1
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Pinion AK, Britz R, Kubicek KM, Siegel DS, Conway KW. The larval attachment organ of the bowfin Amia ocellicauda Richardson, 1836 (Amiiformes: Amiidae) and its phylogenetic significance. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:1300-1311. [PMID: 37596740 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Larval attachment organs (LAOs) are unicellular or multicellular organs that enable the larvae of many actinopterygian fishes to adhere to a substrate before yolk-sac absorption and the free-swimming stage. Bowfins (Amiiformes) exhibit a sizable LAO on the snout, which was first described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this study, we document the LAO of Amia ocellicauda (Richardson, 1836) using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy, and histochemistry. We examined material representing three stages with SEM ranging in size from 5.8 to 11.2 mm in notochord length and one stage histochemically. We compare the LAO of A. ocellicauda to that of the lepisosteid Atractosteus tropicus Gill, 1863 and show that although the LAOs of A. ocellicauda and A. tropicus are both super-organs, the two differ in the ultrastructure of the entire organ. A. ocellicauda possesses two distinct lobes, with the organs arranged on the periphery with none in the middle, whereas A. tropicus also possesses two lobes, but with the organs scattered evenly across the super-organ. The individual organs of A. ocellicauda possess adhesive cells set deep to support cells with the adhesive substance released through a pore, whereas A. tropicus possesses both support cells and adhesive cells sitting at a similar level, with the adhesive substance released directly onto the surface of the organ. We additionally provide a table summarizing vertebrate genera in which attachment organs have been documented and discuss the implications of our study for hypotheses of the homology of attachment organs in the Holostei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pinion
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ralf Britz
- Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kole M Kubicek
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas, USA
| | - Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin W Conway
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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2
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Davenport JM, Beamer DA, Long CL, Waltz JT, Wren S, Siegel DS. Reproductive Biology and Population Structure of Eurycea chamberlaini in North Carolina. Ichthyology & Herpetology 2022. [DOI: 10.1643/h2021085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M. Davenport
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608;
| | - David A. Beamer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804
| | - Cody L. Long
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (CLL) ; (JTW) ; (SW) ; and (DSS)
| | - J. Trent Waltz
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (CLL) ; (JTW) ; (SW) ; and (DSS)
| | - Shelby Wren
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (CLL) ; (JTW) ; (SW) ; and (DSS)
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (CLL) ; (JTW) ; (SW) ; and (DSS)
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3
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Nooka AK, Costa LJ, Gasparetto CJ, Richardson PG, Siegel DS, Chari A, Lentzsch S, Jagannath S, Mikhael J. Guidance for Use and dosing of Selinexor in Multiple Myeloma in 2021: Consensus From International Myeloma Foundation Expert Roundtable. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2022; 22:e526-e531. [PMID: 35361554 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Selinexor is a first in class selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE), blocks exportin 1 (XPO1), a protein transporter, that among other actions, shuttles cargo proteins such as tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs), the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and oncoprotein messenger RNAs (mRNAs) across the nuclear membrane to cytoplasm. By blocking XPO1, selinexor facilitates nuclear preservation and activation of TSPs, and prevents mRNA translation of the oncoproteins leading to induction of apoptosis. The therapeutic value of selinexor in combination with dexamethasone has been successfully demonstrated in treating relapsed and/or refractory myeloma (RRMM), leading to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of selinexor in combination with dexamethasone in 2019 for the treatment of adult patients with RRMM who received at least 4 prior therapies and whose disease is refractory to at least 2 proteasome inhibitors, at least 2 immunomodulatory agents, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (mAb) - a pentarefractory myeloma. More recently, selinexor in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone was approved by the FDA in December 2020, based on the BOSTON study among RRMM patients who had received at least one prior line of therapy. With more available safety and efficacy data supporting the increased interval between dosing of selinexor (and lesser cumulative weekly dosing) and schedule, contrary to the originally approved dose of 160 mg per week, the supportive care guidelines needed to be revisited. The current manuscript summarizes the supportive care solutions with weekly dosing of selinexor and identifies the ideal potential patient for selinexor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Nooka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
| | - L J Costa
- University of Alabama Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - P G Richardson
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - D S Siegel
- Division Chief, Multiple Myeloma, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ
| | - A Chari
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - S Lentzsch
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - S Jagannath
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - J Mikhael
- Applied Cancer Research and Drug Discovery, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), City of Hope Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ
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4
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Itgen MW, Natalie GR, Siegel DS, Sessions SK, Mueller RL. Genome size drives morphological evolution in organ-specific ways. Evolution 2022; 76:1453-1468. [PMID: 35657770 PMCID: PMC9545640 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is an emergent property of biochemical and cellular interactions during development. Genome size and the correlated trait of cell size can influence these interactions through effects on developmental rate and tissue geometry, ultimately driving the evolution of morphology. We tested whether variation in genome and body size is related to morphological variation in the heart and liver using nine species of the salamander genus Plethodon (genome sizes 29-67 gigabases). Our results show that overall organ size is a function of body size, whereas tissue structure changes dramatically with evolutionary increases in genome size. In the heart, increased genome size is correlated with a reduction of myocardia in the ventricle, yielding proportionally less force-producing mass and greater intertrabecular space. In the liver, increased genome size is correlated with fewer and larger vascular structures, positioning hepatocytes farther from the circulatory vessels that transport key metabolites. Although these structural changes should have obvious impacts on organ function, their effects on organismal performance and fitness may be negligible because low metabolic rates in salamanders relax selective pressure on function of key metabolic organs. Overall, this study suggests large genome and cell size influence the developmental systems involved in heart and liver morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Itgen
