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Tamura D, Abe M, Ikarashi D, Kato R, Kato Y, Maekawa S, Kanehira M, Takata R, Suzuki Y, Nakagawa H, Nishizuka S, Obara W. Detection of individualized mutations and monitoring of postoperative recurrence using circulating tumor DNA in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(23)00965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Dorff T, Hirasawa Y, Acoba J, Pagano I, Tamura D, Pal S, Zhang M, Waitz R, Dhal A, Haynes W, Shon J, Scholz M, Furuya H, Chan OTM, Huang J, Rosser C. Phase Ib study of patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer treated with different sequencing regimens of atezolizumab and sipuleucel-T. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002931. [PMID: 34376554 PMCID: PMC8356194 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combining an immune checkpoint inhibitor with a tumor vaccine may modulate the immune system to leverage complementary mechanisms of action that lead to sustained T-cell activation and a potent prolonged immunotherapeutic response in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Methods Subjects with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either atezolizumab followed by sipuleucel-T (Arm 1) or sipuleucel-T followed by atezolizumab (Arm 2). The primary endpoint was safety, while secondary endpoints included preliminary clinical activity such as objective tumor response and systemic immune responses that could identify key molecular and immunological changes associated with sequential administration of atezolizumab and sipuleucel-T. Results A total of 37 subjects were enrolled. The median age was 75.0 years, median prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 21.9 ng/mL, and subjects had a median number of three prior treatments. Most subjects (83.8%) had at least one treatment-related adverse event. There were no grade 4 or 5 toxicities attributed to either study drug. Immune-related adverse events and infusion reactions occurred in 13.5% of subjects, and all of which were grade 1 or 2. Of 23 subjects with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors measurable disease, only one subject in Arm 2 had a partial response (PR) and four subjects overall had stable disease (SD) at 6 months reflecting an objective response rate of 4.3% and a disease control rate of 21.7%. T-cell receptor diversity was higher in subjects with a response, including SD. Immune response to three novel putative antigens (SIK3, KDM1A/LSD1, and PIK3R6) appeared to increase with treatment. Conclusions Overall, regardless of the order in which they were administered, the combination of atezolizumab with sipuleucel-T appears to be safe and well tolerated with a comparable safety profile to each agent administered as monotherapy. Correlative immune studies may suggest the combination to be beneficial; however, further studies are needed. Trial registration number NCT03024216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Dorff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yosuke Hirasawa
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jared Acoba
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Ian Pagano
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - David Tamura
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Sumanta Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Scholz
- Prostate Oncology Specialists, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Hideki Furuya
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Owen T M Chan
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Jeffrey Huang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Charles Rosser
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Kouatcheu SD, Marko J, Tamura D, Khan SG, Lee CR, DiGiovanna JJ, Kraemer KH. Thyroid nodules in xeroderma pigmentosum patients: a feature of premature aging. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1475-1482. [PMID: 33155181 PMCID: PMC8096868 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disease with defective DNA repair, a markedly increased risk of skin cancer, and premature aging. Reports from North Africa have described thyroid nodules in XP patients, but thyroid nodule prevalence has never been determined in XP patients enrolled in our natural history study at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). METHODS We performed thyroid ultrasound examinations on all 29 XP patients examined from 2011 to 2019 and assessed nodule malignancy using the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System. Thyroid nodule prevalence was also obtained from comparison cohorts. DNA sequencing was performed on thyroid tissue from XP patients who had surgery for thyroid cancer. RESULTS Thyroid nodules were identified in 18/29 XP patients (62%). The median age of patients with thyroid nodules in our XP cohort (20 years) was younger than that of three comparison groups: 36 years (California study-208 subjects), 48 years (Korean study-24,757 subjects), and 52 years (NIH-682 research subjects). Multiple (2-4) thyroid nodules were found in 12/18 (67%) of the patients with nodules. Autopsy examination revealed follicular adenomas in 4/8 (50%) additional XP patients. DNA sequencing revealed rare mutations in two other XP patients with papillary thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS XP patients have an increased incidence of thyroid nodules at an early age in comparison to the general population. These finding confirm another premature aging feature of XP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Kouatcheu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH Academy Enrichment Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Marko
- Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Tamura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S G Khan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C R Lee
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J J DiGiovanna
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K H Kraemer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Jeskey J, Rizza E, Sarihan M, Khan S, Boyle J, Tamura D, Mendelsohn N, Brooks B, Merideth M, DiGiovanna J, Kraemer K. 151 Complex phenotypes in trichothiodystrophy patients with XPD (ERCC2) mutations. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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DiGiovanna J, Heller E, Khan S, Tamura D, Folarin S, Kraemer K. 266 Trichothiodystrophy, a multisystem disorder with early onset debilitating hip degeneration. J Invest Dermatol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kraemer KH, Tamura D, Khan SG. Pembrolizumab treatment of a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum with disseminated melanoma and multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1009. [PMID: 29785825 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K H Kraemer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - D Tamura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - S G Khan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
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Levoska M, Pugh J, Nelson G, Hanona P, Tamura D, Heller E, Khan S, Scheibye-Knudsen M, DiGiovanna J, Kraemer K. 753 Use of hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis for deep phenotyping of patients with mutations in XPD (ERCC2): trichothiodystrophy (TTD), xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and XP/TTD. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tamura D, Khan SG, DiGiovanna JJ. Molecular diagnosis of xeroderma pigmentosum variant in an isolated population: the interface between precision medicine and public health. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:1125-1126. [PMID: 28504392 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Tamura
- DNA Repair Section, Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - S G Khan
- DNA Repair Section, Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - J J DiGiovanna
- DNA Repair Section, Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
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Ono R, Khan S, Kuschal C, Tamura D, Chen J, Luo X, DiGiovanna J, Kraemer K. 683 Induced DNA repair in xeroderma pigmentosum group C cells by readthrough of premature termination codons. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Khan S, Ono R, Chen J, Luo X, Tamura D, DiGiovanna J, Kraemer K. 486 Higher levels of XPC protein expression in cells from XP-C patients with late onset of disease associated with missense or splice lariat mutations. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Levoska M, Pugh J, Bembry R, Hanona P, Khan S, Heller E, Nelson G, Scheibye-Knudson M, Tamura D, DiGiovanna J, Kraemer K. 267 Deep phenotyping of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pugh J, Khan S, Tamura D, Merideth M, Heller E, DiGiovanna J, Kraemer K. 368 Influence of paternal alleles on clinical outcome in trichothiodsytrophy. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ono R, Khan S, Masaki T, Kuschal C, Nishigori C, Chu M, Tamura D, DiGiovanna J, Kraemer K. 402 Precision medicine intervention in xeroderma pigmentosum. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tokunaga S, Tachihara M, Koyama H, Ejima Y, Shinke H, Tamura D, Otera H, Kobayashi K, Funada Y, Sasaki R, Ohno Y, Nishimura Y. A Retrospective Study of Risk Factors for Radiation Pneumonitis of Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for the Treatment of Locally Advanced Lung Cancer By Emphysema Quantification. Ann Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu348.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kraemer
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A..
