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Lawas M, Jones KF, Mason KE, Anex DS, Carlson TL, Forger LV, Eckenrode BA, Hart B, Donfack J. Assessing Single-Source Reproducibility of Human Head Hair Peptide Profiling from Different Regions of the Scalp. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 50:102396. [PMID: 33080487 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neither microscopical hair comparisons nor mitochondrial DNA sequencing alone, or together, constitutes a basis for personal identification. Due to these limitations, a complementary technique to compare questioned and known hair shafts was investigated. Recently, scientists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Forensic Science Center and other collaborators developed a peptide profiling technique, which can infer non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) preserved in hair shaft proteins as single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs). In this study, peptide profiling was evaluated to determine if it can meet forensic expectations when samples are in limited quantities with the possibility that hair samples collected from different areas of a single donor's scalp (i.e., single source) might not exhibit the same SAP profile. The average dissimilarity, percent differences in SAP profiles within each source, ranged from 0% difference to 29%. This pilot study suggests that more work is needed before peptide profiling of hair can be considered for forensic comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lawas
- Research and Support Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Quantico, VA, 22135, United States; Visiting Scientist Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States
| | - Katherine F Jones
- Research and Support Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Quantico, VA, 22135, United States; Visiting Scientist Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States
| | - Katelyn E Mason
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, United States
| | - Deon S Anex
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, United States
| | - Traci L Carlson
- Research and Support Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Quantico, VA, 22135, United States; Visiting Scientist Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States
| | - Luisa V Forger
- Research and Support Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Quantico, VA, 22135, United States; Visiting Scientist Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States
| | - Brian A Eckenrode
- Research and Support Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Quantico, VA, 22135, United States
| | - Bradley Hart
- Visiting Scientist Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States
| | - Joseph Donfack
- Research and Support Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Quantico, VA, 22135, United States.
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Chu F, Mason KE, Anex DS, Jones AD, Hart BR. Proteomic Characterization of Damaged Single Hairs Recovered after an Explosion for Protein-Based Human Identification. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3088-3099. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katelyn E. Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Bradley R. Hart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Chu F, Anex DS, Jones AD, Hart BR. Automated analysis of scanning electron microscopic images for assessment of hair surface damage. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:191438. [PMID: 32218961 PMCID: PMC7029898 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical damage of hair can serve as an indicator of health status and its assessment relies on the measurement of morphological features via microscopic analysis, yet few studies have categorized the extent of damage sustained, and instead have depended on qualitative profiling based on the presence or absence of specific features. We describe the development and application of a novel quantitative measure for scoring hair surface damage in scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images without predefined features, and automation of image analysis for characterization of morphological hair damage after exposure to an explosive blast. Application of an automated normalization procedure for SEM images revealed features indicative of contact with materials in an explosive device and characteristic of heat damage, though many were similar to features from physical and chemical weathering. Assessment of hair damage with tailing factor, a measure of asymmetry in pixel brightness histograms and proxy for surface roughness, yielded 81% classification accuracy to an existing damage classification system, indicating good agreement between the two metrics. Further ability of the tailing factor to score features of hair damage reflecting explosion conditions demonstrates the broad applicability of the metric to assess damage to hairs containing a diverse set of morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bradley R. Hart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Chu F, Mason KE, Anex DS, Jones AD, Hart BR. Hair Proteome Variation at Different Body Locations on Genetically Variant Peptide Detection for Protein-Based Human Identification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7641. [PMID: 31113963 PMCID: PMC6529471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hair contains minimal intact nuclear DNA for human identification in forensic and archaeological applications. In contrast, proteins offer a pathway to exploit hair evidence for human identification owing to their persistence, abundance, and derivation from DNA. Individualizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are often conserved as single amino acid polymorphisms in genetically variant peptides (GVPs). Detection of GVP markers in the hair proteome via high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry permits inference of SNPs with known statistical probabilities. To adopt this approach for forensic investigations, hair proteomic variation and its effects on GVP identification must first be characterized. This research aimed to assess variation in single-inch head, arm, and pubic hair, and discover body location-invariant GVP markers to distinguish individuals. Comparison of protein profiles revealed greater body location-specific variation in keratin-associated proteins and intracellular proteins, allowing body location differentiation. However, robust GVP markers derive primarily from keratins that do not exhibit body location-specific differential expression, supporting GVP identification independence from hair proteomic variation at the various body locations. Further, pairwise comparisons of GVP profiles with 8 SNPs demonstrated greatest interindividual variation and high intraindividual consistency, enabling similar differentiative potential of individuals using single hairs irrespective of body location origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chu