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado80523USA
| | | | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of BiologySoutheast Missouri State UniversityCape GirardeauMissouri63701USA
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5
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Trame SD, Denova JR, Pereira KE, McClelland SJ, Gribbins KM, Rheubert JL, Siegel DS. External nasal gland morphology of Eurycea bislineata (Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae). J Morphol 2022; 283:1094-1105. [PMID: 35719125 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plethodontid salamanders possess numerous courtship glands. Previous studies have shown that the glands are more prominent in male individuals than females, and often experience periods of atrophy and hypertrophy throughout the year that correlate to the nonmating and mating seasons, respectively. We sampled male and female Eurycea bislineata throughout the year to test the hypothesis that external nasal glands are courtship glands. External nasal glands are paired, branched tubular glands that extend from excretory ducts dorsal to the nares to terminal secretory units posterior to the eyes. We found that the glands hypertrophy and stain/react more intensely with histochemical procedures during the mating season. Hypertrophy of the glands is more pronounced in males, and seasonal variation in epithelial height of external nasal glands of males is significantly correlated to that of seasonal variation in mental gland epithelial height, a known courtship gland found in males, when compared throughout the year. This correlation was not as strong in females, confirming sexual dimorphism of external nasal glands in terms of seasonal variation. We found no ultrastructural differences between male and female external nasal glands. In all specimens, the glandular tubules were lined by a simple, columnar epithelium that was packed with secretory granules that often obscured other cytoplasmic contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Trame
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacob R Denova
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA
| | - Kenzie E Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara J McClelland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Moravian University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin M Gribbins
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA
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6
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Pinion AK, Siegel DS, Britz R, Martínez-García R, Álvarez-González CA, Conway KW. The larval attachment organ of the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus Gill, 1863 (Lepisosteiformes: Lepisosteidae). J Fish Biol 2021; 99:418-424. [PMID: 33764525 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Larval attachment organs (LAOs) are unicellular or multicellular organs that allow larvae to adhere to a substrate before yolk-sac absorption and the free-swimming stage. This study documents the LAO of tropical gar, Atractosteus tropicus, using a combination of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. It is shown that the LAO of A. tropicus is a super-organ surrounded by a wall and containing at its centre many smaller multicellular organ units, each comprised of attachment and support cells. Attachment cells are secretory and house large vacuoles filled with a glycoprotein. At hatching, the super-organ is well developed and occupies almost the entire anteroventral surface of the head. During subsequent development, the smaller individual units begin to regress, until at 6 days post-hatching the super-organ and its individual units are no longer visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pinion
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA
| | - Ralf Britz
- Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Zoologie, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rafael Martínez-García
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Kevin W Conway
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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7
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Long CL, Taylor MS, Waltz JT, Trauth SE, Itgen MW, Siegel DS. No remnants of nasolacrimal ducts in any Desmognathini salamanders indicates loss early in their evolutionary history. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-bja10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that nasolacrimal ducts were present in the ancestral plethodontid lineage. Two lineages within Plethodontidae contain individuals that do not possess nasolacrimal ducts: Desmognathus and Eurycea. Earlier works examined only two species of Desmognathus, D. fuscus and D. monticola. We obtained every Desmognathini (Phaeognathus + Desmognathus) species possible from novel collections and museum collections and assessed presence or absence of nasolacrimal ducts using contrast-enhanced computed tomography and routine histological procedures. The goal was to test the hypothesis that nasolacrimal ducts were lost on the evolutionary branch leading to Desmognathus. We rejected our hypothesis by finding that nasolacrimal ducts were absent in all Desmognathus that we examined and Phaeognathus hubrichti; thus, we recovered the absence of nasolacrimal ducts on the evolutionary branch leading to Desmognathini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody L. Long
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | - Michael S. Taylor
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | - James T. Waltz
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | - Stanley E. Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University (Emeritus), State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - Michael W. Itgen
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (DSS) ; (CLL) ; (JTW) ; and (SAW) . Send reprint requests to DSS
| | - Cody L. Long
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (DSS) ; (CLL) ; (JTW) ; and (SAW) . Send reprint requests to DSS
| | - J. Trent Waltz
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (DSS) ; (CLL) ; (JTW) ; and (SAW) . Send reprint requests to DSS
| | - Shelby A. Wren
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (DSS) ; (CLL) ; (JTW) ; and (SAW) . Send reprint requests to DSS
| | - Kenzie E. Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282; (KEP) ; and (SJM)
| | - Sara J. McClelland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282; (KEP) ; and (SJM)
| | - Christopher M. Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402; (CMM) ; and (DMS) deceased
| | - David M. Sever
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402; (CMM) ; and (DMS) deceased
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Aldridge
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University (Emeritus), St. Louis, Missouri 63103; . Send reprint requests to this address
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701;
| | | | - R. Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052;
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10
