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Scahill K, Jessen LR, Prior C, Singleton D, Foroutan F, Ferran AA, Arenas C, Bjørnvad CR, Lavy E, Allerton F, Weese JS, Allenspach K, Guardabassi L, Unterer S, Bodnárová T, Windahl U, Brennan ML, Werner M. Efficacy of antimicrobial and nutraceutical treatment for canine acute diarrhoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis for European Network for Optimization of Antimicrobial Therapy (ENOVAT) guidelines. Vet J 2024; 303:106054. [PMID: 38049062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic antimicrobial treatments are commonly prescribed to dogs with acute diarrhoea, while nutraceuticals (prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics) are frequently administered as an alternative treatment. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobials and nutraceutical preparations for treatment of canine acute diarrhoea (CAD). The results of this study will be used to create evidence-based treatment guidelines. PICOs (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) were generated by a multidisciplinary expert panel taking into account opinions from stakeholders (general practitioners and dog owners). The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. The systematic search yielded six randomised controlled trials (RCT) for antimicrobial treatment and six RCTs for nutraceutical treatment meeting the eligibility criteria. Categories of disease severity (mild, moderate, and severe) were created based on the presence of systemic signs and response to fluid therapy. Outcomes included duration of diarrhoea, duration of hospitalization, progression of disease, mortality, and adverse effects. High certainty evidence showed that antimicrobial treatment did not have a clinically relevant effect on any outcome in dogs with mild or moderate disease. Certainty of evidence was low for dogs with severe disease. Nutraceutical products did not show a clinically significant effect in shortening the duration of diarrhoea (based on very low to moderate certainty evidence). No adverse effects were reported in any of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scahill
- University of Edinburgh, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Evidensia Södra Djursjukhuset Kungens Kurva, Månskärarvägen 13, Kungens Kurva 14175, Sweden.
| | - L R Jessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Prior
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - D Singleton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - F Foroutan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMasters University, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - A A Ferran
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - C Arenas
- Internal Medicine Service, AniCura Valencia Sur Hospital Veterinario, Valencia 46460, Spain; VetCT Teleconsulting, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - C R Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - F Allerton
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010, IA, USA
| | - L Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Unterer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - T Bodnárová
- Veterinary Clinic Podebrady, Poděbrady 29001, Czech Republic
| | - U Windahl
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M L Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2QL, UK
| | - M Werner
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Perry E, Lavy E, Soback S, Britzi M, Zur G. Azithromycin concentration in severely inflamed canine external ear canals - a case series. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:416-418. [PMID: 32715501 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine azithromycin concentration in severely inflamed canine external ear canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five dogs of various breeds and ages with severe and chronic otitis externa underwent ear canal reconstruction surgery. A single oral dose of azithromycin at 10 mg/kg was administered 12 to 24 hours prior to surgery. Tissue samples were collected from the excised external ear canals and azithromycin concentration was determined using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Azithromycin concentrations ranging from 11.4 to 107.0 μg/g (mean 59.2 ± 44.6 μg/g, median 50.9 μg/g) were detected in the chronically infected external ear canal tissue 12 to 24 hours after administration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Little information exists on antibiotic concentrations in pathological tissues of dogs. Macrolides are known to concentrate in skin tissue. In light of the present results, investigation of clinical efficacy of azithromycin in chronic canine otitis externa is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Perry
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1 Herzl Street, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - E Lavy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1 Herzl Street, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - S Soback
- National Residue Control Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, 5020000, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - M Britzi