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Tanaka K, Arao T, Tamura D, Aomatsu K, Furuta K, Matsumoto K, Kaneda H, Kudo K, Fujita Y, Kimura H, Yanagihara K, Yamada Y, Okamoto I, Nakagawa K, Nishio K. SRPX2 is a Novel Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan that is Overexpressed in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Ann Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kaneda H, Arao T, Matsumoto K, De Velasco MA, Tamura D, Aomatsu K, Kudo K, Sakai K, Nagai T, Fujita Y, Tanaka K, Yanagihara K, Yamada Y, Okamoto I, Nakagawa K, Nishio K. Activin A inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth and suppresses tumour angiogenesis in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1210-7. [PMID: 21897392 PMCID: PMC3208490 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activin A is a multi-functional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily; however, the effect of activin A on angiogenesis remains largely unclear. We found that inhibin β A subunit (INHBA) mRNA is overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC) specimens and investigated the effect of activin A, a homodimer of INHBA, on angiogenesis in GC. Methods: Anti-angiogenic effects of activin A via p21 induction were evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and a stable INHBA-introduced GC cell line in vivo. Results: Compared with TGF-β, activin A potently inhibited the cellular proliferation and tube formation of HUVECs with induction of p21. A promoter assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that activin A directly regulates p21 transcriptional activity through Smads. Stable p21-knockdown significantly enhanced the cellular proliferation of HUVECs. Notably, stable p21-knockdown exhibited a resistance to activin-mediated growth inhibition in HUVECs, indicating that p21 induction has a key role on activin A-mediated growth inhibition in vascular endothelial cells. Finally, a stable INHBA-introduced GC cell line exhibited a decrease in tumour growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the suppressive role of activin A, unlike TGF-β, on tumour growth and angiogenesis in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kaneda
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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Moslehi R, Signore C, Tamura D, Mills JL, Digiovanna JJ, Tucker MA, Troendle J, Ueda T, Boyle J, Khan SG, Oh KS, Goldstein AM, Kraemer KH. Adverse effects of trichothiodystrophy DNA repair and transcription gene disorder on human fetal development. Clin Genet 2009; 77:365-73. [PMID: 20002457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of DNA repair and transcription gene abnormalities in human pre-natal life have never been studied. Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare (affected frequency of 10(-6)) recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway and in transcription. Based on our novel clinical observations, we conducted a genetic epidemiologic study to investigate gestational outcomes associated with TTD. We compared pregnancies resulting in TTD-affected offspring (n = 24) with respect to abnormalities during their antenatal and neonatal periods to pregnancies resulting in their unaffected siblings (n = 18), accounting for correlation, and to population reference values. Significantly higher incidence of several severe gestational complications was noted in TTD-affected pregnancies. Small for gestational age (SGA) <10th percentile [Relative risk (RR ) = 9.3, 95% CI = 1.4-60.5, p = 0.02], SGA <3rd percentile (RR = 7.2, 95% CI = 1.1-48.1, p = 0.04), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization (RR = 6.4, 95% CI = 1.4-29.5, p = 0.02) occurred more frequently among TTD-affected neonates compared with their unaffected siblings. Compared with reference values from general obstetrical population, pregnancies that resulted in TTD-affected infants were significantly more likely to be complicated by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome (RR = 35.7, 95% CI = 7.6-92.5, p = 0.0002), elevated mid-trimester maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels (RR = 14.3, 95% CI = 7.0-16.6, p < 0.0001), SGA <3rd percentile (RR = 13.9, 95% CI = 7.4-21.1, p < 0.0001), pre-term delivery (<32 weeks) (RR = 12.0, 95% CI = 4.9-21.6, p < 0.0001), pre-eclampsia (RR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.6-7.4, p = 0.006), and decreased fetal movement (RR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.6-5.2, p = 0.0018). Abnormal placental development is an underlying mechanism that may explain the constellation of observed complications in our study. Thus, we hypothesize that TTD DNA repair and transcription genes play an important role in normal human placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moslehi
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Faghri S, Tamura D, Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ. Trichothiodystrophy: a systematic review of 112 published cases characterises a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. J Med Genet 2008; 45:609-21. [PMID: 18603627 PMCID: PMC3459585 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.058743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare, autosomal recessive disease, characterised by brittle, sulfur deficient hair and multisystem abnormalities. A systematic literature review identified 112 patients ranging from 12 weeks to 47 years of age (median 6 years). In addition to hair abnormalities, common features reported were developmental delay/intellectual impairment (86%), short stature (73%), ichthyosis (65%), abnormal characteristics at birth (55%), ocular abnormalities (51%), infections (46%), photosensitivity (42%), maternal pregnancy complications (28%) and defective DNA repair (37%). There was high mortality, with 19 deaths under the age of 10 years (13 infection related), which is 20-fold higher compared to the US population. The spectrum of clinical features varied from mild disease with only hair involvement to severe disease with profound developmental defects, recurrent infections and a high mortality at a young age. Abnormal characteristics at birth and pregnancy complications, unrecognised but common features of TTD, suggest a role for DNA repair genes in normal fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Faghri