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Hartley J, Gribbins KM, Siegel DS. Modification of genital kidney nephrons for sperm transport in a plethodontid salamander, Eurycea longicauda. J Morphol 2019; 280:1452-1461. [PMID: 31313860 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Salamanders possess kidneys with two distinct regions: a caudal pelvic portion and cranial genital portion. Nephrons of the pelvic region are responsible for urine formation and transport. Nephrons of the genital region transport sperm from testes to Wolffian ducts; however, nephrons of the genital region possess all the same functional regions found in pelvic kidney nephrons that are involved with urine formation and transport (renal corpuscles, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and collecting ducts). Morphological similarities between pelvic and genital regions stimulated past researchers to hypothesize that nephrons of genital kidneys possess dual function; that is, sperm transport and urine formation/transport. Considering size of glomeruli is directly related to the total amount of blood plasma filtered into the Bowman's space, we tested the hypothesis that nephrons of genital kidneys have reduced urine formation function by comparing glomerular size between nephrons of pelvic and genital kidney regions in Eurycea longicauda with general histological techniques. Light microscopy analysis revealed that glomeruli of pelvic kidneys were significantly larger than those measured from genital kidneys. Transmission electron microscopy analysis also revealed modifications in genital kidney nephrons when compared to pelvic kidney nephrons that suggested a decrease in urine formation function in genital kidneys. Such modifications included a decrease in basal and lateral plasma membrane folding in genital kidney proximal and distal tubules compared to that of pelvic kidney proximal and distal tubules. Genital kidney proximal tubules were also ciliated, which was not observed in pelvic kidney proximal tubules. In conclusion, although structurally similar at the histological level, it appears that nephrons of genital kidneys have decreased urine formation function based on glomerular size comparison and nephron ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Hartley
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri
| | - Kevin M Gribbins
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri
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11
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Siegel DS, Long CL, Herrboldt M, Trauth SE. Comparative Histomorphology of Oviducts from Metamorphic and Paedomorphic Ambystoma talpoideum (Caudata: Ambystomatidae). COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-18-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (DSS) ; and (CLL) . Send reprint requests to DSS
| | - Cody L. Long
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701; (DSS) ; and (CLL) . Send reprint requests to DSS
| | - Madison Herrboldt
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104;
| | - Stanley E. Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University (Emeritus), State University, Arkansas 72467;
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Muniz‐Da‐Silva
- Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade São Paulo, Cidade Universitária São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução Instituto Butantan São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana Passos
- Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade São Paulo, Cidade Universitária São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução Instituto Butantan São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology Southeast Missouri State University Cape Girardeau Missouri
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13
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Siegel DS, Taylor MS, Sever DM, Trauth SE. The Lack of Nasolacrimal Ducts in Plethodontid Salamanders? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:765-775. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology; Southeast Missouri State University; Cape Girardeau Missouri
| | - Michael S. Taylor
- Department of Biology; Southeast Missouri State University; Cape Girardeau Missouri
| | - David M. Sever
- Department of Biological Sciences; Southeastern Louisiana University (Emeritus); Hammond Louisiana
| | - Stanley E. Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences; Arkansas State University (Emeritus); State University Arkansas
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14
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Hari P, Mateos MV, Abonour R, Knop S, Bensinger W, Ludwig H, Song K, Hajek R, Moreau P, Siegel DS, Feng S, Obreja M, Aggarwal SK, Iskander K, Goldschmidt H. Efficacy and safety of carfilzomib regimens in multiple myeloma patients relapsing after autologous stem cell transplant: ASPIRE and ENDEAVOR outcomes. Leukemia 2017; 31:2630-2641. [PMID: 28439109 PMCID: PMC5729352 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a standard treatment for eligible multiple myeloma (MM) patients, but many patients will relapse after ASCT and require subsequent therapy. The proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib is approved for relapsed or refractory MM (RRMM). In phase 3 trials, carfilzomib-based regimens (ASPIRE, carfilzomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone; ENDEAVOR, carfilzomib-dexamethasone) demonstrated superior progression-free survival (PFS) compared with standard therapies for RRMM (ASPIRE: lenalidomide-dexamethasone; ENDEAVOR, bortezomib-dexamethasone). This subgroup analysis of ASPIRE and ENDEAVOR evaluated outcomes according to prior ASCT status. In total, 446 patients in ASPIRE and 538 in ENDEAVOR had prior ASCT. Median PFS was longer for carfilzomib-based regimens vs non-carfilzomib-based regimens for patients with prior ASCT (ASPIRE: 26.3 vs 17.8 months (hazard ratio (HR)=0.68); ENDEAVOR: not estimable vs 10.2 months (HR=0.61)), those with one prior line of therapy that included ASCT (ASPIRE: 29.7 vs 17.8 months (HR=0.70); ENDEAVOR: not estimable vs 11.2 months (HR=0.46)), and those without prior ASCT (ASPIRE: 26.4 vs 16.6 months (HR=0.76); ENDEAVOR: 17.7 vs 8.5 months (HR=0.43)). Overall response rates also favored the carfilzomib-based regimens. No new safety signals were detected. This analysis suggests that carfilzomib-based treatment may lead to improvement in PFS and response rates regardless of prior transplant status. Further evaluation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hari
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M-V Mateos
- Hematology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R Abonour
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Knop
- Medizinische Klinik der Universitat Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - W Bensinger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Ludwig
- Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K Song
- University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - R Hajek
- University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - P Moreau
- Department of Hematology, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D S Siegel
- John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - S Feng
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - M Obreja
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | | | - H Goldschmidt
- Universitatsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Richardson PG, Hofmeister CC, Raje NS, Siegel DS, Lonial S, Laubach J, Efebera YA, Vesole DH, Nooka AK, Rosenblatt J, Doss D, Zaki MH, Bensmaine A, Herring J, Li Y, Watkins L, Chen MS, Anderson KC. Pomalidomide, bortezomib and low-dose dexamethasone in lenalidomide-refractory and proteasome inhibitor-exposed myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 31:2695-2701. [PMID: 28642620 PMCID: PMC5729338 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This phase 1 dose-escalation study evaluated pomalidomide, bortezomib (subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV)) and low-dose dexamethasone (LoDEX) in lenalidomide-refractory and proteasome inhibitor-exposed relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). In 21-day cycles, patients received pomalidomide (1-4 mg days 1-14), bortezomib (1-1.3 mg/m2 days 1, 4, 8 and 11 for cycles 1-8; days 1 and 8 for cycle ⩾9) and LoDEX. Primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Thirty-four patients enrolled: 12 during escalation, 10 in the MTD IV bortezomib cohort and 12 in the MTD SC bortezomib cohort. Patients received a median of 2 prior lines of therapy; 97% bortezomib exposed. With no dose-limiting toxicities, MTD was defined as the maximum planned dose: pomalidomide 4 mg, bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 and LoDEX. All patients discontinued treatment by data cutoff (2 April 2015). The most common grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia (44%) and thrombocytopenia (26%), which occurred more frequently with IV than SC bortezomib. No grade 3/4 peripheral neuropathy or deep vein thrombosis was reported. Overall response rate was 65%. Median duration of response was 7.4 months. Pomalidomide, bortezomib and LoDEX was well tolerated and effective in lenalidomide-refractory and bortezomib-exposed patients with RRMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Richardson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C C Hofmeister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N S Raje
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D S Siegel
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - S Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Laubach
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y A Efebera
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D H Vesole
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - A K Nooka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Rosenblatt
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Doss
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M H Zaki
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - J Herring
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Y Li
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - L Watkins
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - M S Chen
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - K C Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Trauth SE, Siegel DS, Godley JS, Adcock ZC, McDiarmid RW. Testicular Histology Reveals a Novel Type of Spermatogenesis in Pseudobranchus axanthus (Caudata: Sirenidae). COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-17-621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Rheubert JL, Cook HE, Siegel DS, Trauth SE. Histology of the Urogenital System in the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), with Emphasis on Male Reproductive Morphology. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:445-451. [PMID: 28990475 DOI: 10.2108/zs170060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed variations in the urogenital system morphology of amphibians. Recently, the urogenital system of salamanders was reviewed and terminology was synonymized across taxa. Discrepancies exist in the terminology describing the urogenital system of anurans, which prompted our group to develop a complete, detailed description of the urogenital system in an anuran species and provide nomenclature that is synonymous with those of other amphibian taxa. In Rana catesbeiana, sperm mature within spermatocysts of the seminiferous tubule epithelia and are transported to a series of intratesticular ducts that exit the testes and merge to form vasa efferentia. Vasa efferentia converge into single longitudinal ducts (Bidder's ducts) on the lateral aspects of the kidneys. Branches from the longitudinal ducts merge with genital kidney renal tubules through renal corpuscles. The nephrons travel caudally and empty into the Wöffian ducts. Similar to salamanders, the caudal portion of the kidneys (termed the pelvic kidneys in salamanders) only possesses nephrons involved in urine formation, not sperm transport. Data from the present study provide a detailed description and synonymous nomenclature that can be used to make future comparative analyses between taxa more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Rheubert
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, USA
| | - Hanna E Cook
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, USA
| | - Dustin S Siegel
- 2 Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | - Stanley E Trauth
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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18
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Rheubert J, Messak JA, Siegel DS, Gribbins KM, Trauth SE, Sever DM. Inter- and intraspecific variation in sperm morphology of Sceloporus consobrinus and Sceloporus undulatus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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20
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Sever DM, Pinsoneault AD, Mackenzie BW, Siegel DS, Staub NL. A Description of the Skin Glands and Cloacal Morphology of the Plethodontid SalamanderKarsenia koreana. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-16-468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Siegel DS, Rabe B. Genital and Pelvic Kidney Renal Corpuscles of the Red-spotted Newt,Notophthalmus viridescens(Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae). COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-15-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Mental glands and their associated delivery behaviors during courtship are unique to the plethodontid salamanders. Because previous interpretations of the evolution of these features were conducted using older phylogenetic hypotheses, we reanalyzed these traits with newer courtship descriptions and contemporary phylogenetic methods. Using Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction methods that have been developed since the first phylogenetic analyses were conducted in the mid-1990s, we reconstructed mental gland and courtship behavior evolution on a Bayesian phylogeny of the nuclear gene Rag1. The most probable ancestral condition for plethodontids was resolved as presence of a mental gland. Loss of a mental gland occurred in each subfamily and was recovered as the most probable ancestral condition for the Spelerpinae. In contrast, parsimony reconstruction recovered the presence of a mental gland in the ancestor to Spelerpinae with multiple secondary losses. We hypothesize that that absence of a mental gland is possibly ancestral in some clades (i.e., Spelerpinae) and secondary in others (e.g., paedomorphic Eurycea). The most probable ancestral form of the mental gland is likely to be the large pad-type distributed extensively in Plethodontinae and Bolitoglossinae. Desmognathans have the most unique mental glands, occurring in an anterior protrusion or bifurcated form (in Desmognathus wrighti). Fan-shaped mental glands evolved independently in Eurycea and Oedipina. Small pads arose independently in Bolitoglossinae, Plethodontinae, and Spelerpinae. Head-rubbing behavior for mental gland delivery mode was recovered as the most probable and parsimonious ancestral state for the Plethodontidae, with independent losses of this behavior in Plethodontinae and Spelerpinae. Because head-rubbing was observed in outgroups, we hypothesize that head-rubbing behavior predated mental gland evolution. Pulling, snapping, slapping, and biting behaviors evolved independently in the Plethodontinae and Spelerpinae and are not homologous with head-rubbing. All hypotheses of mental gland and courtship evolution invoke homoplasy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Sever