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katelyn E Mason
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Deon S Anex
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bradley R Hart
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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Sterling S, Mason KE, Anex DS, Parker GJ, Hart B, Prinz M. Combined
DNA
Typing and Protein Identification from Unfired Brass Cartridges,,,. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1475-1481. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katelyn E. Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550
| | | | - Bradley Hart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550
| | - Mechthild Prinz
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice 524 W. 59th St. New York NY 10019
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Mason KE, Paul PH, Chu F, Anex DS, Hart BR. Development of a Protein‐based Human Identification Capability from a Single Hair. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1152-1159. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E. Mason
- Forensic Science Center Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550
| | - Phillip H. Paul
- Forensic Science Center Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550
| | - Fanny Chu
- Forensic Science Center Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University 578 S Shaw Ln East Lansing MI 48824
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Forensic Science Center Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550
| | - Bradley R. Hart
- Forensic Science Center Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550
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Parker GJ, Leppert T, Anex DS, Hilmer JK, Matsunami N, Baird L, Stevens J, Parsawar K, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Nelson C, Fairbanks DJ, Wilson AS, Rice RH, Woodward SR, Bothner B, Hart BR, Leppert M. Demonstration of Protein-Based Human Identification Using the Hair Shaft Proteome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160653. [PMID: 27603779 PMCID: PMC5014411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human identification from biological material is largely dependent on the ability to characterize genetic polymorphisms in DNA. Unfortunately, DNA can degrade in the environment, sometimes below the level at which it can be amplified by PCR. Protein however is chemically more robust than DNA and can persist for longer periods. Protein also contains genetic variation in the form of single amino acid polymorphisms. These can be used to infer the status of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism alleles. To demonstrate this, we used mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics to characterize hair shaft proteins in 66 European-American subjects. A total of 596 single nucleotide polymorphism alleles were correctly imputed in 32 loci from 22 genes of subjects' DNA and directly validated using Sanger sequencing. Estimates of the probability of resulting individual non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism allelic profiles in the European population, using the product rule, resulted in a maximum power of discrimination of 1 in 12,500. Imputed non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism profiles from European-American subjects were considerably less frequent in the African population (maximum likelihood ratio = 11,000). The converse was true for hair shafts collected from an additional 10 subjects with African ancestry, where some profiles were more frequent in the African population. Genetically variant peptides were also identified in hair shaft datasets from six archaeological skeletal remains (up to 260 years old). This study demonstrates that quantifiable measures of identity discrimination and biogeographic background can be obtained from detecting genetically variant peptides in hair shaft protein, including hair from bioarchaeological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glendon J. Parker
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah, United States of America
- Protein-Based Identification Technologies L.L.C., Orem, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: parker64@llnl;
| | - Tami Leppert
- Protein-Based Identification Technologies L.L.C., Orem, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan K. Hilmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Nori Matsunami
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Stevens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Krishna Parsawar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chad Nelson
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Fairbanks
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Wilson
- School of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Woodward
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogical Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Hart
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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9
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Schmoltner AM, Anex DS, Lee YT. Infrared multiphoton dissociation of anisole: production and dissociation of phenoxy radical. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100182a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Anex DS, Ewing GE. Transfer and storage of vibrational energy in liquids: collisional up-pumping of carbon monoxide in liquid argon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100399a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shediac R, Ngola SM, Throckmorton DJ, Anex DS, Shepodd TJ, Singh AK. Reversed-phase electrochromatography of amino acids and peptides using porous polymer monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2001; 925:251-63. [PMID: 11519810 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and rapid separation of minute levels of amino acids and bioactive peptides is of significant importance in the emerging field of proteomics as well as in the clinical and pharmaceutical arena. We have developed novel UV-initiated acrylate-based porous polymer monoliths as stationary phases for capillary- and chip-electrochromatography of cationic, anionic, and neutral amino acids and peptides, followed by absorbance or laser-induced fluorescence detection. The rigid monoliths are cast-to-shape and are tunable for charge and hydrophobicity. For separations at low pH, monoliths containing quaternary amine moieties were used to achieve high electroosmotic flow, and for high pH separations monoliths with acidic sulfonic acid groups were employed. Efficient and reproducible separations of phenylthiohydantoin-labeled amino acids, native peptides, and amino acids and peptides labeled with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) were achieved using both negatively- and positively-charged polymer monoliths in capillaries. Separation efficiencies in the range of 65,000-371,000 plates/m were obtained with capillary electrochromatography. Buffer composition and the degree of column hydrophobicity were studied systematically to optimize separations. The monoliths were also cast in the microchannels of glass chips and electrochromatographic separation followed by laser-induced fluorescence detection of three NDA-labeled bioactive peptides was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shediac
