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Wortham M, Ramms B, Zeng C, Benthuysen JR, Sai S, Pollow DP, Liu F, Schlichting M, Harrington AR, Liu B, Prakash TP, Pirie EC, Zhu H, Baghdasarian S, Auwerx J, Shirihai OS, Sander M. Metabolic control of adaptive β-cell proliferation by the protein deacetylase SIRT2. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.24.581864. [PMID: 38464227 PMCID: PMC10925077 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.24.581864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Selective and controlled expansion of endogenous β-cells has been pursued as a potential therapy for diabetes. Ideally, such therapies would preserve feedback control of β-cell proliferation to avoid excessive β-cell expansion and an increased risk of hypoglycemia. Here, we identified a regulator of β-cell proliferation whose inactivation results in controlled β-cell expansion: the protein deacetylase Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2). Sirt2 deletion in β-cells of mice increased β-cell proliferation during hyperglycemia with little effect in homeostatic conditions, indicating preservation of feedback control of β-cell mass. SIRT2 restrains proliferation of human islet β-cells cultured in glucose concentrations above the glycemic set point, demonstrating conserved SIRT2 function. Analysis of acetylated proteins in islets treated with a SIRT2 inhibitor revealed that SIRT2 deacetylates enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, dampening the adaptive increase in oxygen consumption during hyperglycemia. At the transcriptomic level, Sirt2 inactivation has context-dependent effects on β-cells, with Sirt2 controlling how β-cells interpret hyperglycemia as a stress. Finally, we provide proof-of-principle that systemic administration of a GLP1-coupled Sirt2-targeting antisense oligonucleotide achieves β-cell selective Sirt2 inactivation and stimulates β-cell proliferation under hyperglycemic conditions. Overall, these studies identify a therapeutic strategy for increasing β-cell mass in diabetes without circumventing feedback control of β-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wortham
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bastian Ramms
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chun Zeng
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline R. Benthuysen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Somesh Sai
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis P. Pollow
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Schlichting
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Austin R. Harrington
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bradley Liu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thazha P. Prakash
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Elaine C Pirie
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Han Zhu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siyouneh Baghdasarian
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrated Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Orian S. Shirihai
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Ramms B, Pollow DP, Zhu H, Nora C, Harrington AR, Omar I, Gordts PL, Wortham M, Sander M. Systemic LSD1 Inhibition Prevents Aberrant Remodeling of Metabolism in Obesity. Diabetes 2022; 71:2513-2529. [PMID: 36162056 PMCID: PMC9750949 DOI: 10.2337/db21-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transition from lean to obese states involves systemic metabolic remodeling that impacts insulin sensitivity, lipid partitioning, inflammation, and glycemic control. Here, we have taken a pharmacological approach to test the role of a nutrient-regulated chromatin modifier, lysine-specific demethylase (LSD1), in obesity-associated metabolic reprogramming. We show that systemic administration of an LSD1 inhibitor (GSK-LSD1) reduces food intake and body weight, ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in mouse models of obesity. GSK-LSD1 has little effect on systemic metabolism of lean mice, suggesting that LSD1 has a context-dependent role in promoting maladaptive changes in obesity. In analysis of insulin target tissues we identified white adipose tissue as the major site of insulin sensitization by GSK-LSD1, where it reduces adipocyte inflammation and lipolysis. We demonstrate that GSK-LSD1 reverses NAFLD in a non-hepatocyte-autonomous manner, suggesting an indirect mechanism potentially via inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis and subsequent effects on lipid partitioning. Pair-feeding experiments further revealed that effects of GSK-LSD1 on hyperglycemia and NAFLD are not a consequence of reduced food intake and weight loss. These findings suggest that targeting LSD1 could be a strategy for treatment of obesity and its associated complications including type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dennis P. Pollow
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Han Zhu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chelsea Nora
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Austin R. Harrington
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ibrahim Omar
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Philip L.S.M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Matthew Wortham
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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3