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402
| | - Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701
| | - Michael S Taylor
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701
| | - Christopher K Beachy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402
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23
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Rheubert JL, Sever DM, Siegel DS, Gribbins KM. Ultrastructural analysis of spermiogenesis in the Eastern Fence Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). Micron 2016; 81:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Abstract
The swimbladder plays an important role in buoyancy regulation but is typically reduced or even absent in benthic freshwater fishes that inhabit fast flowing water. Here, we document, for the first time, a remarkable example of swimbladder sexual dimorphism in the highly rheophilic South Asian torrent minnows (Psilorhynchus). The male swimbladder is not only much larger than that of the female (up to five times the diameter and up to 98 times the volume in some cases), but is also structurally more complex, with multiple internal septa dividing it into smaller chambers. Males also exhibit a strange organ of unknown function or homology in association with the swimbladder that is absent in females. Extreme sexual dimorphism of non-gonadal internal organs is rare among vertebrates and the swimbladder sexual dimorphisms that we describe for Psilorhynchus are unique among fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Conway
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ralf Britz
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
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Siegel DS, Nicholson AE, Rabe B, Beran B, Trauth SE. The Evolution of the Sperm Transport Complex in Male Plethodontid Salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae). COPEIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-14-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Loach R, Fenton OS, Amaike K, Siegel DS, Ozkal E, Movassaghi M. C7-derivatization of C3-alkylindoles including tryptophans and tryptamines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11254-63. [PMID: 25343326 PMCID: PMC4241164 DOI: 10.1021/jo502062z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A versatile strategy for C7-selective boronation of tryptophans, tryptamines, and 3-alkylindoles by way of a single-pot C2/C7-diboronation-C2-protodeboronation sequence is described. The combination of a mild iridium-catalyzed C2/C7-diboronation followed by an in situ palladium-catalyzed C2-protodeboronation allows efficient entry to valuable C7-boroindoles that enable further C7-derivatization. The versatility of the chemistry is highlighted by the gram-scale synthesis of C7-boronated N-Boc-L-tryptophan methyl ester and the rapid synthesis of C7-halo, C7-hydroxy, and C7-aryl tryptophan derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard
P. Loach
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Owen S. Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kazuma Amaike
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erhan Ozkal
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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27
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Sever DM, Siegel DS. Histology and ultrastructure of the caudal courtship glands of the red-backed salamander,Plethodon cinereus(Amphibia: Plethodontidae). J Morphol 2014; 276:319-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Sever
- Department of Biological Sciences; Southeastern Louisiana University; Hammond Louisiana 70402
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology; Southeast Missouri State University; Cape Girardeau Missouri 63701
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28
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Siegel DS, Alvino S, Trauth SE, Sever DM, Gribbins KM. Spermatogenic cycle of a plethodontid salamander, Eurycea longicauda (Amphibia, Urodela). Spermatogenesis 2014; 4:e982420. [PMID: 26413402 PMCID: PMC4581059 DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.982420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigators have described the spermatogenic cycles of numerous species of plethodontid salamanders. Most studies describe a fairly stereotypical cycle with meiotic divisions of spermatogenesis commencing in the spring/summer. However, many studies lack details obtainable from histological examination and/or testicular squashes and, instead, provide only mensural data from the testes. Studies that lacked microscopic evaluation often revealed spermatogenic cycles that varied greatly from that of the stereotypical cycle with meiotic divisions commencing in the fall/winter. Those studies hamper comparisons between the spermatogenic cycles of different species and their environments, as they do not provide a correlation between testicular size and any aspect of the spermatogenic cycle. In the following manuscript, we elucidate the spermatogenic cycle of Eurycea longicauda longicauda in an effort to outline an appropriate protocol for analyzing spermatogenesis in salamanders that will facilitate future comparative studies. Like many Nearctic plethodontids, E. l. longicauda exhibits a meiotic wave that travels through the testes during the summer; this process is followed by spermiogenesis, spermiation, and recrudescence in the fall, winter, and spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology; Southeast Missouri State University; Cape Girardeau, MO USA
| | - Sam Alvino
- Department of Biology; Southeast Missouri State University; Cape Girardeau, MO USA
| | - Stanley E Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences; Arkansas State University; State University, AR USA
| | - David M Sever
- Department of Biological Sciences; Southeastern Louisiana University; Hammond, LA USA
| | - Kevin M Gribbins
- Department of Biology; University of Indianapolis; Indianapolis, IN USA
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29
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Siegel DS, Trauth SE, Rheubert JL, Rabe B, Ruopp B, Miralles A, Murray CM, Aldridge RD. Novel Cloacal Glands in Snakes: The Phylogenetic Distribution of Ventral Urodaeal Glands in Thamnophiini. HERPETOLOGICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-13-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63103, USA
| | - Stanley E. Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | | | - Brian Rabe
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63103, USA
| | - Brenton Ruopp
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63103, USA
| | - Aurélien Miralles
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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30