- Chemical & Radiation Detection Laboratories, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
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Lurie IS, Anex DS, Fintschenko Y, Choi WY. Profiling of impurities in heroin by capillary electrochromatography and laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2001; 924:421-7. [PMID: 11521892 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was investigated for the analysis of acidic and neutral impurities in heroin. The phenanthrene-like heroin impurities exhibit high native fluorescence when excited with a doubled argon ion laser (operating at 257 nm). The limit of detection for acetylthebaol is 66 pg ml(-1). CEC-LIF analysis of heroin samples of different geographical origin gave distinguishable peak-enriched chromatograms. A sulfonic acid C12 polymer monolith column provided similar resolving power to a 1.5 mm non-porous ODS column for the isocratic analysis of a refined heroin sample. Analysis of a crude heroin sample via a multi-step gradient CEC resolved a significantly higher number of peaks than gradient high-performance liquid chromatography or micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Lurie
- US Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, Chantilly, VA 20151, USA
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13
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Garguilo MG, Thomas DH, Anex DS, Rakestraw DJ. Laser-induced dispersed fluorescence detection of polycyclic aromatic compounds in soil extracts separated by capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 883:231-48. [PMID: 10910217 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrogen containing aromatic compounds (NCACs) are characterized in soil extracts and laboratory standards by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with laser-induced dispersed fluorescence (LIDF) detection using a liquid-nitrogen cooled charge-coupled device detector. The LIDF detection technique provides information on compound identity and, when coupled with the high separation efficiencies of the CEC technique, proves useful in the analysis of complex mixtures. Differences in fluorescence spectra also provide a means of identifying co-eluting compounds by using deconvolution algorithms. Detection limits range from 0.5 to 96x10(-10) M for selected PAHs and 0.9-3.7x10(-10) M for selected NCACs. Soil extracts are also injected onto the CEC column to evaluate chromatographic method performance with respect to complex samples and the ability to withstand exposure to environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Garguilo
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
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14
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Lurie IS, Bailey CG, Anex DS, Bethea MJ, McKibben TD, Casale JF. Profiling of impurities in illicit methamphetamine by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 870:53-68. [PMID: 10722062 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) UV and fluorescence (FL) detection, and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection were investigated for the analysis of acidic extracts derived from illicit methamphetamine. These compounds include major impurities from the hydriodic acid/red phosphorous reduction method, i.e., 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylnaphthalene and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene, and other trace-level, structurally related impurities. For certain of these solutes, HPLC with conventional FL detection gave at least a 60x increase in sensitivity over UV detection. In addition, other highly fluorescent impurities were detected in methamphetamine produced via four other synthetic routes. The use of a rapid scanning FL detector (with acquisition of "on the fly" excitation or emission) provided structural information and gave "optimum" excitation and emission detection wavelengths. CEC with LIF detection using UV laser excitation provided greatly improved chromatography over HPLC, with good detection limits in the low ng/ml range. Both methodologies provide good run-to-run repeatability, and have the capability to distinguish between samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Lurie
- US Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, McLean, VA 22102, USA
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Yao S, Anex DS, Caldwell WB, Arnold DW, Smith KB, Schultz PG. SDS capillary gel electrophoresis of proteins in microfabricated channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:5372-7. [PMID: 10318890 PMCID: PMC21866 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of variations in the concentrations or structures of biomolecules (e.g., mRNAs, proteins, peptides, natural products) that occur either naturally or in response to environmental or genetic perturbations can provide important insight into complex biological processes. Many biological samples are mixtures that require a separation step before quantitation of variations in the individual components. Two-dimensional denaturing gel electrophoresis has been used very effectively to separate complex mixtures of proteins, but it is time consuming and requires considerable amounts of sample. Microchannel-based separations have proven very effective in rapidly separating small amounts of nucleic acids; more recently, isoelectric focusing of proteins also has been adapted to the microchannel format. Here, we describe microchannel-based SDS capillary gel electrophoresis of proteins and demonstrate the speed and high resolution it provides. This development is an important step toward the miniaturization and integration of multidimensional and array separation methods for complex protein mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Dadoo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Chao Yan
- Unimicro Technologies, Inc., 4713 First Street, Pleasanton, California 94566
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Sandia National Laboratories, M.S. 9671, Livermore, California 94551
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Anex DS, de Vries MS, Knebelkamp A, Bargon J, Wendt H, Hunziker HE. Resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization time-of-flight spectroscopy of cold perfluorinated polyethers and their external and internal van der Waals dimers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(93)03874-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jackson WM, Anex DS, Continetti RE, Balko BA, Lee YT. Molecular beam studies of the photolysis of allene and the secondary photodissociation of the C3Hx fragments. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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