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Sylvester MA, Pollow DP, Moffett C, Nunez W, Uhrlaub JL, Nikolich-Zugich J, Brooks HL. Splenocyte transfer from hypertensive donors eliminates premenopausal female protection from ANG II-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F245-F257. [PMID: 35001661 PMCID: PMC8858666 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00369.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Premenopausal females are protected from angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension following the adoptive transfer of T cells from normotensive donors. For the present study, we hypothesized that the transfer of hypertensive T cells (HT) or splenocytes (HS) from hypertensive donors would eliminate premenopausal protection from hypertension. Premenopausal recombination-activating gene-1 (Rag-1)-/- females received either normotensive (NT) or hypertensive cells 3 wk before ANG II infusion (14 days, 490 ng/kg/min). Contrary to our hypothesis, no increase in ANG II-induced blood pressure was observed in the NT/ANG or HT/ANG groups. Flow cytometry demonstrated that renal FoxP3+ T regulatory cells were significantly decreased, and immunohistochemistry showed an increase in renal F4/80+ macrophages in the HT/ANG group, suggesting a shift in the renal inflammatory environment despite no change in blood pressure. Renal mRNA expression of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1) was significantly decreased in the HT/ANG group. The adoptive transfer of hypertensive splenocytes before ANG II infusion (HS/ANG) eliminated premenopausal protection from hypertension and significantly decreased splenic FoxP3+ T regulatory cells compared with females that received normotensive splenocytes (NS/ANG). Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 1α/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (MCP-1/CCL3), a potent macrophage chemokine, was elevated in the HS/ANG group; however, no increase in renal macrophage infiltration occurred. Together, these data show that in premenopausal females, T cells from hypertensive donors are not sufficient to induce robust ANG II-mediated hypertension; in contrast, transfer of hypertensive splenocytes (consisting of T/B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages) is sufficient. Further work is needed to understand how innate and adaptive immune cells and estrogen signaling coordinate to cause differential hypertensive outcomes in premenopausal females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study is the first to explore the role of hypertensive T cells versus hypertensive splenocytes in premenopausal protection from ANG II-induced hypertension. We show that the hypertensive status of T cell donors does not impact blood pressure in the recipient female. However, splenocytes, when transferred from hypertensive donors, significantly increased premenopausal recipient blood pressure following ANG II infusion, highlighting the importance of further investigation into estrogen signaling and immune cell activation in females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis P Pollow
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Caitlin Moffett
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Wendy Nunez
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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4
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Sylvester MA, Pollow DP, Uhlorn JA, Romero-Aleshire MJ, Uhrlaub J, Nikolich-Zugich J, Brooks HL. Abstract P184: Exploring Sex Differences in Immune Cell Profiles of Male, Premenopausal Female, and Postmenopausal Female Mice to Understand Susceptibility to Immune Mediated Hypertension. Hypertension 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.74.suppl_1.p184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cells are required for the development of hypertension in male and postmenopausal female mice while premenopausal females are protected from T cell mediated hypertension. To better understand sex differences in immune-cell mediated hypertensive responses, we sought to determine if there were any significant differences in the immune cell profiles of premenopausal female (F), VCD-treated postmenopausal female (PMF), and male (M) mice. Spleens were collected from all mice and processed for flow cytometric analysis of T cell populations (n=8/group). Analysis of splenic T cell populations revealed no significant difference in the frequency of CD3+ or CD4+ T cells between groups (CD3+: F 33.4%, PMF 30.3%, M 30.2% of total lymphocytes, CD4+: F 64.8%, PMF 70.7%, M 67.5% of CD3+ cells). However, postmenopausal females had a significantly lower frequency of splenic CD8+ T cells compared to both males and premenopausal females (CD8+: F 27.9%, PMF 19.5%*, M 25.3% of CD3+ cells *p<0.05 vs M and F). Additionally, premenopausal females displayed significantly increased expression of the memory marker CD44 and the anti-inflammatory marker CTLA-4 on CD4+ cells compared to both males and postmenopausal females (MFI CD44: F 334.8*, PMF 269.4, M 280.4, MFI CTLA-4: F 100.7*, PMF 80.9, M 86.8 *p<0.01 vs M and PMF). Additional flow cytometric staining was performed to evaluate sex differences in splenic Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) populations (n=8/group). The frequency of CD11b+ APCs, thought to primarily represent macrophage populations, were significantly reduced in postmenopausal females compared to premenopausal females but there was no significant difference from males (CD11b +: F 14.6%, PMF 11.8%*, M 12.9% of monocytes *p<0.05 vs F). Additionally, CD11c+ dendritic cell populations were found to be significantly reduced in postmenopausal females compared to both males and premenopausal females (CD11c+: F 4.1%, PMF 2.8%*, M 3.9% of all monocytes *p<0.01 vs M and F). Taken together, these results indicate a significant difference in the baseline immune environment between male, premenopausal female and postmenopausal females which likely contribute to sex-differences in susceptibility to immune-mediated hypertension.