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Rheubert JL, Freeborn L, Sever DM, Siegel DS, Gribbins KM. Agkistrodon piscivorus spermatogenesis addendum: The effect of Hurricane Katrina on spermatogenesis of the western cottonmouth snake. Spermatogenesis 2014; 4:e988586. [PMID: 26845430 DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.988586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies detailed the spermatogenic cycle of the Western Cottonmouth Snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus and noted that spermatogenesis is bimodal, with active periods during March-June and August-October in southeastern Louisiana. However, only spermatogonia were present in September in the only specimen that was captured and the authors state that the individual "should have a high testis volume and also show spermiogenic activity." The specimen in their study was caught immediately following Hurricane Katrina outside of its normal habitat. Therefore, in order to verify their assumption, individuals were captured during September of 2008 and the testes were spermatogenically active with spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and mature spermatozoa being present in the seminiferous epithelium of the testes. These data indicate that Hurricane Katrina could have had an impact on the spermatogenic cycle in Cottonmouths, resulting in stress-induced testicular regression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Layla Freeborn
- Department of Biology; Tulane University ; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - David M Sever
- Department of Biological Sciences; Southeastern Louisiana University ; Hammond, LA USA
| | - Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology; Southeast Missouri State University ; Cape Girardeau, MO USA
| | - Kevin M Gribbins
- Department of Biology; University of Indianapolis ; Indianapolis, IN USA
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31
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Nicholson AE, Siegel DS. Modifications of the genital kidney proximal and distal tubules for sperm transport in Notophthalmus viridescens (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae). J Morphol 2014; 275:914-22. [PMID: 24643856 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Male salamanders use nephrons from the genital kidney to transport sperm from the testicular lobules to the Wolffian duct. The microstructure of the epithelia of the genital kidney proximal tubule and distal tubule was studied over 1 year in a population of Notophthalmus viridescens from Crawford and Pike counties in central Missouri. Through ultrastructural analysis, we were able to support the hypothesis that the genital kidney nephrons are modified to aid in the transportation of sperm. A lack of folding of the basal plasma membrane, in both the genital kidney proximal and distal tubules when compared to the pelvic kidney proximal and distal tubules, reduces the surface area and thus likely decreases the efficiency of reabsorption in these nephron regions of the genital kidney. Ciliated epithelial cells are also present along the entire length of the genital kidney proximal tubule, but are lacking in the epithelium of the pelvic kidney proximal tubule. The exact function of these cilia remains unknown, but they may aid in mixing of seminal fluids or the transportation of immature sperm through the genital kidney nephrons. Ultrastructural analysis of proximal and distal tubules of the genital kidney revealed no seasonal variation in cellular activity and no mass production of seminal fluids throughout the reproductive cycle. Thus, we failed to support the hypothesis that the cellular activity of the epithelia lining the genital kidney nephrons is correlated to specific events in the reproductive cycle. The cytoplasmic contents and overall structure of the genital and pelvic kidney epithelial cells were similar to recent observations in Ambystoma maculatum, with the absence of abundant dense bodies apically in the epithelial cells lining the genital kidney distal tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbigail E Nicholson
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, 63701
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32
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Abstract
The full details of our enantioselective total syntheses of (-)-agelastatins A-F (1-6), the evolution of a new methodology for synthesis of substituted azaheterocycles, and the first side-by-side evaluation of all known (-)-agelastatin alkaloids against nine human cancer cell lines are described. Our concise synthesis of these alkaloids exploits the intrinsic chemistry of plausible biosynthetic precursors and capitalizes on a late-stage synthesis of the C-ring. The critical copper-mediated cross-coupling reaction was expanded to include guanidine-based systems, offering a versatile preparation of substituted imidazoles. The direct comparison of the anticancer activity of all naturally occurring (-)-agelastatins in addition to eight advanced synthetic intermediates enabled a systematic analysis of the structure-activity relationship within the natural series. Significantly, (-)-agelastatin A (1) is highly potent against six blood cancer cell lines (20-190 nM) without affecting normal red blood cells (>333 μM). (-)-Agelastatin A (1) and (-)-agelastatin D (4), the two most potent members of this family, induce dose-dependent apoptosis and arrest cells in the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle; however, using confocal microscopy, we have determined that neither alkaloid affects tubulin dynamics within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Karen C. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Sever DM, Rheubert JL, Hill TA, Siegel DS. Observations on variation in the ultrastructure of the proximal testicular ducts of the Ground Skink, Scincella lateralis (Reptilia: Squamata). J Morphol 2012. [PMID: 23192894 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The North American Ground Skink, Scincella lateralis, is a member of the most speciose family of lizards, the Scincidae. The only descriptions of the testicular ducts of skinks concern the light microscopy of 13 species in eight other genera. We combine histological observations with results from transmission electron microscopy on a sample of skinks collected throughout the active season. The single rete testis has squamous epithelium with a large, indented nucleus and no junctional complexes between cells or conspicuous organelles. Nuclei of sperm in the rete testis area are associated with cytoplasmic bodies that are lost in the ductuli efferentes. The ductuli efferentes have both ciliated and nonciliated cells and show little seasonal variation except for the narrowing of intercellular canaliculi when sperm are absent. When the ductus epididymis contains sperm, the anterior one-third lacks copious secretory material around luminal sperm, whereas in the posterior two-thirds sperm are embedded in a dense matrix of secretory material. Light and dark principal cells exist and both contain saccular, often distended rough endoplasmic reticula, and widened intercellular canaliculi that bridge intracellular spaces. Junctional complexes are lacking between principal cells except for apical tight junctions. Electron-dense secretory granules coalesce at the luminal border for apocrine release. The cranial end of the ductus deferens is similar in cytology to the posterior ductus epididymis. Each of the nine squamates in which the proximal testicular ducts have been studied with electron microscopy has some unique characters, but no synapomorphies for squamates as a group are recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Sever
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA.