- DNA Repair Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Dermatopharmacology, Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - D Tamura
- DNA Repair Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - K H Kraemer
- DNA Repair Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J J DiGiovanna
- DNA Repair Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Dermatopharmacology, Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Kraemer KH, Patronas NJ, Schiffmann R, Brooks BP, Tamura D, DiGiovanna JJ. Xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy and Cockayne syndrome: a complex genotype-phenotype relationship. Neuroscience 2007; 145:1388-96. [PMID: 17276014 PMCID: PMC2288663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with the rare genetic disorders, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), trichothiodystrophy (TTD) and Cockayne syndrome (CS) have defects in DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER). The NER pathway involves at least 28 genes. Three NER genes are also part of the basal transcription factor, TFIIH. Mutations in 11 NER genes have been associated with clinical diseases with at least eight overlapping phenotypes. The clinical features of these patients have some similarities but also have marked differences. NER is involved in protection against sunlight-induced DNA damage. While XP patients have 1000-fold increase in susceptibility to skin cancer, TTD and CS patients have normal skin cancer risk. Several of the genes involved in NER also affect somatic growth and development. Some patients have short stature and immature sexual development. TTD patients have sulfur deficient brittle hair. Progressive sensorineural deafness is an early feature of XP and CS. Many of these clinical diseases are associated with developmental delay and progressive neurological degeneration. The main neuropathology of XP is a primary neuronal degeneration. In contrast, CS and TTD patients have reduced myelination of the brain. These complex neurological abnormalities are not related to sunlight exposure but may be caused by developmental defects as well as faulty repair of DNA damage to neuronal cells induced by oxidative metabolism or other endogenous processes.
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MESH Headings
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/physiopathology
- Cockayne Syndrome/genetics
- Cockayne Syndrome/metabolism
- Cockayne Syndrome/physiopathology
- DNA Damage/genetics
- DNA Repair/genetics
- Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System/genetics
- Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System/metabolism
- Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System/physiopathology
- Humans
- Mutation/genetics
- Phenotype
- Skin Diseases, Genetic/genetics
- Skin Diseases, Genetic/metabolism
- Skin Diseases, Genetic/physiopathology
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum/genetics
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum/metabolism
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kraemer
- DNA Repair Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 37 Room 4002 MSC 4258, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA.
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Okamura F, Tashiro A, Utumi A, Imai T, Suchi T, Tamura D, Sato Y, Suzuki S, Hongo M. Insulin resistance in patients with depression and its changes during the clinical course of depression: minimal model analysis. Metabolism 2000; 49:1255-60. [PMID: 11079812 DOI: 10.1053/meta.2000.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A high proportion of patients with depression develop glucose intolerance accompanied by hyperinsulinemia, suggestive of reduced insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance). The aim of this study was to evaluate insulin sensitivity in patients with depression and its changes during the clinical course of depression. Twenty nondiabetic patients with depression (13 males and 7 females aged 44+/-14 years; body mass index [BMI] 23.2+/-2.8 kg/m2) were prospectively studied by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before and after treatment of depression, and an age-, sex-, and BMI-matched control group (n = 13) was examined once by the FSIGT. Metabolic indices measuring glucose effectiveness at basal insulin (SG) and insulin sensitivity (SI) were derived from minimal model analysis. Each patient was treated by cyclic antidepressants with an 1,800 to 2,200 kcal/d food intake and underwent no exercise therapy. SI was significantly lower in patients before treatment versus control subjects (6.0+/-2.5 v 13.8+/-8.6 x 10(-5) min(-1) x mol(-1) x L, P < .01). After treatment of depression, a significant increase in SI (10.7+/-7.5 x 10(-5) min(-1) x mol(-1) x 1, P <t.01) was observed without changes in the BMI, fasting blood glucose, and SG. This was associated with a decrease in the insulin response during the OGTT and FSIGT. We conclude that patients with depression have impaired insulin sensitivity and resultant hyperinsulinemia and that these abnormalities can be resolved after recovery from depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Okamura
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Ueki Y, Tamura D, Yamakawa K, Hashimoto T, Sato G. [Clinical use of Cercine]. Jibiinkoka 1966; 38:545-7. [PMID: 6006888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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