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Haron DEM, Yoneda M, Hod R, Ramli MR, Aziz MY. Assessment of 18 endocrine disrupting chemicals in tap water samples from Klang Valley, Malaysia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:111062-111075. [PMID: 37801249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiclass of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as nine perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), five bisphenols, and four parabens were analysed in tap water samples from Malaysia's Klang Valley region. All samples were analysed using liquid chromatography mass tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged between 0.015 and 5 ng/mL. Fifteen of the 18 EDCs were tested positive in tap water samples, with total EDC concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 5516 ng/L for all 61 sampling point locations. In a specific area of the Klang Valley, the total concentration of EDCs was found to be highest in Hulu Langat, followed by Sepang, Putrajaya, Petaling, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban, and Gombak/Klang. PFAS and paraben were the most found EDCs in all tap water samples. Meanwhile, ethyl paraben (EtP) exhibited the highest detection rate, with 90.2% of all locations showing its presence. Over 60% of the regions showed the presence of perfluoro-n-butanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHXA), perfluoro-n-octanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (PFOS), whereas the frequency of detection for other compounds was less than 40%. The spatial distribution and mean concentrations of EDCs in the Klang Valley regions revealed that Hulu Langat, Petaling Jaya, and Putrajaya exhibited higher levels of bisphenol A (BPA). On the other hand, Kuala Lumpur and Sepang displayed the highest mean concentrations of PFBA. In the worst scenario, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and risk quotient of some EDCs in this study exceeded the acceptable daily limits recommended by international standards, particularly for BPA, PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA, where the risk quotient (RQ) was found to be greater than 1, indicating a high risk to human health. The increasing presence of EDCs in tap water is undoubtedly a cause for concern as these substances can have adverse health consequences. This highlights the necessity for a standardised approach to evaluating EDC exposure and its direct impact on human populations' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Centre of Research Service, Institute of Research Management and Services, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Renovation), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rafidah Hod
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Redzuan Ramli
- Department of Environmental Management, Ministry of Environmental and Water, 62000, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz
- Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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Zainuddin AH, Roslan MQJ, Razak MR, Yusoff FM, Haron DEM, Aris AZ. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of bisphenol analogues in marine ecosystem of urbanized coast and estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 192:115019. [PMID: 37201347 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues are prevalent globally because of rampant usage and imprecise processing techniques, prompting alerts about environmental and health hazards. The method employed in this study by solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) for both quantification and qualitative analysis of the bisphenol compounds in the surface water samples. The coastal and estuarine surface water of Port Dickson and Lukut ranges from 1.32 ng/L to 1890.51 ng/L of bisphenol analogues. BPF mean concentration at 1143.88 ng/L is the highest, followed by BPA and BPS at 59.01 ng/L and 10.96 ng/L, respectively. Based on RQm for bisphenol analogues, the highest for BPF at 2.49 (RQ > 1, high risk), followed by BPS at 0.12 (0.1 < RQ < 1, medium risk) and BPA at 0.09 (0.1 < RQ < 1, medium risk). The presence and current risk of bisphenols analogues should alert the possible water quality degradation soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azim Haziq Zainuddin
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Qusyairi Jori Roslan
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Raznisyafiq Razak
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Research Services Division, The Institute of Research Management and Services, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation), Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Mohamad Haron DE, Yoneda M, Ahmad ED, Aziz MY. PFAS, bisphenol, and paraben in Malaysian food and estimated dietary intake. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2023; 16:161-175. [PMID: 36959529 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2188611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), bisphenols, and parabens are used in food packaging or as preservatives and their unintended consumption has been associated with cancer and other diseases. Food EDCs data are scarce in Malaysia. Thus, liquid chromatography mass tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was utilised to analyse 18 EDCs from different food categories. Bisphenol was the most abundant EDC found, followed by PFAS and paraben. Bisphenol levels in canned foods, dairy products, canned drinks, fruits, and vegetables ranged from 1.16 to 183 ng/g. PFAS was found in almost every food category, with canned foods having the highest concentrations (0.18-34.5 ng/g). Only canned foods, fruits, and vegetables contained parabens, with mean concentrations ranging from 0.27 to 26.7 ng/g. PFOS, PFBA, PFHQA and bisphenol A all had hazard quotients (HQ) above 1, indicating that they can pose a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Centre of Research Service, Institute of Research Management and Services, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Renovation), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Emmy Dayana Ahmad
- Bioequivalence and Testing Centre (UBAT), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz
- Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Razak MR, Aris AZ, Sukatis FF, Zaki MRM, Zainuddin AH, Haron DEM, Yusoff FM, Yusof ZNB. Development of a single-run liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis for the detection of 11 multiclass contaminants of emerging concern using a direct filtration method. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200282. [PMID: 36337037 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In toxicological analysis, the analytical validation method is important to assess the exact risk of contaminants of emerging concern in the environment. Syringe filters are mainly used to remove impurities from sample solutions. However, the loss of analyte to the syringe filter could be considerable, causing an underestimate of the analyte concentrations. The current study develops and validates simultaneous liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis using a direct filtration method to detect four groups of contaminants of emerging concern. The adsorption of the analyte onto three different matrices and six types of syringe filters is reported. The lowest adsorption of analytes was observed in methanol (16.72%), followed by deionized water (48.19%) and filtered surface lake water (48.94%). Irrespective of the type of the matrices, the lowest average adsorption by the syringe filter was observed in the 0.45 μm polypropylene membrane (15.15%), followed by the 0.20 μm polypropylene membrane (16.10%), the 0.20 μm regenerated cellulose (16.15%), the 0.20 μm polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (47.38%), the 0.45 μm nylon membrane (64.87%) and the 0.20 μm nylon membrane (71.30%). In conclusion, the recommended syringe filter membranes for contaminants of emerging concern analysis are polypropylene membranes and regenerated cellulose, regardless of the matrix used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Raznisyafiq Razak
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Fahren Fazzer Sukatis
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rozaimi Mohd Zaki
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azim Haziq Zainuddin
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, High Impact Research Central Facilities, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.,Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zetty Norhana Balia Yusof
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wee SY, Ismail NAH, Haron DEM, Yusoff FM, Praveena SM, Aris AZ. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, plasticizers, and pesticides in drinking water. J Hazard Mater 2022; 424:127327. [PMID: 34600377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in tap water via drinking water. Currently, most of the analytical methods used to assess a long list of EDCs in drinking water have been made available only for a single group of EDCs and their metabolites, in contrast with other environmental matrices (e.g., surface water, sediments, and biota) for which more robust methods have been developed that allow detection of multiple groups. This study reveals an analytical method of one-step solid phase extraction, incorporated together with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of multiclass EDCs (i.e., pharmaceuticals, hormones, plasticizers, and pesticides) in drinking water. Fifteen multiclass EDCs significantly varied in amount between field samples (p < 0.05), with a maximum concentration of 17.63 ng/L observed. Daily exposure via drinking water is unlikely to pose a health risk (risk quotient < 1). This method serves as an analytical protocol for tracing multiclass EDC contamination in tap water as part of a multibarrier approach to ensure safe drinking water for good health and well-being. It represents a simpler one-step alternative tool for drinking water analysis, thereby avoiding the time-consuming and expensive multi-extraction steps that are generally needed for analyzing multiclass EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Yee Wee
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Afifah Hanun Ismail
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UM Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
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Wee SY, Haron DEM, Aris AZ, Yusoff FM, Praveena SM. Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk. Environ Geochem Health 2020; 42:3247-3261. [PMID: 32328897 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are typical endocrine disruptors found in common pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are frequently detected in aquatic environments, especially surface water treated for drinking. However, current treatment technologies are inefficient for removing emerging endocrine disruptors, leading to the potential contamination of tap water. This study employed an optimized analytical method comprising solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) to detect APIs in tap water in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Several therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and diclofenac), antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and triclosan), antiepileptics (primidone), antibacterial agents (ciprofloxacin), beta-blockers (propranolol), psychoactive stimulants (caffeine), and antiparasitic drugs (diazinon), were detected in the range of < 0.03 to 21.39 ng/L, whereas chloramphenicol (an antibiotic) was below the detection limit (< 0.23 ng/L). A comparison with global data revealed the spatial variability of emerging tap water pollutants. Diclofenac accounted for the highest concentration (21.39 ng/L), followed by triclosan and ciprofloxacin (9.74 ng/L and 8.69 ng/L, respectively). Caffeine was observed in all field samples with the highest distribution at 35.32%. Caffeine and triclosan exhibited significantly different distributions in household tap water (p < 0.05). Humans are exposed to these APIs by drinking the tap water; however, the estimated risk was negligible (risk quotient < 1). APIs are useful water quality monitoring indicators for water resource conservation and water supply safety related to emerging organic contaminants; thus, API detection is important for safeguarding the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Yee Wee