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Siegel DS, Aldridge RD, Rheubert JL, Gribbins KM, Sever DM, Trauth SE. The testicular sperm ducts and genital kidney of male Ambystoma maculatum (Amphibia, Urodela, Ambystomatidae). J Morphol 2012. [PMID: 23192852 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ducts associated with sperm transport from the testicular lobules to the Wolffian ducts in Ambystoma maculatum were examined with transmission electron microscopy. Based on the ultrastructure and historical precedence, new terminology for this network of ducts is proposed that better represents primary hypotheses of homology. Furthermore, the terminology proposed better characterizes the distinct regions of the sperm transport ducts in salamanders based on anatomy and should, therefore, lead to more accurate comparisons in the future. While developing the above ontology, we also tested the hypothesis that nephrons from the genital kidney are modified from those of the pelvic kidney due to the fact that the former nephrons function in sperm transport. Our ultrastructural analysis of the genital kidney supports this hypothesis, as the basal plasma membrane of distinct functional regions of the nephron (proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubule) appear less folded (indicating decreased surface area and reduced reabsorption efficiency) and the proximal convoluted tubule possesses ciliated epithelial cells along its entire length. Furthermore, visible luminal filtrate is absent from the nephrons of the genital kidney throughout their entire length. Thus, it appears that the nephrons of the genital kidney have reduced reabsorptive capacity and ciliated cells of the proximal convoluted tubule may increase the movement of immature sperm through the sperm transport ducts or aid in the mixing of seminal fluids within the ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701, USA.
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Conway KW, Lujan NK, Lundberg JG, Mayden RL, Siegel DS. Microanatomy of the paired-fin pads of ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). J Morphol 2012; 273:1127-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kim YJ, Satapathy SK, Law L, Volfson A, Friedman B, Yang S, Sung C, Siegel DS, DeVito B. Hematemesis from ruptured aberrant right hepatic artery aneurysm eroding through the duodenal wall. Endoscopy 2012; 43 Suppl 2 UCTN:E323-4. [PMID: 22020707 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ Health system at Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New York 11040, USA
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Gribbins KM, Touzinsky KF, Siegel DS, Venable KJ, Hester GL, Elsey RM. Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis (Reptilia: Alligatoridae). J Morphol 2011; 272:1281-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Siegel DS, Miralles A, Trauth SE, Aldridge RD. The phylogenetic distribution and morphological variation of the ‘pouch’ in female snakes. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2011.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rheubert JL, Murray CM, Siegel DS, Babin J, Sever DM. The sexual segment of hemidactylus turcicus and the evolution of sexual segment location in squamata. J Morphol 2011; 272:802-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Siegel DS, Trauth SE, Sever DM, Aldridge RD. The phylogenetic distribution of the ampulla ureter and ampulla urogenital/uriniferous papilla in the Serpentes. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rheubert JL, Siegel DS, Venable KJ, Sever DM, Gribbins KM. Ultrastructural description of spermiogenesis within the Mediterranean Gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Micron 2011; 42:680-90. [PMID: 21543229 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied spermiogenesis in the Mediterranean Gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus, at the electron microscope level and compared to what is known within other Lepidosaurs. In H. turcicus germ cells are connected via cytoplasmic bridges where organelle and cytoplasm sharing is observed. The acrosome develops from merging transport vesicles that arise from the Golgi and subsequently partition into an acrosomal cap containing an acrosomal cortex, acrosomal medulla, perforatorium, and subacrosomal cone. Condensation of DNA occurs in a spiral fashion and elongation is aided by microtubules of the manchette. A nuclear rostrum extends into the subacrosomal cone and is capped by an epinuclear lucent zone. Mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum migrate to the posterior portion of the developing germ cell during the cytoplasmic shift and the flagellum elongates. Mitochondria surround the midpiece as the anlage of the annulus forms. The fibrous sheath begins at mitochondrial tier 3 and continues into the principal piece. Peripheral fibers associated with microtubule doublets 3 and 8 are grossly enlarged. During the final stages of germ cell development spermatids are wrapped with a series of Sertoli cell processes, which exhibit ectoplasmic specializations and differing cytoplasmic consistencies. The results observed here corroborate previous studies, which show the conservative nature of sperm morphology. However, ultrastructural character combinations specific to sperm and spermiogenesis seem to differ among taxa. Further studies into sperm morphology are needed in order to judge the relevance of the ontogenic changes recorded here and to determine their role in future studies on amniote evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Rheubert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA.