- National Residue Control Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, 5020000, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - G Zur
- National Residue Control Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, 5020000, Beit Dagan, Israel
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Aroch I, Arogeti I, Marcovics A, Spiegel Y, Lavy E. In vitro lectin binding to the outer surface of Spirocerca lupi at different life-stages. Vet Parasitol 2017; 235:94-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shipov A, Kelmer G, Lavy E, Milgram J, Aroch I, Segev G. Long-term outcome of transendoscopic oesophageal mass ablation in dogs with Spirocerca lupi
-associated oesophageal sarcoma. Vet Rec 2015; 177:365. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Shipov
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - G. Kelmer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - E. Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - J. Milgram
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - I. Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - G. Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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Gottlieb Y, Klement E, Aroch I, Lavy E, Kaufman M, Samish M, Markovics A. Temporal association of ambient temperature and relative humidity with Spirocerca lupi infection of Onthophagus sellatus: a 14-year longitudinal study. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:238-42. [PMID: 24929447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Spirocerca lupi causes major morbidity and mortality in dogs. The scarab beetle Onthophagus sellatus is its major intermediate host in Israel. We investigated the prevalence of beetle infection by S. lupi in different years between 1994 and 2008. The average monthly maximum and minimum relative humidity (RH) and ambient temperature (AT) throughout the study period were calculated based on daily meteorological data. The infection prevalence decreased over the study period, possibly due to a chronological change resulting from increased preventive treatment of dogs against S. lupi, or climate change. Multivariate analysis was performed for these two hypotheses. Under the first hypothesis, chronological change was forced into the model, and environmental variables were inserted stepwise. The final model included beetle-collection date, minimum RH (RH min) during the month preceding beetle collection, its interaction with maximal AT (AT max) during that same month, and the interaction of maximal RH (RH max) and AT max, during the month of beetle collection. Under the second hypothesis, chronological change was not forced. The final model included RH max during the month of beetle collection, average RH (RHave) during the month preceding beetle collection, and its interaction with AT max during the latter month. The results suggest that under both hypotheses, RH and AT during the month preceding beetle collection influence S. lupi's ability to develop and survive in O. sellatus, and may be used to predict the risk to dogs of S. lupi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - E Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - I Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - M Kaufman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - M Samish
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - A Markovics
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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Britzi M, Mazon Y, Lavy E, Soback S. Intravenous infusion of electrolyte solution changes pharmacokinetics of drugs: pharmacokinetics of ampicillin. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:445-50. [PMID: 24666465 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in dogs was determined after intravenous (i.v.) bolus and constant rate infusion. Ampicillin was administered to six beagle dogs as an i.v. bolus at 20 mg/kg and as a constant rate i.v. infusion (CRI) at 20 mg/kg during 8 h (0.042 mL/min/kg) in Ringer's lactate (Hartmann's) solution. The concentrations were determined by an LC/MS/MS method. After i.v. bolus, ampicillin total body clearance, apparent volume of distribution at steady-state, mean residence time (MRT), and half-life were 4.53 ± 0.70 mL/min/kg, 0.275 ± 0.044 L/kg, 61 ± 13 min, and 111 (85-169) min, respectively. The corresponding parameters calculated after CRI were 13.5 ± 1.06 mL/min/kg, 0.993 ± 0.415 L/kg, 73 ± 27 min, and 49 (31-69) min. Ampicillin concentration decreased by 30% in the Ringer's lactate infusion solution mostly during the first hour after preparation of the solution. Constant rate infusion of Ringer's lactate solution during 8 h caused significant changes in ampicillin pharmacokinetics. The results suggested that special attention should be given to drug pharmacokinetics when co-administered intravenously with electrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Britzi
- National Residue Control Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Beit Dagan, Israel
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7
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Lavy E, Lee HK, Mabjeesh S, Sabastian C, Baker Y, Giorgi M. Use of the novel atypical opioid tapentadol in goats (Capra hircus
