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Missimer TM, MacDonald JH, Tsegaye S, Thomas S, Teaf CM, Covert D, Kassis ZR. Natural Background and the Anthropogenic Enrichment of Mercury in the Southern Florida Environment: A Review with a Discussion on Public Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:118. [PMID: 38276812 PMCID: PMC10815244 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that is easily released into the atmosphere as a gas or a particulate. Since Hg has serious health impacts based on human exposure, it is a major concern where it accumulates. Southern Florida is a region of high Hg deposition in the United States. It has entered the southern Florida environment for over 56 MY. For the past 3000 to 8000 years, Hg has accumulated in the Everglades peatlands, where approximately 42.3 metric tons of Hg was deposited. The pre-industrial source of mercury that was deposited into the Everglades was from the atmosphere, consisting of combined Saharan dust and marine evasion. Drainage and the development of the Everglades for agriculture, and other mixed land uses have caused a 65.7% reduction in the quantity of peat, therefore releasing approximately 28 metric tons of Hg into the southern Florida environment over a period of approximately 133 years. Both natural and man-made fires have facilitated the Hg release. The current range in mercury release into the southern Florida environment lies between 994.9 and 1249 kg/yr. The largest source of Hg currently entering the Florida environment is from combined atmospheric sources, including Saharan dust, aerosols, sea spray, and ocean flux/evasion at 257.1-514.2 kg/yr. The remobilization of Hg from the Everglades peatlands and fires is approximately 215 kg/yr. Other large contributors include waste to energy incinerators (204.1 kg/yr), medical waste and crematory incinerators (159.7+ kg/yr), and cement plant stack discharge (150.6 kg/yr). Minor emissions include fuel emissions from motorized vehicles, gas emissions from landfills, asphalt plants, and possible others. No data are available on controlled fires in the Everglades in sugar farming, which is lumped with the overall peatland loss of Hg to the environment. Hg has impacted wildlife in southern Florida with recorded excess concentrations in fish, birds, and apex predators. This bioaccumulation of Hg in animals led to the adoption of regulations (total maximum loads) to reduce the impacts on wildlife and warnings were given to consumers to avoid the consumption of fish that are considered to be contaminated. The deposition of atmospheric Hg in southern Florida has not been studied sufficiently to ascertain where it has had the greatest impacts. Hg has been found to accumulate on willow tree leaves in a natural environment in one recent study. No significant studies of the potential impacts on human health have been conducted in southern Florida, which should be started based on the high rates of Hg fallout in rainfall and known recycling for organic sediments containing high concentrations of Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Missimer
- U. A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565, USA;
| | - James H. MacDonald
- Environmental Geology Program & Honors College, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565, USA;
| | - Seneshaw Tsegaye
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565, USA;
| | - Serge Thomas
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565, USA;
| | - Christopher M. Teaf
- Institute for Science & Public Affairs, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
| | - Douglas Covert
- Hazardous Substance & Waste Management Research, 2976 Wellington Circle West, Tallahassee, FL 32309, USA;
| | - Zoie R. Kassis
- U. A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565, USA;
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Missimer TM, Teaf C, Maliva RG, Danley-Thomson A, Covert D, Hegy M. Natural Radiation in the Rocks, Soils, and Groundwater of Southern Florida with a Discussion on Potential Health Impacts. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16101793. [PMID: 31117171 PMCID: PMC6572226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Southern Florida is underlain by rocks and sediments that naturally contain radioactive isotopes. The primary origin of the radioactive isotopes is Miocene-aged phosphate deposits that can be enriched in uranium-238 and its daughter isotopes. Nodular phosphate containing radionuclides from the Miocene has been reworked into younger formations and is ubiquitous in southern Florida. When the nodular phosphate is exposed to groundwater with geochemical conditions favorable for its dissolution, uranium, radium, and radon may be released into the groundwater system. Uranium concentrations have been measured above the 30 µg/L drinking water standard at only one location in Lee County. Radium226/228 exceedances of the drinking water standard have been documented in numerous wells in Sarasota County. Indoor radon activities have exceeded the 4 piC/L guideline in five southern Florida counties. The exceedance of radioactivity standards in drinking water does not occur in municipal drinking water supplies, but rather only in some domestic self-supply wells. Health risks for exposure to radiation from domestic self-supply wells could be mitigated by testing of well water and, if necessary, switching to the use of a different aquifer or treatment process. While the risk of exposure to radon in indoor air in southern Florida is generally low, some areas are enriched in soil radon that migrates into structures, which could be addressed by improved ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Missimer
- Emergent Technologies Institute, U. A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 16301 Innovation Lane, Fort Myers, FL 33901, USA.