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Pollow DP, Uhlorn JA, Sylvester MA, Romero-Aleshire MJ, Uhrlaub JL, Lindsey ML, Nikolich-Zugich J, Brooks HL. Menopause and FOXP3 + Treg cell depletion eliminate female protection against T cell-mediated angiotensin II hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H415-H423. [PMID: 31099612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00792.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that the prevalence and severity of hypertension increases in women after menopause, the contribution of T cells to this process has not been explored. Although the immune system is both necessary and required for the development of angiotensin II (ANG II) hypertension in men, we have demonstrated that premenopausal women are protected from T cell-mediated hypertension. The goal of the current study was to test the hypotheses that 1) female protection against T cell-mediated ANG II hypertension is eliminated following progression into menopause and 2) T regulatory cells (Tregs) provide premenopausal protection against ANG II-induced hypertension. Menopause was induced in Rag-1-/- mice (via 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide), and all mice received a 14-day ANG II infusion. Donor CD3+ T cells were adoptively transferred 3 wk before ANG II infusion. In the absence of T cells, systolic blood pressure responses to ANG II were similar to those seen in premenopausal mice (Δ12 mmHg). After adoptive transfer of T cells, ANG II significantly increased systolic blood pressure in postmenopausal females (Δ28 mmHg). A significant increase in F4/80 positive renal macrophages, an increase in renal inflammatory gene expression, along with a reduction in renal expression of mannose receptor C-type 1, a marker for M2 macrophages, accompanied the increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP). Flow cytometric analysis identified that Tregs were significantly decreased in the spleen and kidneys of Rag-1-/- menopausal mice versus premenopausal females, following ANG II infusion. In a validation study, an anti-CD25 antibody was used to deplete Tregs in premenopausal mice, which induced a significant increase in SBP. These results demonstrate that premenopausal protection against T cell-mediated ANG II hypertension is eliminated once females enter menopause, suggesting that a change in hormonal status upregulates macrophage-induced proinflammatory and T cell-dependent responses. Furthermore, we are the first to report that the presence of Tregs are required to suppress ANG II hypertension in premenopausal females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether progression into menopause eliminated female protection against T cell-mediated hypertension was examined. Menopausal mice without T cells remained protected against angiotensin II (ANG II) hypertension; however, in the presence of T cells, blood pressure responses to ANG II increased significantly in menopause. Underlying mechanisms examined were anti-inflammatory protection provided by T regulatory cells in premenopausal females and renal inflammatory processes involving macrophage infiltration and cytokine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Pollow
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joshua A Uhlorn
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Pollow DP, Sylvester MA, Husband NA, Uhlorn JA, Romero-Aleshire J, Uhrlaub J, Nikolich-Zugich J, Brooks HL. Abstract 020: Sex Difference in T Regulatory Cells After Adoptive Transfer From Hypertensive Donors Leads to Protection Against T Cell-Mediated Hypertension in Premenopausal Female Mice. Hypertension 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.72.suppl_1.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T cell-dependent pro-inflammatory responses are required for Ang II hypertension in male mice. However, females are protected from T cell-mediated hypertension and may suppress hypertension by directly preventing Ang II-induced pro-inflammatory T cell activation. Here we sought to determine whether transferring T cells from hypertensive donor mice eliminates female protection against T cell-mediated hypertension. Splenic CD3
+
T cells were transferred from normotensive (NT) or Ang II-hypertensive (HT) C57BL/6J male donors to female Rag-1
-/-
(NT T cell female-NTF; HT T cell female-HTF) or male Rag-1
-/-
(HT T cell male-HTM) recipient mice. Blood pressure was monitored (tail cuff) for 5 weeks post-transfer. Ang II (490ng/kg/min) was infused into recipient mice for 14 days during weeks 4 and 5 post-transfer (NTFA; HTFA; HTMA). Ang II significantly increased MAP in donor male mice (NT 114 vs HT 157 mmHg, p<0.05). Transfer of T cells from HT donors did not induce HT in female or male recipients. Similarly, T cell donor environment did not affect Ang II-induced blood pressure in female recipients, which remained protected compared to male recipients (MAP: NTF 83