): pharmacokinetics after intravenous, and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:518-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Lavy
- School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - H.-K. Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungnam National University; Daejeon South Korea
| | - S.J. Mabjeesh
- Department of Animal Sciences; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - C. Sabastian
- Department of Animal Sciences; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Y. Baker
- School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - M. Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
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Segev G, Bankirer T, Steinberg D, Duvdevani M, Shapur N, Friedman M, Lavy E. Evaluation of Urinary Catheters Coated with Sustained-Release Varnish of Chlorhexidine in Mitigating Biofilm Formation on Urinary Catheters in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 27:39-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - T. Bankirer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - D. Steinberg
- the Biofilm Research laboratory; Hebrew University; Jerusalem; Israel (Steinberg)
| | - M. Duvdevani
- Department of Urology; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - N.K. Shapur
- Department of Urology; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - M. Friedman
- School of Pharmacy; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - E. Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
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Abstract
Dogs with liver disorders often display gastrointestinal signs that may be triggered by ulceration. The liver is important for inactivation of some forms of gastrin. Therefore, hypergastrinaemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal ulcerations related to liver dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine serum gastrin concentrations in dogs with liver disease. Fasted blood samples were collected from 15 dogs with newly diagnosed liver disease and 18 healthy dogs. Gastrin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt compared with healthy dogs (P=0.003). No significant difference (P=0.6) in gastrin concentration was revealed between dogs with hepatocellular disease and healthy dogs. Serum gastrin concentrations were not significantly associated with the occurrence of vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea, or melaena in dogs with liver disorders. These findings did not provide support for the role of hypergastrinaemia in the development of gastrointestinal signs associated with liver disease in dogs. Decreased serum concentrations of gastrin in a dog with liver disease may suggest the presence of portosystemic shunt. Further investigation is warranted to determine the importance of hyopogastrinaemia in congenital postosystemic shunts in dogs and to evaluate potential alterations in serum gastrin concentrations in specific hepatocellular diseases.
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10
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Horwitz E, Kagan L, Avni-Magen N, Daryi D, Gati I, Hoffman A, Friedman M, Lavy E. A novel subcutaneous controlled-release amoxicillin degradable implant for extended-interval administration in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:494-8. [PMID: 21198679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dosage forms of antimicrobials play a critical role in facilitating the attainment of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) targets as well as adherence in both veterinary and human medicine. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a controlled-release subcutaneous amoxicillin implant for single-dose therapy of large ruminants such as goats, sheep, and deer. The degradable implant, designed to attain PK-PD targets following single administration, was evaluated for amoxicillin release rate and time-concentration profile. In vitro release studies demonstrated constant-rate release of approximately 40% of amoxicillin content within 96 h. In an in vivo study in goats, serving as a model for target animals, a serum concentration of approximately 0.4 mg/L was achieved within 8 h of implant insertion and maintained for >6 days. In comparison, in control goats given a standard single intramuscular amoxicillin dose of 15 mg/kg, amoxicillin peaked at 1.2 mg/L after 1 h, rapidly dropping to below detection level at 8 h. These results suggest that the proposed implant offers a unique modality for animal caregivers to conveniently administer a full antimicrobial course following a single dose of an efficient PK-PD-optimized dosage form. Furthermore, modifications of implant composition may allow for tailoring of its characteristics to various PK, PD, microbiological, and clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Horwitz
- Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Britzi M, Gross M, Lavy E, Soback S, Steinman A. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in fed and fasted horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:511-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Abstract