| | - Christopher Teaf
- Center for Biomedical and Toxicological Research, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
| | - Robert G Maliva
- Emergent Technologies Institute, U. A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 16301 Innovation Lane, Fort Myers, FL 33901, USA.
- WSP USA Inc., 1567 Hayley Lane, Suite 202, Fort Myers, FL 33907, USA.
| | - Ashley Danley-Thomson
- U. A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565, USA.
| | - Douglas Covert
- Hazardous Substance and Waste Management Research, 2976 Wellington Circle West, Tallahassee, FL 32309, USA.
| | - Michael Hegy
- Emergent Technologies Institute, U. A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, 16301 Innovation Lane, Fort Myers, FL 33901, USA.
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Stem MS, Rao P, Lee IJ, Woodward MA, Faia LJ, Wolfe JD, Capone A, Covert D, Dass AB, Drenser KA, Garretson BR, Hassan TS, Margherio A, Oh KT, Raephaelian PV, Randhawa S, Sneed S, Trese MT, Yedavally S, Williams GA, Ruby AJ. Corrigendum. Ophthalmol Retina 2019; 3:456. [PMID: 31044742 PMCID: PMC6686842 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell S. Stem
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Prethy Rao
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Ivan J. Lee
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Lisa J. Faia
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Wolfe
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Antonio Capone
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Douglas Covert
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - A. Bawa Dass
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Drenser
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Bruce R. Garretson
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Tarek S. Hassan
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Alan Margherio
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Kean T. Oh
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Paul V. Raephaelian
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Sandeep Randhawa
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Scott Sneed
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Michael T. Trese
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Sunita Yedavally
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - George A. Williams
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Alan J. Ruby
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont
Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Rochester, MI, USA
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Stem MS, Rao P, Lee IJ, Woodward MA, Faia LJ, Wolfe JD, Capone A, Covert D, Dass AB, Drenser KA, Garretson BR, Hassan TS, Margherio A, Oh KT, Raephaelian PV, Randhawa S, Sneed S, Trese MT, Yedavally S, Williams GA, Ruby AJ. Predictors of Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal Injection: A Multivariable Analysis Based on Injection Protocol and Povidone Iodine Strength. Ophthalmol Retina 2018; 3:3-7. [PMID: 30929813 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the incidence of endophthalmitis after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy at our institution and to identify potential risk factors for endophthalmitis occurring after injection. DESIGN Retrospective, single-center cohort study. PARTICIPANTS All patients who received an intravitreal injection of an anti-VEGF medication between January 1, 2014, and March 31, 2017. METHODS Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases billing codes were used to identify instances of anti-VEGF administration and cases of endophthalmitis. Medical records and injection technique were reviewed carefully in each case. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed in a stepwise fashion to determine independent predictors of endophthalmitis based on injection protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of endophthalmitis after injection and odds of endophthalmitis by injection technique with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 154 198 anti-VEGF injections were performed during the period of interest, resulting in 58 cases of endophthalmitis (0.038% [1:2659]). After adjustment for confounders, both 2% lidocaine jelly (odds ratio [OR], 11.28; 95% CI, 3.39-37.46; P < 0.001) and 0.5% Tetravisc (Ocusoft, Richmond, TX; OR, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.15-13.50; P = 0.03) use were independent risk factors for endophthalmitis after injection. Lid speculum use, povidone iodine strength (5% vs. 10%), injection location (superior or inferior), conjunctival displacement, use of provider gloves, use of a strict no-talking policy, use of subconjunctival lidocaine, and topical antibiotic use were not statistically significant predictors of endophthalmitis after injection. There was no difference in endophthalmitis rate among the anti-VEGF agents (bevacizumab, ranibizumab 0.3 mg, ranibizumab 0.5 mg, and aflibercept). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of endophthalmitis after anti-VEGF injections is low. Use of lidocaine jelly or Tetravisc may increase the risk of endophthalmitis after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell S Stem