+
4 mmHg*, HTF 88
+
6 mmHg*, NTFA 101
+
5 mmHg*, HTFA 103
+
5 mmHg*, HTMA 138
+
3 mmHg, *p<0.05 vs HTMA). Flow cytometry demonstrated similar splenic T cell frequency across all groups (CD3: NTF 18%, NTFA 16%, HTF 17%, HTFA 14%, HTMA 18%, p>0.05). However, regulatory T cells were significantly reduced in male recipients compared to all female groups (Foxp3: NTF 21.6%*, NTFA 22.2%*, HTF 22.8%*, HTFA 22.6%*, HTMA 15.3%, *p<0.05 vs HTMA) Females had significantly less renal T cell infiltration compared to males and infiltration was not impacted by Ang II infusion or T cell donor status (CD3: NTF 12,083*, NTFA 11,317*, HTF 12,656*, HTFA 8,997*, HTMA 22,405, *p<0.05 vs HTMA; CD4: NTF 6,411*, NTFA 4,702*, HTF 5,831*, HTFA 4,579*, HTMA 9,914, *p<0.05 vs HTMA; CD8: NTF 5,397*, NTFA 6,123*, HTF 6,362*, HTFA 3,792*, HTMA 11,727, *p<0.05 vs HTMA). These results demonstrate that female mice prevent T cell-mediated hypertension and renal T cell infiltration regardless of previous T cell exposure to a hypertensive environment, suggesting a direct preventive mechanism in females against pro-hypertensive T cell responses.
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Uhlorn J, Husband NA, Romero‐Aleshire MJ, Pollow DP, Uhrlaub JL, Nikolich‐Zugich J, Brooks HL. Does T Cell Specific Knockdown of Estrogen Receptor‐α Eliminate Premenopausal Protection from Angiotensin II‐Induced Hypertension? FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.716.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Uhlorn
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ
| | | | | | | | | | - Janko Nikolich‐Zugich
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ
- Arizona Center on AgingUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ
| | - Heddwen L. Brooks
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ
- Arizona Center on AgingUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ
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Danilo CA, Constantopoulos E, Sanchez JN, Pollow DP, Brooks HL, Lipovka Y, Konhilas JP. Abstract 94: Menopausal Female Mice are Hypersensitive to Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/res.119.suppl_1.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior to menopause, women are protected against cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to age-matched men; this protection is gradually lost after menopause. The mechanisms responsible for loss of protection and rise in CVD onset are unknown. A novel model of menopause utilizing 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) induces gradual ovarian failure, preserving the “perimenopause” transitional period and androgen secreting capacity of residual ovarian tissue. Our central hypothesis states that menopausal females are hypersensitive to CVD-induced pathological cardiac remodeling. To address this hypothesis, we instigated menopause in 2 month-old females by daily (i.p.) injections of VCD (160mg/kg, 20 consecutive days); control mice received sesame oil as vehicle. Vaginal cytology was used to monitor estrous cycles and determine when cycling ceased. Mice were considered menopausal after 15 consecutive days in persistent diestrus, non-cycling. Female mice from cycling, perimenopausal and menopausal groups were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 2 days of reperfusion (I/R). Following reperfusion, hearts were rapidly excised, sectioned and double-stained with Evans Blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride to define the area at risk (AAR) and infarct size as area of necrosis (AON). On average, menopausal females displayed a significant (p<0.01) increase in AON relative to the AAR when compared to perimenopausal and cycling mice. Next, female mice (cycling, perimenopausal and menopausal) received the hypertensive agent angiotensin II (Ang II, 800 ng/kg/min via alzet s.q. mini-pump, 14 days). Ang II infusion induced a significant exacerbation of hypertension (measured via tail cuff) in menopausal females. In addition, menopausal females demonstrated worsened pathological cardiac remodeling measured by functional (echocardiography), cellular (myocardial fibrosis) and molecular (fetal gene program) assessments. Using a novel model of menopause (VCD) combined with CVD by I/R or infusion of the hypertensive agent Ang II, we demonstrated that menopausal mice are more susceptible, or hypersensitive to pathological cardiac remodeling compared to cycling and perimenopausal mice.