Spirocerca lupi is primarily a parasite of dogs, which typically causes oesophageal nodules, aortic aneurysms, and spondylitis. This study investigated the efficacy of doramectin as a prophylactic agent for canine spirocercosis. Five beagle dogs were injected subcutaneously with doramectin (400 microg/kg on 3 occasions 30 days apart q30d), while 5 other beagle dogs served as untreated controls. All dogs were inoculated with 40 infectious S. lupi larvae (L3) one month after the last doramectin treatment. All control dogs and 4/5 treated dogs became infected. Two control dogs died of ruptured aortic aneurysms, while no deaths occurred in treated dogs. Oesophageal nodules appeared 40-103 day later in treated as compared to control dogs, and eggs appeared in the faeces 49-106 day later in treated as compared to control dogs. The mean faecal egg count on day 223 in the treatment group was reduced by 99.77%. All control dogs had thoracic radiographic changes during the study, while only 2/5 study dogs showed radiographic changes. This study shows that although doramectin did not entirely prevent canine spirocercosis it reduced the clinical signs associated with infection and delayed and reduced egg output.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Harrus S, Klement E, Aroch I, Stein T, Bark H, Lavy E, Mazaki-Tovi M, Baneth G. Retrospective study of 46 cases of feline haemobartonellosis in Israel and their relationships with FeLV and FIV infections. Vet Rec 2002; 151:82-5. [PMID: 12164225 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.3.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Forty-six cats with clinical haemobartonellosis were studied; 75 per cent of the cats of known age were two-and-a-half years old or younger, 50 per cent were intact males and 19.5 per cent were castrated males. The predominant signs of the disease were tachypnoea, lethargy, depression, anorexia, infestation with fleas, pale mucous membranes, icterus, emaciation, dehydration, splenomegaly, anaemia, leucocytosis, increased activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and azotaemia. Thirty-eight per cent of the cats that were tested for feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) antigen were positive, and 22 per cent of those tested for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies were positive. The prevalence of both FeLV and FIV was much higher than in the general Israeli cat population. The cats infected with both Haemobartonella felis and FeLV had a significantly lower body temperature, were more anaemic and the mean cell volume of their erythrocytes was greater than in the cats with haemobartonellosis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harrus
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Abstract
Metronidazole pharmacokinetics in horses was studied after intravenous (i.v.), rectal (p.r.) and oral (p.o.) administration at 20 mg/kg using a triple crossover study design. Metronidazole mean+/-SD half-life was 196+/-39, 212+/-30 and 240+/-65 min after i.v., p.r. and p.o. administration, respectively. The metronidazole clearance was 2.8 (mL/min/kg) and the volume of distribution at steady state was 0.68 L/kg. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for metronidazole after administration of the drug by the various routes showed that bioavailability (74+/-18 vs. 30+/-9%) and maximum serum concentration (22+/-8 vs. 9+/-2 microg /mL) were significantly higher after p.o. administration compared with p.r. administration. There were no significant differences in mean absorption time (45+/-69 vs. 66+/-18 min) and the time to reach maximum serum concentration (65+/-36 vs. 58+/-18 min). The results indicated that p.r. administration of metronidazole to horses, although inferior to p.o. administration in terms of bioavailability, provides an alternative route of administration when p.o. administration cannot be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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16
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Isoherranen N, Lavy E, Soback S. Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin C(1), C(1a), and C(2) in beagles after a single intravenous dose. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1443-7. [PMID: 10817690 PMCID: PMC89894 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.6.1443-1447.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/1999] [Accepted: 03/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin C(1), C(2), and C(1a) were studied in six beagles after administration of gentamicin at 4 mg/kg of body weight as a single intravenous bolus dose. Plasma concentrations of the gentamicin components were analyzed with a novel high-performance liquid chromatography method capable of identifying and quantifying each of the components. The pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma concentration-versus-time data was performed using the noncompartmental approach. The results indicated significant differences in the pharmacokinetic characteristics between the gentamicin components C(1), C(1a), and C(2). The mean residence times of gentamicin C(1), C(1a), and C(2) were 81+/-13, 84+/-12, and 79+/-13 min (mean +/- standard deviation), respectively. The half-lives of the respective components were 64+/-12, 66+/-12 and 63+/-12 min. Clearance (CL) of gentamicin C(1), 4.62+/-0.71 ml min(-1) kg(-1), was significantly higher (P = 0.0156) than CL of gentamicin C(1a), 1.81+/-0.26 ml min(-1) kg(-1), and C(2), 1.82+/-0.25 ml min(-1) kg(-1). Similarly, the volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)) of gentamicin C(1), 0.36+/-0.04 liter kg(-1), was significantly higher (P = 0.0156) than the V(ss) of gentamicin C(1a), 0.14+/-0.01 liter kg(-1), and C(2), 0.15+/-0.02 liter kg(-1). Tissue binding was considered the most likely cause for the difference. The difference may have clinical and toxicological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Isoherranen