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Prethy Rao
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Ivan J Lee
- William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Maria A Woodward
- W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lisa J Faia
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Jeremy D Wolfe
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Antonio Capone
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Douglas Covert
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - A Bawa Dass
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Kimberly A Drenser
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Bruce R Garretson
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Tarek S Hassan
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Alan Margherio
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Kean T Oh
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Paul V Raephaelian
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Sandeep Randhawa
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Scott Sneed
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Michael T Trese
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Sunita Yedavally
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - George A Williams
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Alan J Ruby
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan; William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K. Hynes
- Agrium Inc.; Biologicals; 402-15 Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon SK S7N 2X8 Canada
| | - Kent A. Craig
- Agrium Inc.; Biologicals; 402-15 Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon SK S7N 2X8 Canada
| | - Douglas Covert
- Agrium Inc.; Biologicals; 402-15 Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon SK S7N 2X8 Canada
| | - Robert J. Rennie
- Agrium Inc.; Biologicals; 402-15 Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon SK S7N 2X8 Canada
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Sleath B, Blalock SJ, Robin A, Hartnett ME, Covert D, DeVellis B, Giangiacomo A. Development of an instrument to measure glaucoma medication self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Eye (Lond) 2009; 24:624-31. [DOI: 10.1038/eye.2009.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Andrews E, Sheridan PJ, Fiebig M, McComiskey A, Ogren JA, Arnott P, Covert D, Elleman R, Gasparini R, Collins D, Jonsson H, Schmid B, Wang J. Comparison of methods for deriving aerosol asymmetry parameter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hallar AG, Strawa AW, Schmid B, Andrews E, Ogren J, Sheridan P, Ferrare R, Covert D, Elleman R, Jonsson H, Bokarius K, Luu A. Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Aerosol Intensive Operating Period: Comparison of aerosol scattering during coordinated flights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Strawa AW, Elleman R, Hallar AG, Covert D, Ricci K, Provencal R, Owano TW, Jonsson HH, Schmid B, Luu AP, Bokarius K, Andrews E. Comparison of in situ aerosol extinction and scattering coefficient measurements made during the Aerosol Intensive Operating Period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmid B, Ferrare R, Flynn C, Elleman R, Covert D, Strawa A, Welton E, Turner D, Jonsson H, Redemann J, Eilers J, Ricci K, Hallar AG, Clayton M, Michalsky J, Smirnov A, Holben B, Barnard J. How well do state-of-the-art techniques measuring the vertical profile of tropospheric aerosol extinction compare? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Robertson HT, Glenny RW, Stanford D, McInnes LM, Luchtel DL, Covert D. High-resolution maps of regional ventilation utilizing inhaled fluorescent microspheres. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997; 82:943-53. [PMID: 9074986 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.82.3.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The regional deposition of an inhaled aerosol of 1.0-micron diameter fluorescent microspheres (FMS) was used to produce high-resolution maps of regional ventilation. Five anesthetized, prone, mechanically ventilated pigs received two 10-min inhalations of pairs of different FMS labels, accompanied by intravenous injection of 15.0-micron radioactive microspheres. The lungs were air dried and cut into 1.9-cm3 pieces, with notation of the spatial coordinates for each piece. After measurement of radioactive energy peaks, the tissue samples were soaked in 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, and fluorescent emission peaks were recorded for the wavelengths specific to each fluorescence label. The correlation of fluorescence activity between simultaneously administered inhaled FMS ranged from 0.98 to 0.99. The mean coefficient of variation for ventilation for all 10 trials (47.9 +/- 8.1%) was similar to that for perfusion (46.2 +/- 6.3%). No physiologically significant gravitational gradient of ventilation or perfusion was present in the prone animals. The strongest predictor of the magnitude of regional ventilation among all animals was regional perfusion (r = 0.77 +/- 0.13).
