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Handa B, Keech E, Conway E, Broadhurst A, Ritchie A. Design and Synthesis of a Quenched Fluorogenic Peptide Substrate for Human Cytomegalovirus Proteinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A fluorogenic peptide substrate for HCMV proteinase was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The amino acid sequence of this substrate is derived from the maturation cleavage site (M site) of the natural substrate, the assembly protein precursor. The minimum sequence for efficient cleavage requires at least seven residues (P4-P3′). A systematic modification of the peptide substrate was carried out to identify positions suitable for the introduction of the fluorescent donor and the quencher acceptor groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.K. Handa
- Department of Physical Methods, Roche Products Limited, PO Box 8, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AY, UK
| | - E. Keech
- Department of Physical Methods, Roche Products Limited, PO Box 8, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AY, UK
| | - E.A. Conway
- Department of Physical Methods, Roche Products Limited, PO Box 8, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AY, UK
| | - A. Broadhurst
- Department of Biology, Roche Products Limited, PO Box 8, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AY, UK
| | - A. Ritchie
- Department of Biology, Roche Products Limited, PO Box 8, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AY, UK
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Martin JA, Lambert RW, Merrett JH, Parkes KE, Thomas GJ, Baker SJ, Bushnell DJ, Cansfield JE, Dunsdon SJ, Freeman AC, Hopkins RA, Johns IR, Keech E, Simmonite H, Walmsley A, Wong Kai-In P, Holland M. Nucleoside analogues as highly potent and selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1655-8. [PMID: 11425530 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of carboxamide derivatives of 5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxy-5-ethyluridine has been prepared as inhibitors of HSV-TK (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase). The most potent compounds were derived from xanthene, thioxanthene and dihydroanthracene carboxylic acids. The lead compounds show subnanomolar IC(50) values against HSV TKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Discovery Welwyn, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AY, Herts, UK.
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3
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Attwood MR, Bennett JM, Campbell AD, Canning GG, Carr MG, Conway E, Dunsdon RM, Greening JR, Jones PS, Kay PB, Handa BK, Hurst DN, Jennings NS, Jordan S, Keech E, O'Brien MA, Overton HA, King-Underwood J, Raynham TM, Stenson KP, Wilkinson CS, Wilkinson TC, Wilson FX. The design and synthesis of potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3-4A proteinase. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:259-73. [PMID: 10574181 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the cause of the majority of transfusion-associated hepatitis and a significant proportion of community-acquired hepatitis worldwide. Infection by HCV frequently leads to persistent infections that result in a range of clinical conditions including an asymptomatic carrier state, severe chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and, in some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. The HCV genome consists of a single-stranded, positive sense RNA containing an open reading frame of approximately 9060 nucleotides. This is translated into a single polyprotein of approximately 3020 amino acids (C-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B), which in turn is processed by a series of host and viral proteinases into at least 10 cleavage products. The N-terminal portion of the NS3 protein encodes a serine proteinase that is responsible for the cleavage at the NS3-4A, NS4A-4B, NS4B-5A and NS5A-5B junctions. The 54 amino acid NS4A protein is a cofactor that binds to the NS3 protein and enhances its proteolytic activity. This report describes the expression of a recombinant NS3-4A proteinase fusion protein in Escherichia coli and the in vitro characterization of the enzyme activity using synthetic peptide substrates. It then demonstrates how these results were employed to guide the design of potent inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Attwood
- Department of Chemistry, Roche Discovery Welwyn, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
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Martin JA, Thomas GJ, Merrett JH, Lambert RW, Bushnell DJ, Dunsdon SJ, Freeman AC, Hopkins RA, Johns IR, Keech E, Simmonite H, Kai-In PW, Holland M. The design, synthesis and properties of highly potent and selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 thymidine kinase. Antivir Chem Chemother 1998; 9:1-8. [PMID: 9875371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design and synthesis of nucleotide analogues as inhibitors of herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase is described. Starting from thymidine, product analogues which included phosphates, phosphonates, sulphonates, sulphonamides and carboxamides were prepared. The carboxamide series showed good structure-activity relationships and afforded a lead structure which inhibited the HSV-2 enzyme in the low micromolar range. Replacing the 5-methyl group in thymidine by ethyl enhanced the potency of the lead structure 10-fold. Further optimization of the carboxamide moiety afforded inhibitors active in the sub-nanomolar range and finally the introduction of a 2'-beta-fluoro substituent improved the potency a further twofold. The low water solubility of the most potent inhibitor was overcome by conversion to the 3'-valyl ester, which had good oral bioavailability and showed activity by the oral route in murine models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Discovery Welwyn, Herts, UK.