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lavy E, Ziv G, Shem-Tov M, Glickman A, Dey A. Pharmacokinetics of clindamycin HCl administered intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously to dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1999; 22:261-5. [PMID: 10499238 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1999.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A buffered aqueous solution of clindamycin Hcl (200 mg/mL) was injected intravenously (i.v.) intramuscularly (i.m.) and subcutaneously (s.c.) in a non-randomized, partial cross-over trial involving six male and six female dogs. Blood samples were collected at conventional, predetermined time periods and serum drug concentrations were determined by microbiological assay. Dogs were observed clinically for signs of pain, and activity of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was monitored after i.m. dosing. The i.v. data from five of the dogs best fitted a two-compartment open-system pharmacokinetic model whereas a non-compartment model was most suitable for analysis of the data from the remaining seven dogs. The mean i.v. elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) and the mean residence time (MRT) were 124 and 143 min, respectively. The mean volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 0.86 L/kg. Little pain was recorded upon i.m. injection; mean peak serum drug concentration (Cmax) was 4.4 micrograms/mL, the elimination half-life (t1/2el) was 247 min and the calculated bioavailability (F) was 115% of the i.v. dose. Serum CPK activity was elevated to 25-fold the pretreatment level in samples collected 4, 8 and 12 h after i.m. injection. Pain was not recorded after s.c. drug administration; the mean Cmax of 20.8 micrograms/mL was significantly greater than the corresponding value for the i.m. route, and F was 310%. The s.c. route appears to be superior to the i.m. route in terms of local tolerance and serum drug level; a 10 mg/kg SID treatment regimen is suggested for treatment of canine infections due to clindamycin sensitive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Abstract
This paper describes five naturally occurring clinical cases of infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia that were the first serologically confirmed cases of Ehrlichia platys infection in Israel. In the USA this disease is considered subclinical, but the dogs in this study developed distinct clinical abnormalities. The signs observed by the owners included anorexia, lethargy, depression, weight loss and a mucopurulent nasal discharge. The principal findings on physical examination included lymphadenomegaly, pale mucous membranes, fever and the presence of ticks. The main abnormal haematological and biochemical findings included thrombocytopenia, the presence of giant platelets, low haematocrit, monocytosis and low albumin concentrations. All five dogs were less than two years of age, and four were purebred dogs, suggesting that these two factors may be associated with increased risk to infection and clinical disease. Two of the dogs were seropositive to E canis, a finding which is compatible with other reports, and which confirms that combined infections of E platys and E canis are common; it also suggests that E canis infections may contribute to the pathogenesis of E platys. The distinct clinical manifestation of the disease in these five dogs suggests that there may be a different, more virulent strain of E platys in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harrus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Lavy E, Ziv G, Shem-Tov M, Glickman A. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for canine isolates and oral absorption of roxythromycin in fed and fasted dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1995; 18:382-4. [PMID: 8587159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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20
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Lavy E, Goldstein R, Shem-Tov M, Glickman A, Ziv G, Bark H. Disposition kinetics of ampicillin administered intravenously and intraosseously to canine puppies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1995; 18:379-81. [PMID: 8587158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Abstract