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Brooks HL, Pollow DP, Hoyer PB. The VCD Mouse Model of Menopause and Perimenopause for the Study of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease and the Metabolic Syndrome. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 31:250-7. [PMID: 27252160 PMCID: PMC5504385 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00057.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In females, menopause, the cessation of menstrual cycling, is associated with an increase in risk for several diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and ovarian cancer. The majority of women enter menopause via a gradual reduction of ovarian function over several years (perimenopause) and retain residual ovarian tissue. The VCD mouse model of menopause (ovarian failure in rodents) is a follicle-deplete, ovary-intact animal that more closely approximates the natural human progression through perimenopause and into the postmenopausal stage of life. In this review, we present the physiological parameters of how to use the VCD model and explore the VCD model and its application into the study of postmenopausal disease mechanisms, focusing on recent murine studies of diabetic kidney disease, the metabolic syndrome, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - D P Pollow
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - P B Hoyer
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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10
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Pollow DP, Romero-Aleshire MJ, Sanchez JN, Konhilas JP, Brooks HL. ANG II-induced hypertension in the VCD mouse model of menopause is prevented by estrogen replacement during perimenopause. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1546-52. [PMID: 26491098 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00170.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Premenopausal females are resistant to the development of hypertension, and this protection is lost after the onset of menopause, resulting in a sharp increase in disease onset and severity. However, it is unknown how a fluctuating ovarian hormone environment during the transition from perimenopause to menopause impacts the onset of hypertension, and whether interventions during perimenopause prevent disease onset after menopause. A gradual transition to menopause was induced by repeated daily injections of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD). ANG II (800 ng·kg(-1)·min(-1)) was infused into perimenopausal and menopausal female mice for 14 days. A separate cohort of mice received 17β-estradiol replacement during perimenopause. ANG II infusion produced significantly higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) in menopausal vs. cycling females, and 17β-estradiol replacement prevented this increase. In contrast, MAP was not significantly different when ANG II was infused into perimenopausal and cycling females, suggesting that female resistance to ANG II-induced hypertension is intact during perimenopause. ANG II infusion caused a significant glomerular hypertrophy, and hypertrophy was not impacted by hormonal status. Expression levels of aquaporin-2 (AQP2), a collecting duct protein, have been suggested to reflect blood pressure. AQP2 protein expression was significantly downregulated in the renal cortex of the ANG II-infused menopause group, where blood pressure was increased. AQP2 expression levels were restored to control levels with 17β-estradiol replacement. This study indicates that the changing hormonal environment in the VCD model of menopause impacts the severity of ANG II-induced hypertension. These data highlight the utility of the ovary-intact VCD model of menopause as a clinically relevant model to investigate the physiological mechanisms of hypertension that occur in women during the transition into menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Pollow
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | | | - Jessica N Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John P Konhilas
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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11
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Pollow DP, Romero-Aleshire J, Goldberg E, Nikolich-Zugich J, Brooks HL. Abstract 310: 17-β Estradiol Treatment Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in VCD-Treated Menopausal Female Mice, Independent of Renal T Lymphocyte Infiltration. Hypertension 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.64.suppl_1.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are required for the development of Angiotensin II (Ang II) hypertension in male mice. Cycling female mice are protected against Ang II hypertension, and inducing ovarian failure (menopause) eliminates this protection. We have previously shown that female Rag-1