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Bit RA, Davis PD, Elliott LH, Harris W, Hill CH, Keech E, Kumar H, Lawton G, Maw A, Nixon JS. Inhibitors of protein kinase C. 3. Potent and highly selective bisindolylmaleimides by conformational restriction. J Med Chem 1993; 36:21-9. [PMID: 8421286 DOI: 10.1021/jm00053a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine has been used to design a series of selective bisindolylmaleimide inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC). Guided by molecular graphics, conformational restriction of the cationic side chain has led to ATP competitive inhibitors of improved potency and selectivity. Two compounds have been further evaluated and were shown to inhibit PKC of human origin and prevent T-cell activation in a human allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. One of these compounds was orally absorbed in mice and antagonized a phorbol ester induced paw edema in a dose-dependent manner. This compound also selectively inhibited the secondary T-cell mediated response in a developing adjuvant arthritis model in rats and provides evidence for the potential use of PKC inhibitors as therapeutic immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bit
- Research Centre, Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, U.K
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Handa BK, Keech E. FMOC solid phase synthesis of an endothelin converting enzyme substrate. Use of allyl ester as the third orthogonal protecting group. Int J Pept Protein Res 1992; 40:66-71. [PMID: 1428542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a substrate for the endothelin converting enzyme using the continuous flow FMOC solid phase method has been accomplished. The allyl group, employed to protect Glu side chain, was cleanly removed during the synthesis in the presence of tert.-butyl based protecting groups to enable the introduction of the Edans moiety. The substrate was obtained in 31% yield after reverse phase hplc purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Handa
- Department of Physical Methods, Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England
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Davis PD, Elliott LH, Harris W, Hill CH, Hurst SA, Keech E, Kumar MK, Lawton G, Nixon JS, Wilkinson SE. Inhibitors of protein kinase C. 2. Substituted bisindolylmaleimides with improved potency and selectivity. J Med Chem 1992; 35:994-1001. [PMID: 1552513 DOI: 10.1021/jm00084a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A hypothetical mode of inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by the natural product staurosporine has been used as a basis for the design of substituted bisindolylmaleimides with improved potency over the parent compound. Structure-activity relationships were consistent with the interaction of a cationic group in the inhibitor with a carboxylate group in the enzyme, and the most potent compound had a Ki of 3 nM. The inhibitors were competitive with ATP but inhibited cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) only at much higher concentrations despite the extensive sequence homology between the ATP-binding regions of PKA and PKC. Three compounds were evaluated further and found to inhibit a human allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction pointing to the potential utility of PKC inhibitors in immunosuppressive therapy. One of these compounds was orally absorbed in the rat and represents an attractive lead in the development of PKC inhibitors as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Davis
- Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertforshire, UK
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Abstract
The design and synthesis of a series of novel inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) is described. These 2,3-bisarylmaleimides were derived from the structural lead provided by the indolocarbazoles, staurosporine and K252a. Optimum activity required the imide NH, both carbonyl groups, and the olefinic bond of the maleimide ring. 2,3-Bisindolylmaleimides were the most active, and the potency of these was improved by a chloro substituent at the 5-position of one indole ring (compound 28, IC50 0.11 microM). In a series of (phenylindolyl)maleimides, nitro compound 74 was most active (IC50 0.67 microM). Naphthalene 19 and benzothiophene 21 showed greater than 100-fold selectivity for inhibition of PKC over the closely related cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA).
