang XJ, Young C, Le A, Doebele R, Li H, Malkoski SP. Development of syngeneic murine cell lines for use in immunocompetent orthotopic lung cancer models. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:417. [PMID: 32874131 PMCID: PMC7455907 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunocompetent animal models are required to study tumor-host interactions, immunotherapy, and immunotherapeutic combinations, however the currently available immunocompetent lung cancer models have substantial limitations. While orthotopic models potentially help fill this gap, the utility of these models has been limited by the very small number of murine lung cancer cell lines capable of forming orthotopic tumors in immunocompetent C57BL/6 hosts. METHODS Primary lung tumors with specific genetic alterations were created in C57BL/6 background mice. These tumors were then passaged through other animals to increase tumorigenicity and select for the ability to grow in a non-self animal. Once tumors demonstrated growth in a non-self host, cell lines were established. Successful cell lines were evaluated for the ability to produce orthotopic lung tumors in immunocompetent hosts. RESULTS We produced six murine lung cancer lines capable of orthotopic lung tumor formation in immunocompetent C57BL/6 animals. These lines demonstrate the expected genetic alterations based on their primary tumor genetics. CONCLUSIONS These novel cell lines will be useful for evaluating tumor-host interactions, the impact of specific oncogenic alterations on the tumor microenvironment, and immunotherapeutic approaches. This method of generating murine lines capable of orthotopic growth can likely be applied to other tumors and will broaden the applicability of pre-clinical testing of immunotherapeutic treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Nolan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, Room #9112, Mail stop C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Gregory Verzosa
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, Room #9112, Mail stop C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Tim Cleaver
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, Room #9112, Mail stop C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Darinee Tippimanchai
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, Room #9112, Mail stop C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Lisa N. DePledge
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Christian Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Anh Le
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Robert Doebele
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Howard Li
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, Room #9112, Mail stop C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Stephen P. Malkoski
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, RC2, Room #9112, Mail stop C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Sound Critical Care, Sacred Heart Medical Center, Spokane, WA USA
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Nolan K, Tippimanchai D, Verzosa G, Zhao W, Li H, Phillip S, Malkoski S. Reduced TGFBR2 Expression in NSCLC Drives IL-17A Dependent Inflammation via γδT Cells. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tippimanchai D, Nolan K, Poczobutt J, Verzosa G, Li H, Hannah S, DeGregori J, Nemenoff R, Malkoski S. Adenoviral Vectors Transduce Alveolar Macrophages in Lung Cancer Models. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ziemke M, Patil T, Nolan K, Tippimanchai D, Malkoski SP. Reduced Smad4 expression and DNA topoisomerase inhibitor chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2017; 109:28-35. [PMID: 28577946 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smad4 is a tumor suppressor that transduces transforming growth factor beta signaling and regulates genomic stability. We previously found that Smad4 knockdown in vitro inhibited DNA repair and increased sensitivity to DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. In this study, we assessed the association between reduced Smad4 expression and DNA topoisomerase inhibitor sensitivity in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and evaluated the relationship between genomic alterations of Smad4 and molecular alterations in DNA repair molecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified NSCLC patients who received etoposide or gemcitabine. Chemotherapeutic response was quantified by RECIST 1.1 criteria and Smad4 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Relationships between Smad4 mutation and DNA repair molecule mutations were evaluated using publically available datasets. RESULTS We identified 28 individuals who received 30 treatments with gemcitabine or etoposide containing regimens for NSCLC. Reduced Smad4 expression was seen in 13/28 patients and was not associated with significant differences in clinical or pathologic parameters. Patients with reduced Smad4 expression had a larger response to DNA topoisomerase inhibitor containing regimens then patients with high Smad4 expression (-25.7% vs. -6.8% in lesion size, p=0.03); this relationship was more pronounced with gemcitabine containing regimens. The overall treatment response was higher in patients with reduced Smad4 expression (8/14 vs 2/16 p=0.02). Analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that Smad4 mutation or homozygous loss was mutually exclusive with genomic alterations in DNA repair molecules. CONCLUSIONS Reduced Smad4 expression may predict responsiveness to regimens that contain DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. That Smad4 signaling alterations are mutually exclusive with alterations in DNA repair machinery is consistent with an important role of Smad4 in regulating DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ziemke
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Tejas Patil
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Divison of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kyle Nolan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Darinee Tippimanchai
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stephen P Malkoski
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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