-/-
mice with adoptively transferred T cells have significantly reduced renal T cell infiltration compared to males. Therefore, we hypothesized that an increase in renal T cell infiltration underlies the genesis of hypertension in menopausal female mice. 10 week old C57Bl/6 female mice received ip VCD injections for 20 consecutive days to induce ovarian failure. Cyclicity was monitored daily via vaginal cytology. Once in menopause, an osmotic minipump was implanted, releasing Ang II (800ng/kg/min) for 14 days. In a subset of mice, a 17-β estradiol pellet (0.1mg) was implanted subcutaneously. Upon harvest, T cell infiltration was measured via flow cytometry. Baseline blood pressure was similar among all groups. Ang II infusion elicited a significantly greater increase in MAP in menopausal mice compared to cycling control (Ang Δ11±10mmHg vs Meno/Ang Δ32±6, p<0.05), which was prevented by 17-β estradiol replacement (Meno/Ang/E
2
Δ5±2mmHg). Despite elevated MAP, there was no significant increase in renal CD3
+
, CD4
+
or CD8
+
T lymphocyte infiltration in Meno/Ang group vs control. However, 17-β estradiol replacement decreased IL-2 renal mRNA expression (0.45±0.13 fold), and increased IL-10 expression (2.41±0.73 fold) compared to Ang II-treated menopausal mice. Ang II induced glomerular hypertrophy in all groups, independent of hormonal status (Control 2156±54μm
2
vs. Ang 3970±383*μm
2
vs. Meno/Ang 3729±51*μm
2
vs. Meno/E
2
/Ang 3505±71*μm
2
, *p<0.05 vs. control). These results demonstrate that the enhanced hypertensive response to Ang II in VCD-treated menopausal mice results from the loss of estrogen function, and does not require an increase in renal T lymphocyte infiltration. Ang II-induced glomerular hypertrophy occurs independently of blood pressure or hormonal status. The VCD model of ovarian failure is a useful model for investigating the underlying mechanisms of estrogen’s role in blood pressure regulation.
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Pollow DP, Uhrlaub J, Romero-Aleshire M, Sandberg K, Nikolich-Zugich J, Brooks HL, Hay M. Sex differences in T-lymphocyte tissue infiltration and development of angiotensin II hypertension. Hypertension 2014; 64:384-390. [PMID: 24890822 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that activation of the immune system is both necessary and required for the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension in males. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex differences exist in the ability of the adaptive immune system to induce Ang II-dependent hypertension and whether central and renal T-cell infiltration during Ang II-induced hypertension is sex dependent. Recombinant activating gene-1 (Rag-1)(-/-) mice, lacking both T and B cells, were used. Male and female Rag-1(-/-) mice received adoptive transfer of male CD3(+) T cells 3 weeks before 14-day Ang II infusion (490 ng/kg per minute). Blood pressure was monitored via tail cuff. In the absence of T cells, systolic blood pressure responses to Ang II were similar between sexes (Δ22.1 mm Hg males versus Δ18 mm : Hg females). After adoptive transfer of male T cells, Ang II significantly increased systolic blood pressure in males (Δ37.7 mm : Hg; P<0.05) when compared with females (Δ13.7 mm : Hg). Flow cytometric analysis of total T cells and CD4(+), CD8(+), and regulatory Foxp3(+)-CD4(+) T-cell subsets identified that renal lymphocyte infiltration was significantly increased in males versus females in both control and Ang II-infused animals (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining for CD3(+)-positive T cells in the subfornical organ region of the brain was increased in males when compared with that in females. These results suggest that female Rag-1(-/-) mice are protected from male T-cell-mediated increases in Ang II-induced hypertension when compared with their male counterparts, and this protection may involve sex differences in the magnitude of T-cell infiltration of the kidney and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Pollow
- Department of Physiology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Sarver Heart Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Sarver Heart Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Sarver Heart Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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