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Davis
- Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Herts., U.K
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Adams N, Blake C, Broadhurst MJ, Bushnell DJ, Hassall CH, Hartmann HR, Keech E, Stratton AR, Thomas GJ. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 9-[(carbamoyloxy)alkyl]anthracyclines: a novel class of anthracycline derivatives. J Med Chem 1990; 33:2380-4. [PMID: 2391682 DOI: 10.1021/jm00171a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of 4-demethoxyanthracyclines having hydroxylalkyl functions at the 9-position have previously been synthesized and shown to have potent antitumor activity. A series of carbamate derivatives of these (hydroxyalkyl)anthracyclines have now been prepared, many of which possess considerably greater efficacy in an L-1210 leukemia test system than do the parent alcohols or the known anthracyclines daunorubicin (1), doxorubicin (2), and 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (3). Phenylcarbamate 8a was more active than methyl analogue 8b, while the 4'-deoxy and 4'-epi phenylcarbamates 17 and 18 showed particularly high efficacy at optimal dose levels similar to that of doxorubicin. Secondary carbamates were more potent, with the 13R isomer 23 having significantly higher efficacy than 13S analogue 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adams
- Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England
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Adams N, Blake C, Broadhurst MJ, Bushnell DJ, Hassall CH, Hartmann HR, Keech E, Stratton AR, Thomas GJ. Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel 4-demethoxyanthracyclines. J Med Chem 1990; 33:2375-9. [PMID: 2391681 DOI: 10.1021/jm00171a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and efficient synthetic route to 4-demethoxyanthracyclinones has been utilized in the preparation of a number of aglycons having 9-alkyl, 9-(hydroxylalkyl), or 9-carbamoyl substituents. Silver trifluoromethanesulfonate catalyzed coupling of these aglycons with various daunosamine derivatives has yielded a series of novel anthracyclines which have been evaluated as antitumor agents. 9-Alkylanthracyclines 22, 23, 33, and 34 have higher efficacy vs L-1210 leukemia than the parent 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (21), or the natural anthracyclines daunorubicin (1) and doxorubicin (2). 9-(Hydroxyalkyl) derivatives have in most cases high efficacy but are slightly less potent than 21. 9-Methyl analogue 22 has higher efficacy vs P388 leukemia than other anthracyclines tested, while 9-(hydroxymethyl) derivative 37 retains similar efficacy to anthracyclines 1, 2, and 21 but is considerably more potent. The N-substituted 9-carbamoylanthracyclines are devoid of antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adams
- Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England
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Manchand PS, Cerruti RL, Martin JA, Hill CH, Merrett JH, Keech E, Belshe RB, Connell EV, Sim IS. Synthesis and antiviral activity of metabolites of rimantadine. J Med Chem 1990; 33:1992-5. [PMID: 2362279 DOI: 10.1021/jm00169a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxy metabolites of rimantadine (3-5) were synthesized and compared to amantadine (1) and rimantadine (2) for their ability to inhibit the replication of influenza viruses in vitro. All three metabolites were inhibitory to wild-type influenza A viruses (H3N2 and H1N1). In particular, 2-hydroxyrimantadine (3) showed similar activity to amantadine, but the 3- and 4-hydroxy metabolites (4 and 5, respectively), both of which are found in rimantadine-treated patients, showed only modest inhibitory activity. A rimantadine-resistant isolate of influenza A virus exhibited cross-resistance to amantadine and to each of the metabolites 3-5. None of the compounds were effective against influenza B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Manchand
- Department of Chemistry Research, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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Abstract
A series of potent, selective inhibitors of protein kinase C has been derived from the structural lead provided by the microbial broth products, staurosporine and K252a. Our inhibitors block PCK in intact cells (platelets and T cells), and prevent the proliferation of mononuclear cells in response to interleukin 2 (IL2).
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Davis
- Research Centre, Roche Products Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Herts., England
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