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abdul Rahman M, Mohamad Haron DE, Hollows RJ, Abdul Ghani ZDF, Ali Mohd M, Chai WL, Ng CC, Lye MS, Karsani SA, Yap LF, Paterson IC. Profiling lysophosphatidic acid levels in plasma from head and neck cancer patients. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9304. [PMID: 32547888 PMCID: PMC7278886 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a significant world health problem, with approximately 600,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The prognosis for patients with HNSCC is poor and, therefore, the identification of biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and prognostication would be clinically beneficial. A limited number of studies have used lipidomics to profile lipid species in the plasma of cancer patients. However, the profile and levels of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species have not been examined in HNSCC. In this study, a targeted lipidomics approach using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) was used to analyse the concentration of LPA (16:0 LPA, 18:0 LPA, 18:1 LPA, 18:2 LPA and 20:4 LPA) in the plasma of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), together with healthy controls. The levels of three LPA species (18:1 LPA, 18:2 LPA and 20:4 LPA) were significantly lower in the plasma of OSCC patients, whilst the concentrations of all five LPA species tested were significantly lower in plasma from NPC patients. Furthermore, the order of abundance of LPA species in plasma was different between the control and cancer groups, with 16:0 LPA, 18:0 LPA levels being more abundant in OSCC and NPC patients. Medium to strong correlations were observed using all pairs of LPA species and a clear separation of the normal and tumour groups was observed using PCA analysis. In summary, the results of this study showed that the levels of several LPA species in the plasma of patients with OSCC and NPC were lower than those from healthy individuals. Understanding these variations may provide novel insights into the role of LPA in these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariati Abdul Rahman
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Robert J Hollows
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mustafa Ali Mohd
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wen Lin Chai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching Ching Ng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Munn Sann Lye
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Lee Fah Yap
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tahziz A, Mohamad Haron DE, Aziz MY. Liquid Chromatographic Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in the Yolk of Poultry Eggs in Malaysia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102335. [PMID: 32429475 PMCID: PMC7288097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are widely used in products, and are known for their water and grease repellent properties. The persistence nature and potential toxicity of these substances have raised substantial concerns about health effects. Regarding humans, food consumption has reportedly been a significant source of exposure for both compounds. Hence, this study was performed to develop and validate an analytical method for PFOS and PFOA in egg yolks using liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by the determination of concentration of both compounds in the yolk of poultry eggs in Malaysia. A total of 47 poultry egg yolk samples were extracted by a simple protein precipitation technique using acetonitrile. The analytical method was developed using LC-MS/MS and validated based on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Bioanalytical Method Validation guidelines. The results revealed that PFOS was quantitatively detected in six samples, with the concentration range between 0.5 and 1.01 ng g−1. Among these, five samples were from home-produced chicken eggs, and one sample was from a quail egg. The levels of PFOA in all samples were below the quantifiable limit (<0.1 ng g−1). This indicated that the contamination of PFCs in poultry eggs were mostly attributed to the nature of free foraging animals, which had direct contact with the contaminants in soil and feed. In conclusion, a fast and robust analytical method for analyzing PFOS and PFOA in egg yolk samples using LC-MS/MS was successfully developed and validated. The presence of these emerging contaminants in this study signified widespread pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Tahziz
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia;
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UM Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-149709080
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Ismail NAH, Wee SY, Haron DEM, Kamarulzaman NH, Aris AZ. Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in mariculture sediment of Pulau Kukup, Johor, Malaysia. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 150:110735. [PMID: 31784268 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as hormones, pesticides, phenolic compounds, and pharmaceuticals compounds can cause adverse effects on humans, animals, and other living organisms. One of the largest mariculture areas situated in Pulau Kukup, Johor, Malaysia, is actively involved in exporting marine fish to other countries worldwide. This paper aims to provide baseline data on the level of EDC pollutants found in mariculture sediments in Malaysia since no reports have investigated this issue. Calculated samples recovered are between 50.39 and 129.10% at 100 ng/g spiking level. The highest concentration in the sediment samples was bisphenol A (0.072-0.389 ng/g dry weight) followed by diethylstilbestrol (<0.208-0.331 ng/g dry weight) and propranolol (<0.250-0.275 ng/g dry weight). Even though the concentrations of the targeted compounds obtained were low, their effects could become more evident longer term, which raises not only environmental health concerns but the potential risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Afifah Hanun Ismail
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sze Yee Wee
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UM Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman
- Department of Agribusiness and Bioresource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ramli MR, Yoneda M, Ali Mohd M, Mohamad Haron DE, Ahmad ED. Level and determinants of serum perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a population in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 223:179-186. [PMID: 31542349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For decades, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been commonly used for industrial and commercial purposes due to their water- and stain-resistant properties. Persistent pollutants that contain PFAAs have been associated with adverse health effects in humans, and many studies have documented dietary intake, indoor air inhalation, and dermal contact as the potential routes for human exposure to PFAAs. The aim of this study was to assess the level of PFAAs in the serum samples of a general population in a specific region in Malaysia. Using 219 serum samples collected from residents of Klang Valley, Malaysia, the levels of nine PFAAs were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, questionnaire surveys on the dietary habits and lifestyles of the subjects were conducted. The results showed that