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Attwood MR, Bennett JM, Campbell AD, Canning GG, Carr MG, Conway E, Dunsdon RM, Greening JR, Jones PS, Kay PB, Handa BK, Hurst DN, Jennings NS, Jordan S, Keech E, O'Brien MA, Overton HA, King-Underwood J, Raynham TM, Stenson KP, Wilkinson CS, Wilkinson TC, Wilson FX. The design and synthesis of potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3-4A proteinase. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:259-73. [PMID: 10574181 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the cause of the majority of transfusion-associated hepatitis and a significant proportion of community-acquired hepatitis worldwide. Infection by HCV frequently leads to persistent infections that result in a range of clinical conditions including an asymptomatic carrier state, severe chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and, in some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. The HCV genome consists of a single-stranded, positive sense RNA containing an open reading frame of approximately 9060 nucleotides. This is translated into a single polyprotein of approximately 3020 amino acids (C-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B), which in turn is processed by a series of host and viral proteinases into at least 10 cleavage products. The N-terminal portion of the NS3 protein encodes a serine proteinase that is responsible for the cleavage at the NS3-4A, NS4A-4B, NS4B-5A and NS5A-5B junctions. The 54 amino acid NS4A protein is a cofactor that binds to the NS3 protein and enhances its proteolytic activity. This report describes the expression of a recombinant NS3-4A proteinase fusion protein in Escherichia coli and the in vitro characterization of the enzyme activity using synthetic peptide substrates. It then demonstrates how these results were employed to guide the design of potent inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Attwood
- Department of Chemistry, Roche Discovery Welwyn, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
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Abstract
An efficient procedure is described for the synthesis of N(alpha)-Fmoc-O-monobenzyl phosphonotyrosine from the corresponding dibenzyl derivative by monodebenzylation in the presence of sodium iodide. A simple work up procedure removes the by-products and the monobenzylated phosphono product is obtained in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Handa
- Physical Methods Department, Roche Discovery Welwyn, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
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Bottomley KM, Borkakoti N, Bradshaw D, Brown PA, Broadhurst MJ, Budd JM, Elliott L, Eyers P, Hallam TJ, Handa BK, Hill CH, James M, Lahm HW, Lawton G, Merritt JE, Nixon JS, Röthlisberger U, Whittle A, Johnson WH. Inhibition of bovine nasal cartilage degradation by selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Biochem J 1997; 323 ( Pt 2):483-8. [PMID: 9163342 PMCID: PMC1218345 DOI: 10.1042/bj3230483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal analysis of aggrecan fragments lost from bovine nasal cartilage cultured in the presence of recombinant human interleukin 1alpha revealed a predominant ARGSVIL sequence with an additional ADLEX sequence. Production of the ARGSVIL-containing fragments has been attributed to the action of a putative proteinase, aggrecanase. The minor sequence (ADLEX) corresponds to a new reported cleavage product; comparison of this sequence with the available partial sequence of bovine aggrecan indicates that this is the product of a cleavage occurring towards the C-terminus of the protein. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors inhibited aggrecan loss from bovine nasal explants incubated in the presence of recombinant human interleukin 1alpha. A strong correlation between inhibition of aggrecan metabolism and inhibition of stromelysin 1 (MMP 3) (r=0.93) suggests a role for stromelysin or a stromelysin-like enzyme in cartilage aggrecan metabolism. However, the compounds were approx. 1/1000 as potent in inhibiting aggrecan loss from the cartilage explants as they were in inhibiting stromelysin. There was little or no correlation between inhibition of aggrecan metabolism and inhibition of gelatinase B (MMP 9) or inhibition of collagenase 1 (MMP 1). Studies with collagenase inhibitors with a range of potencies showed a correlation between inhibition of collagenase activity and inhibition of collagen degradation in the cartilage explant assay. This indicates that in interleukin 1alpha-driven bovine nasal cartilage destruction, stromelysin (or a closely related enzyme) is involved in aggrecan metabolism, whereas collagenase is principally responsible for collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bottomley
- Roche Discovery Welwyn, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts, AL7 3AY, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wales, Swansea, U.K
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Abstract
Two small peptide substrates for HIV-1 proteinase were synthesised. The sequences chosen were basically from that of the gag-pol protein, which is the natural substrate for the proteinase. To protect these peptides from the attack of exopeptidases, the N- and C-termini were suitably protected, which also makes these substrates specific to HIV-proteinase and eliminates the requirement for highly purified enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Handa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England
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Handa BK, Keech E. FMOC solid phase synthesis of an endothelin converting enzyme substrate. Use of allyl ester as the third orthogonal protecting group. Int J Pept Protein Res 1992; 40:66-71. [PMID: 1428542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a substrate for the endothelin converting enzyme using the continuous flow FMOC solid phase method has been accomplished. The allyl group, employed to protect Glu side chain, was cleanly removed during the synthesis in the presence of tert.-butyl based protecting groups to enable the introduction of the Edans moiety. The substrate was obtained in 31% yield after reverse phase hplc purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Handa
- Department of Physical Methods, Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England
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Abstract
A colorimetric assay for HIV proteinase using small protected peptide substrates is described. Substrates are cleaved to release N-terminal prolyl peptides which react with isatin to form a blue product which is measured spectrophotometrically. The assay is suitable for use with pure enzyme or crude extracts derived from genetically engineered Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Broadhurst