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Abstract
Since the advent of molecular character sets in phylogenetic systematics our understanding of the evolutionary history of snakes has changed considerably. In some cases the novel topologies reconstructed from molecular datasets have left researchers puzzled, as no morphological feature seems to support the new relationships found. This is the case for 'Amerophidia'sensu Vidal et al. (2007; Biology of the Boas and Pythons, Eagle Mountain: Eagle Mountain Publishing; Aniliidae+ Tropidophiidae), a grouping of the Red Pipesnakes and Neotropical Dwarf Boas. We contend that in some cases the apparent lack of historical morphological support for the molecular phylogenies is due to our poor understanding of the organisms as a whole, and not the complete lack of morphological support for controversial clades. For example, we found novel evidence from reproductive anatomy that demonstrates a unique association of the oviducts and cloaca in Amerophidia. Whereas in all other female squamates the oviducts communicate directly with the cloaca, the oviducts of Aniliidae and Tropidophiidae communicate with diverticuli of the cloaca. At present this is the only unambiguous synapomorphy for the Amerophidia. We feel that confirmation of controversial molecular relationships will revolve around the investigation of non-traditional morphological characters such as reproductive anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S Siegel
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
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Rheubert JL, Sever DM, Geheber AD, Siegel DS. Proximal Testicular Ducts of the Mediterranean Gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:2176-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Siegel DS, Sever DM, Aldridge RD. The pelvic kidney of male Ambystoma maculatum (Amphibia, urodela, ambystomatidae) with special reference to the sexual collecting ducts. J Morphol 2010; 271:1422-39. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gribbins KM, Siegel DS, Anzalone ML, Jackson DP, Venable KJ, Rheubert JL, Elsey RM. Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis (Reptilia, Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). J Morphol 2010; 271:1260-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rheubert JL, McMahan CD, Sever DM, Bundy MR, Siegel DS, Gribbins KM. Ultrastructure of the reproductive system of the black swamp snake (Seminatrix pygaea). VII. spermatozoon morphology and evolutionary trends of sperm characters in snakes. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gribbins KM, Rheubert JL, Anzalone ML, Siegel DS, Sever DM. Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in the Cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae). J Morphol 2010; 271:293-304. [PMID: 19827154 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To date multiple studies exist that examine the morphology of spermatozoa. However, there are limited numbers of data detailing the ontogenic characters of spermiogenesis within squamates. Testicular tissues were collected from Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) and tissues from spermiogenically active months were analyzed ultrastructurally to detail the cellular changes that occur during spermiogenesis. The major events of spermiogenesis (acrosome formation, nuclear elongation/DNA condensation, and flagellar development) resemble that of other squamates; however, specific ultrastructural differences can be observed between Cottonmouths and other squamates studied to date. During acrosome formation vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse at the apical surface of the nuclear membrane prior to making nuclear contact. At this stage, the acrosome granule can be observed in a centralized location within the vesicle. As elongation commences the acrosome complex becomes highly compartmentalized and migrates laterally along the nucleus. Parallel and circum-cylindrical microtubules (components of the manchette) are observed with parallel microtubules outnumbering the circum-cylindrical microtubules. Flagella, displaying the conserved 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement, sit in nuclear fossae that have electron lucent shoulders juxtaposed on either side of the spermatids basal plates. This study aims to provide developmental characters for squamates in the subfamily Crotalinae, family Viperidae, which may be useful for histopathological studies on spermatogenesis in semi-aquatic species exposed to pesticides. Furthermore, these data in the near future may provide morphological characters for spermiogenesis that can be added to morphological data matrices that may be used in phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Gribbins
- Department of Biology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio 45501-0720, USA.
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Aldridge RD, Siegel DS, Bufalino AP, Wisniewski SS, Jellen BC. A multiyear comparison of the male reproductive biology of the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) from Guam and the native range. AUST J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/zo09068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that reproduction in the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) is reduced on Guam because of elevated stress hormones caused by limited food availability. This study examined the reproductive anatomy of male brown treesnakes on Guam over a 15-year period (1985–99) to determine whether the size at maturity and development of the testis and sexual segment of the kidney varied between years and to compare these data to those for snakes collected from the native range. On Guam, the average snout–vent length and body mass of B. irregularis has decreased from its high in 1985 and remained stable from 1989 to 1999. The snout–vent length at maturity was similar between years. Mean diameters of the seminiferous tubule and the sexual segment of the kidney were not significantly different between years. However, the number of sexual segment tubules hypertrophied per snake varied greatly. Snakes from the native range matured at smaller snout–vent lengths and had significantly more hypertrophied sexual segment tubules per kidney than populations on Guam. These data suggest that elevated plasma levels of corticosterone, potentially due to an increase in male–male interactions as a result the explosive population growth experienced on Guam, may be negatively influencing male reproduction.
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Abstract
The pyrrole-imidazole family of marine alkaloids, derived from linear clathrodin-like precursors, constitutes a diverse array of structurally complex natural products. The bioactive agelastatins are members of this family that possess a tetracyclic molecular framework incorporating C4-C8 and C7-N12 bond connectivities. We provide a hypothesis for the formation of the unique agelastatin architecture that maximally exploits the intrinsic chemistry of plausible biosynthetic precursors. We report the concise enantioselective total syntheses of all known agelastatin alkaloids including the first total syntheses of agelastatins C, D, E, and F. Our gram-scale chemical synthesis of agelastatin A was inspired by our hypothesis for the biogenesis of the cyclopentane C-ring and required the development of new transformations including an imidazolone-forming annulation reaction and a carbohydroxylative trapping of imidazolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Movassaghi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA;
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