PFAA concentrations of up to 32.57 ng/mL were detected in all serum samples. In 82.6% of the participants, at least seven PFAAs were detected in the serum samples, with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid being the predominant PFAA (median = 8.79 ng/mL). In the adjusted regression model, the concentrations of most PFAAs were higher in men than in women and positively correlated with age, although body mass index and smoking were not significantly associated with the serum PFAA concentrations. Taking into consideration the lifestyle variables, significant associations were found between nonstick cookware and perfluorononanoic acid, between dental floss and cosmetics and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and between leather sofa and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA). Besides, consumption of beef was significantly associated with increased levels of serum PFUnDA, whereas consumption of lamb and chicken eggs was negatively associated with the serum levels of PFUnDA and PFDA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Redzuan Ramli
- Environmental Risk Analysis, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, KyotoDaigakuKatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan; Shimadzu-UM Centre for Xenobiotic Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Environmental Risk Analysis, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, KyotoDaigakuKatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Mustafa Ali Mohd
- Shimadzu-UM Centre for Xenobiotic Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UM Centre for Xenobiotic Studies (SUCXeS), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Emmy Dayana Ahmad
- University of Malaya Bioequivalence and Testing Center (UBAT), Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sakai N, Sakai M, Mohamad Haron DE, Yoneda M, Ali Mohd M. Beta-agonist residues in cattle, chicken and swine livers at the wet market and the environmental impacts of wastewater from livestock farms in Selangor State, Malaysia. Chemosphere 2016; 165:183-190. [PMID: 27654221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen beta-agonists were quantitatively analyzed in cattle, chicken and swine liver specimens purchased at 14 wet markets in Selangor State, Malaysia, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The health risks of ractopamine and clenbuterol residues in the Malaysian population were assessed based on quantitative data and meat consumption statistics in Malaysia. Wastewater samples collected at swine farms (n = 2) and cattle/cow farms (n = 2) in the Kuala Langat district were analyzed for the presence for the 14 compounds. Wastewater in chicken farms was not collected because there was negligible discharge during the breeding period. The environmental impacts caused by beta-agonists discharged from livestock farms were spatially assessed in the Langat River basin using a geographic information system (GIS). As a result, 10 compounds were detected in the liver specimens. Ractopamine, which is a permitted compound for swine in Malaysia, was frequently detected in swine livers; also, 9 other compounds that are prohibited compounds could be illegally abused among livestock farms. The health risks of ractopamine and clenbuterol were assessed to be minimal as their hazard quotients were no more than 7.82 × 10-4 and 2.71 × 10-3, respectively. Five beta-agonists were detected in the wastewater samples, and ractopamine in the swine farm resulted in the highest contamination (30.1 μg/L). The environmental impacts of the beta-agonists in the Langat River basin were generally concluded to be minimal, but the ractopamine contamination released from swine farms was localized in coastal areas near the estuary of the Langat River basin because most swine farms were located in that region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumitsu Sakai
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158540, Japan; Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Mika Sakai
- Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
| | - Mustafa Ali Mohd
- Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Haron DEM, Chik Z, Noordin MI, Mohamed Z. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel testosterone transdermal delivery system (TTDS) using palm oil base. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2015; 18:1167-75. [PMID: 26877845 PMCID: PMC4744355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S Transdermal preparations for testosterone are becoming popular because of their unique advantages such as avoidance of first-pass effect, convenience, improved bioavailability, and reduction of systemic side effects. A novel testosterone transdermal delivery system (TDDS) was developed using a palm oil base called HAMIN™ (a commercial product) and tested using in vitro and in vivo skin permeability test methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS The physical characteristics of the formulation such as particle size and viscosity were determined by using Franz diffusion cell and Brookfield viscometer, respectively. In vivo skin permeability test was performed on healthy rabbits through the skin. Testosterone in serum was analyzed using the validated Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. RESULTS In vitro study showed that the cumulative amount of testosterone diffused was between 40 to 1400 ngcm(-)² over a period of five hr after application of TDDS through the artificial Strat-M™ membrane. In the in vivo rabbit skin permeability test, the results indicated that testosterone was well absorbed with a mean Cmax and Tmax of 60.94 ngml(-1) and 2.29 hr after application of TDDS while no increase was observed in placebo treatment. Particle size analysis ranged from 79.4 nm to 630.0 nm for placebo and 97 to 774.0 nm for TDDS. CONCLUSION The formulation was successfully prepared using HAMIN™, which has demonstrated great potential for topical delivery of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Shimadzu-UMMC Center for Xenobiotics Studies (SUCXeS), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Corresponding author: Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +60379675722;
| | - Zamri Chik
- Shimadzu-UMMC Center for Xenobiotics Studies (SUCXeS), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,University of Malaya Bioequivalence and Testing Center (UBAT), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahm Noordin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- University of Malaya Bioequivalence and Testing Center (UBAT), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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