- Department of Chemotherapy Biology, Roche Products Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Roberts NA, Martin JA, Kinchington D, Broadhurst AV, Craig JC, Duncan IB, Galpin SA, Handa BK, Kay J, Kröhn A. Rational design of peptide-based HIV proteinase inhibitors. Science 1990; 248:358-61. [PMID: 2183354 DOI: 10.1126/science.2183354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of peptide derivatives based on the transition-state mimetic concept has been designed that inhibit the proteinase from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The more active compounds inhibit both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteinases in the nanomolar range with little effect at 10 micromolar against the structurally related human aspartic proteinases. Proteolytic cleavage of the HIV-1 gag polyprotein (p55) to the viral structural protein p24 was inhibited in chronically infected CEM cells. Antiviral activity was observed in the nanomolar range (with one compound active below 10 nanomolar) in three different cell systems, as assessed by p24 antigen and syncytium formation. Cytotoxicity was not detected at 10 and 5 micromolar in C8166 and JM cells, respectively, indicating a high therapeutic index for this new class of HIV proteinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Roberts
- Roche Products Ltd., Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Williamson MP, Hall MJ, Handa BK. 1H-NMR assignment and secondary structure of a herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D-1 antigenic domain. Eur J Biochem 1986; 158:527-36. [PMID: 2426110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The peptide alpha Ahx-Met-Ala-Asp-Pro-Asn-Arg-Phe-Arg-Gly-Lys-Asp-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu- Asp-Gln-Leu-Thr-Asp-Pro-Pro-alpha Ahx (epsilon Ahx = 6-aminohexanoyl), the antigenic sequence 11-32 from Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D-1, has been synthesised. Its 1H-NMR spectrum has been assigned by a combination of two-dimensional techniques in H2O and 2H2O. Its secondary structure has been defined by nuclear Overhauser effects and amide proton exchange rates, and also to some extent chemical shifts, coupling constants and amide proton temperature coefficients. These latter parameters are shown to be less reliable as guides to secondary structure. The peptide has a helical (type I/III) turn at residues Pro-14-Asn-15 and helical structure at residues Lys-20-Val-24, in rapid equilibrium with random-coil structure. A beta-turn at residues Arg-18-Gly-19 may be present as a minor component. These locations of secondary structure correspond with previously determined regions of antigenic activity.
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Williamson MP, Handa BK, Hall MJ. Secondary structure of a herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D antigenic domain. Int J Pept Protein Res 1986; 27:562-8. [PMID: 2426211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The peptide 6-amino caproyl-Pro-Ser-Leu-Lys-Met-Ala-Asp-Pro-Asn-Arg-Phe-Arg-Gly-Lys-Asp-Leu- Pro-6- amino caproate has been synthesized and its secondary structure has been investigated by 1H n.m.r. at 400 MHz. Resonances were assigned from 2D NOESY and COSY spectra, and the secondary structure was determined using NOEs, three-bond coupling constants, and exchange rates of amide protons. The peptide has two tight turns centered on the Pro-Asn and Arg-Gly pairs. The relationship between the secondary structure found here and the antigenic nature of the peptide is discussed.
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Handa BK, Land AC, Lord JA, Morgan BA, Rance MJ, Smith CF. Analogues of beta-LPH61-64 possessing selective agonist activity at mu-opiate receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1981; 70:531-40. [PMID: 6263640 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptides based in the stabilised tetrapeptide HTyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePheOH have been synthesised and shown to have substantial opioid activity both in vitro and in vivo. The selectivity of these compounds of different receptor populations has been investigated using both isolated tissue assays and binding studies. Results suggest that the compounds are potent agonists at mu-receptors with little or no affinity for the delta-receptor population. One of the compounds, RX783006 (HTyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-NH(CH2)2OH), has been tritiated to high specific radioactivity and may prove to be a useful probe in the elucidation of the function of the heterogenous opiate receptor population.
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Panicker PV, Gadkari AS, Kulkarni SW, Handa BK, Joshi MW. Prevalence of hookworm in some villages around Nagpur. J Commun Dis 1980; 12:192-6. [PMID: 7320481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kulkarni SW, Panicker PV, Gadkari AS, Handa BK. Prevalence and patterns of parasitic infections in rural areas around Nagpur. Indian J Med Res 1978; 68:583-91. [PMID: 730230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Galpin IJ, Handa BK, Moore S, Ramage R. Gel filtration of protected peptides on Enzacryl K2 in dimethylformamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. J Chromatogr A 1976; 123:237-42. [PMID: 950355 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Karle IL, Handa BK, Hassall CH. The conformation of the cyclic tetrapeptide L-Ser(O-t-Bu)-β-Ala-Gly-L-β-Asp(OMe) containing a 14-membered ring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1107/s0567740875003226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Siddiqi RH, Handa BK. Application of continuous-culture theory to biological waste-treatment systems. Biochem J 1972; 128:35P. [PMID: 5085589 PMCID: PMC1173652 DOI: 10.1042/bj1280035pc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Siddiq
- Scientist, Central Public Health Engrg. Research Inst., Nagpur, India
| | - B. K. Handa
- Sr. Research Fellow, Central Public Health Engrg. Research Inst., Nagpur, India
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Hassall CH, Sanger DG, Handa BK. Amino-acids and peptides. 13. Syntheses of two fourteen-membered ring cyclotetrapeptides. J Chem Soc Perkin 1 1971; 16:2814-8. [PMID: 5168487 DOI: 10.1039/j39710002814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chexal KK, Handa BK, Rahman W. Thin-layer chromatography of biflavonyls on silica gel. Structure-chromatographic behaviour correlations. J Chromatogr A 1970; 48:484-92. [PMID: 5445097 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)85582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Chexal KK, Handa BK, Rahman W. Some optically active biflavones from Podocarpus gracilior. Chem Ind 1970; 1:28. [PMID: 5412978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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