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Robertson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6522, USA.
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Kalman D, Schumacher R, Covert D, Eaton DL. Biological availability of lead in a paint aerosol. 1. Physical and chemical characterization of a lead paint aerosol. Toxicol Lett 1984; 22:301-6. [PMID: 6485003 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(84)90105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of an aerosol of lead-based paint, generated in an industrial spray operation, that might influence the biological availability of lead present in inhaled aerosols. Paint aerosols were collected, and mass-size distribution was determined using a portable cascade impactor under actual occupational conditions. Approx. 2% of the particulate mass collected was in the respirable range (less than 10 micron mean aerodynamic diameter), although the maximum airborne concentration of lead was found to be 2-3 mg/m3. The lead concentration in a dried aerosol was very resistant to chemical digestion. Analysis by X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy showed approx. 11% lead by dry weight, although the wet weight concentration of lead reported by the manufacturer was 12.8%.
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Abstract
We hypothesize that gaseous ammonia (NH3) released into respiratory airways can neutralize inhaled acidic particles and alter or mitigate their toxicity. To test this hypothesis, we have examined the relationship between respiratory NH3 and the chemical neutralization of inhaled sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosol in the surgically isolated upper airways of anesthetized dogs. With air entering via the mouth, the NH3 concentration measured at the larynx, ranged between 30 and 225 parts per billion (ppb). The extent of neutralization at this point ranged from 8%-70% (n = 16) for the 0.5-micrometer particles and 7%-22% (n = 16) for the 1.0-micrometer particles. With air entering via the nose, the laryngeal NH3 concentrations ranged between 50 and 220 ppb. Neutralization values were between 15%-65% (n = 8) for 0.5-micrometer particles, and between 16%-18% (n = 3) for 1.0-micrometers particles. For both routes of entry, the extent of neutralization was correlated with the laryngeal NH3 concentration. We conclude that the chemistry of acidic particles is significantly altered by respiratory NH3 during inhalation. The extent of neutralization is related to both the NH3 concentration in the airway and the size of the particle entering the airway. The extent of neutralization per ppb of laryngeal NH3 is related to the route of entry, being greater for the mouth than the nose.
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Covert D, Woodburn M. Relationships of temperature and sodium chloride concentration to the survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in broth and fish homogenate. Appl Microbiol 1972; 23:321-5. [PMID: 4552888 PMCID: PMC380339 DOI: 10.1128/am.23.2.321-325.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of temperature and NaCl concentration in affecting the survival of three strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was studied in Trypticase soy broth and fish homogenate. Cells of V. parahaemolyticus suspended in Trypticase soy broth without NaCl were quite unstable and readily killed. The presence of NaCl appeared to be protective to the cells at 48 +/- 1 C, with the optimal concentration strain-dependent for the 3 to 12% range tested. Temperatures of 5 +/- 1, -5 +/- 1, and -18 +/- 1 C reduced the number of viable organisms per milliliter regardless of the NaCl concentration. In the presence of NaCl, viable cells, in numbers ranging up to 580 per ml, were still detected at the end of 30 days of storage. Similar results were obtained for cells suspended in fish homogenate, except that fish homogenate itself was protective as compared with Trypticase soy broth. This protection was significantly lower than that provided by NaCl in any amount tested.
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