An aqueous solution of ampicillin sodium (100 mg ml-1) was administered intravenously and intraosseously to six kitten at 50 mg kg-1 in a crossover study. Jugular vein blood samples were taken at intervals up to eight hours after treatment and the serum ampicillin concentration-time data, derived from a microbiological assay, were analysed pharmacokinetically. The disposition kinetics of ampicillin administered by the two routes were very similar. The mean elimination half-life (t1/2 beta), the area-derived volume of distribution (Varea) and the total body clearance (ClB) values after the intravenous and intraosseous treatment were 86.3 and 79.0 minutes, 0.9 and 0.8 litre kg-1 and 7.3 and 7.6 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively. No side-effects related to the intraosseous administration of the drug were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goldstein
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Lavy E, Ziv G, Aroch I, Glickman A. Pharmacokinetics, intramuscular bio-availability, and bioequivalence of amoxycillin in donkeys. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1995; 42:284-92. [PMID: 8592903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1995.tb00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The disposition kinetics of intravenously (i.v.) administered amoxycillin sodium (10 mg/kg) was determined in four adult donkeys. The elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) of 47.3 +/- 5.1 min, the apparent volume of distribution (Varea) of 0.325 +/- 0.093 l/kg and the total body clearance (ClB) of 4.76 +/- 1.33 ml/min.kg were very close to the corresponding values reported for the horse injected i.v. with amoxycillin sodium. It was evident that because of the rapid rate of drug elimination, limited distribution volume, and high clearance values, the i.v. injected amoxycillin sodium (10-20 mg/kg) was likely to result in potentially therapeutic tissue concentrations for a short time (2-3 h) only. Three formulations of 15% amoxycillin trihydrate suspension in oil were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) to each donkey at 10 mg/kg. Drug absorption was rapid and the elimination half-life (t1/2el) ranged between 6 and 10 h. Mean peak serum amoxycillin concentrations (Cmax) were, however, rather low (0.81-1.68 micrograms/ml) and the i.m. bioavailability was 25.8-45.1% for the different formulations. Although the three formulations were considered to be intramuscularly bio-equivalent and appeared to be well tolerated, it was estimated that multiple SID (once daily) treatments at 10-20 mg/kg could result in tissue concentrations of potential therapeutic value for the treatment of infections caused by very susceptible pathogens only.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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23
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Lavy E, Ziv G, Aroch I, Glickman A. Clinical pharmacologic aspects of cefixime in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56:633-8. [PMID: 7661460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefixime, a new third-generation orally administered caphalosporin, was determined for reference and clinical isolates from dogs. The MIC of the drug for all but 1 of the 18 Enterobacteriaceae isolates tested, 1 Pasteurella canis, 1 Rhodococcus equi, 1 Streptococcus canis, and 1 Streptococcus group G isolate, was less than 1.0 microgram/ml. The MIC for 9 Staphylococcus intermedius isolates ranged from 1.56 to 6.25 micrograms/ml and, for 8 Sta aureus isolates, the MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 micrograms/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces sp, and a single Bordetella bronchiseptica isolate were considered resistant to cefixime. Cefixime was administered orally in 2 phases at a standard dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight to clinically normal adult male and female dogs. In the first phase, the drug was given once as a capsule and once as a suspension. In the second phase, it was administered once per day for 6 consecutive days in capsule form. Serum drug concentration was determined by use of a microbiological assay, and the following kinetic values were estimated for each dog: area under the concentration-time curve, peak serum drug concentration (Cmax), time of Cmax, absorption half-life, and elimination half-life (t1/2el). The kinetic profile of the drug in serum after oral administration of a single dose of cefixime was similar, with mean Cmax values of 3.36 and 4.76 micrograms/ml after treatment with the capsule and suspension, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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24
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Abstract
Cefixime is a unique third-generation oral cephalosporin. Its in vitro activity and pharmacokinetic properties have been studied to assess its potential for use in the therapy of newborn calf infections due to gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefixime for 90% (MIC90) of field isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Pasteurella were 0.10-0.40 micrograms/mL. The serum disposition kinetics of cefixime following intravenous and oral administration was evaluated. The elimination half-life of cefixime after intravenous and oral administration was 3.5-4.0 h, the steady-state volume of distribution was 0.34 L/kg and approximately 90% of the drug was bound to serum proteins. Oral absorption was comparatively slow and bioavailability values for single 5 mg/kg doses were 20.2% after the administration of 200 mg of cefixime in capsules, 28.3% after dosing an aqueous solution of cefixime and 35.7% after fasted calves received the solution of cefixime. Mean serum drug concentrations 12 h after the cefixime solution was administered orally (5 mg/kg) were 1.05 micrograms/mL for the milk-fed calves and 1.76 micrograms/mL for the fasted calves. Computations showed that mean free drug concentrations equal to the MIC50 of the drug for gram-negative pathogens associated with newborn calf infections can be maintained in tissues by multiple treatments at 5 mg/kg every 12 h or 10 mg/kg every 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ziv
- Ministry of Agriculture, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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25
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Lavy E, Ziv G, Glickman A. Intravenous disposition kinetics, oral and intramuscular bioavailability and urinary excretion of norfloxacin nicotinate in donkeys. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1995; 18:101-7. [PMID: 7629923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An aqueous solution of norfloxacin nicotinate (NFN) was administered to donkeys (Aquus asinus) intravenously (once at 10 mg/kg), intramuscularly and orally (both routes once at 10 and 20 mg/kg, and for 5 days at 20 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected at predetermined times after each treatment and urine was sampled after intravenous drug administration. Serum NFN concentrations were determined by microbiological assay. Intravenous injection of NFN over 45-60 s resulted in seizures, profuse sweating and tachycardia. The intravenous half-life (t1/2 beta) was 209 +/- 36 min, the apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)) was 3.34 +/- 0.58 L/kg, the total body clearance (ClB) was 1.092 +/- 0.123 x 10(-2) mL/min/kg and the renal clearance (C1R) was 0.411 +/- 0.057 x 10(-2) mL/min/kg. Oral bioavailability was rather poor (9.6% and 6.4% for the 10 and 20 mg/kg doses respectively). Multiple oral treatments did not result in any clinical gastrointestinal disturbances. After intramuscular administration (20 mg/kg), serum NFN concentrations > 0.25 microgram/mL (necessary to inhibit the majority of gram-negative bacteria isolated from horses) were maintained for 12 h. The intramuscular bioavailability was 31.5% and 18.8% for the 10 and 20 mg/kg doses respectively. After multiple dosing some local swelling was observed at the injection site. About 40% of the intravenous dose was recovered in the urine as parent drug. The results of comprehensive haematological and blood biochemistry tests indicated no abnormal findings except elevation in serum CPK (creatine phosphokinase) values after multiple intramuscular dosing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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26
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Abstract
Three possible explanations for attentional bias effects in anxious subjects have been formulated: the threat-relatedness hypothesis, the emotionality hypothesis and the concern-relatedness hypothesis. In order to investigate these three hypotheses, an experiment was carried out with 33 obsessive compulsive (OC) patients and 29 normal controls. Both groups colour-named a Stroop card with 5 word sets: neutral words and 4 emotional word sets (a 2 x 2 matrix of words, related/unrelated to obsessive compulsive disorder and positively/negatively valenced). In line with previous studies, OC patients selectively attended to negative OC-related cues; this supports the threat-relatedness hypothesis. Although the set-up of the experiment was similar to the Mathews and Klug (1993, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 57-62) study, no evidence was found for the concern-relatedness hypothesis, i.e. the OC patients did not show an attentional bias for positive OC-related words. Two possible reasons for these contradicting findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Limburg University, Department of Mental Health Sciences/Experimental Psychopathology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that anxious subjects show an attentional bias for threat-relevant information. Foa and McNally (1986) (Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 477-485) and Watts et al. (1986) (British Journal of Psychology, 77, 97-108) reported that behaviour therapy can eliminate this attentional bias. A replication study was carried out in order to increase the evidence for exposure being the crucial component in reducing attentional bias. Moreover, in this study some conceptual and clinical issues are explored. The theoretical and clinical implications of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavy
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, Limburg University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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