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Mertens JF, Kempen TGH, Koster ES, Deneer VHM, Bouvy ML, van Gelder T. Cognitive processes in pharmacists' clinical decision-making. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:105-114. [PMID: 37945418 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists' clinical decision-making is a core process in pharmaceutical care. However, the practical aspects and effective teaching methods of this process remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE To examine the cognitive processes involved in pharmacists' perceptions of how they make clinical decisions in pharmacy practice. METHODS Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with pharmacists working in community, outpatient, and hospital care in the Netherlands between August and December 2021. Participants were explicitly asked for examples when asked how they make clinical decisions in practice and how they teach this to others. After transcribing audio-recorded interviews, an inductive thematic analysis was conducted to identify cognitive processes. A theoretical model of clinical decision-making was then used and adapted to structure the identified processes. RESULTS In total, 21 cognitive processes were identified from interviews with 16 pharmacists working in community (n = 5), outpatient (n = 2), and hospital care (n = 9). These cognitive processes were organized into 8 steps of the adapted theoretical model, i.e. problem and demand for care consideration, information collection, clinical reasoning, clinical judgment, shared decision-making, implementation, outcomes evaluation, and reflection. Pharmacists struggled to articulate their clinical decision-making and went back-and-forth in their explanations of this process. All pharmacists emphasized the importance of identifying the problem and described how they collect information through reviewing, gathering, recalling, and investigating. Clinical reasoning entailed various cognitive processes, of which comprehending the problem in the patient's context was deemed challenging at times. Pharmacists seemed least active in evaluating patient outcomes and reflecting on these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists use multiple cognitive processes when making clinical decisions in pharmacy practice, and their back-and-forth explanations emphasize its dynamic nature. This study adds to a greater understanding of how pharmacists make clinical decisions and to the development of a theoretical model that describes this process, which can be used in pharmacy practice and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mertens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - T G H Kempen
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E S Koster
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - V H M Deneer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M L Bouvy
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T van Gelder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Mertens JF, Koster ES, Deneer VHM, Bouvy ML, van Gelder T. Factors influencing pharmacists' clinical decision making in pharmacy practice. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:1267-1277. [PMID: 37236847 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists' clinical decision-making is considered a core process of pharmaceutical care in pharmacy practice, but little is known about the factors influencing this process. OBJECTIVE To identify factors influencing clinical decision-making among pharmacists working in pharmacy practice. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with pharmacists working in primary, secondary, and tertiary care settings in the Netherlands between August and December 2021. A thematic analysis was conducted using an inductive approach. The emerged themes were categorized into the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model domains. RESULTS In total, 16 pharmacists working in primary care (n = 7), secondary care (n = 4) or tertiary care (n = 5) were interviewed. Factors influencing pharmacists' capability to make clinical decisions are a broad theoretical knowledge base, clinical experience, and skills, including contextualizing data, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment. The pharmacy setting, data availability, rules and regulations, intra- and interprofessional collaboration, education, patient perspectives, and time are mentioned as factors influencing their opportunity. Factors influencing pharmacists' motivation are confidence, curiosity, critical thinking, and responsibility. CONCLUSIONS The reported factors covered all domains of the COM-B model, implying that clinical decision-making is influenced by a combination of pharmacists' capability, opportunity, and motivation. Addressing these different factors in pharmacy practice and education may improve pharmacists' clinical decision-making, thereby improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mertens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - E S Koster
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - V H M Deneer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M L Bouvy
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T van Gelder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Koster ES, Philbert D. Communication and relationship building in pharmacy education: Experiences from a student-patient buddy project. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2023:S1877-1297(23)00072-2. [PMID: 37160409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In order to deliver patient-centred pharmaceutical care, pharmacy students need to develop the appropriate competences and skills. During their regular study program, they have limited long-term patient contact. We therefore implemented a student-patient buddy project to give students opportunity to practice and learn from the patient contact. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING A student-patient buddy project was implemented in a 10-week first-year master experiential learning course, including a community pharmacy internship. The pharmacist paired the student with a community-dwelling patient. Student learning activities included: (1) three meetings at the university to prepare and discuss buddy contact moments, (2) three buddy contact moments, (3) discussion with the internship providing pharmacist, and (4) a written reflection report. FINDINGS In total, 66 students participated from April to June 2021. Most students found patient contact fun and a useful learning experience. Students mentioned that patients were very open and there was opportunity to build a relationship. The first conversation was experienced as exciting and sometimes difficult. Understanding the person was perceived as important. Internship pharmacists were positive about the project and saw learning benefits for students, as well as added value for the pharmacy, mainly because patients seemed to appreciate the contact. SUMMARY A student-patient buddy project is a good way to expand the limited long-term "real" patient care experiences of pharmacy students. This enables them to practice communication and building relationships with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Koster
- Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, PO Box 80082, 3508, TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - D Philbert
- Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, PO Box 80082, 3508, TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Koster ES, De Vries TW. Improving care for young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 46:548. [PMID: 32368807 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E S Koster
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T W De Vries
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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Ensing HT, Koster ES, van Berkel PI, van Dooren AA, Bouvy ML. Problems with continuity of care identified by community pharmacists post-discharge. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 42:170-177. [PMID: 27943349 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Medication discrepancies are common at hospital discharge, and medication reconciliation is widely endorsed as a preventive strategy. However, implementation is difficult for instance due to the unreliability of patients medication histories. In the Netherlands, community pharmacies are well-informed about their patients' pre-admission medication status which enables thorough post-discharge reconciliation. Our aim was to study the frequency and nature of medication discrepancies, missing patient's knowledge and administrative problems at admission to primary care. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in pharmacies belonging to the Utrecht Pharmacy Practice network for Education and Research in the Netherlands. Structured checklists were used to evaluate all discharge prescriptions presented by adult patients discharged from the hospital to their own home during the study period. The primary outcome was all possible problems with continuity of care, defined as (i) the number and type of medication discrepancies, (ii) administrative problems and (iii) the necessity for patient education. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In forty-four pharmacies, checklists were completed for 403 patients. Most discharge prescriptions (92%) led to one or more problems with continuity of care (n = 1154, mean 2·9 ± 2·0), divided into medication discrepancies (31%), administrative problems (34%) and necessity for further education (35%). Medication discrepancies (n = 356) resulted mainly from missing pre-admission medication (n = 106) and dose regimen changes (n = 55) on the discharge prescription. Administrative problems (n = 392) originated mainly from administrative incompleteness (n = 177), for example missing reimbursement authorization forms, or supply issues (n = 150), for example insufficient pharmacy stock. The patients' lack of medication knowledge post-discharge was illustrated by the high need for patient education (n = 406). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Community pharmacists are still confronted with problems due to inadequate documentation at discharge which can inflict harm to patients if not properly addressed. To reduce these problems, a rigorous implementation of the medication reconciliation process at all transition points, standardized electronic transfer of all medication-related information and interdisciplinary collaboration are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Ensing
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Process Innovations in Pharmaceutical Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Zorggroep Almere, Outpatient Pharmacy 'de Brug 24/7', Almere, The Netherlands
| | - E S Koster
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P I van Berkel
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A A van Dooren
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Process Innovations in Pharmaceutical Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M L Bouvy
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Koster ES, Schmidt A, Philbert D, van de Garde EMW, Bouvy ML. Health literacy of patients admitted for elective surgery. Z Gesundh Wiss 2016; 25:181-186. [PMID: 28357196 PMCID: PMC5350210 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-016-0774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim Patients with limited health literacy have poorer surgical outcomes. However, current studies assessing the prevalence of limited health literacy in patients expecting surgery are small scale. We aimed to provide insight into the health literacy level of patients undergoing planned surgery. Subject and Methods Patients aged ≥18 years visiting the preoperative screening department were approached in the waiting area and invited to participate in a brief interview including the Functional Communicative Critical Health Literacy (FCCHL). Results In total, 225 patients (84.9% response) were studied. Based on the FCCHL, 37.3% of the patients were classified as having limited health literacy. The mean score in the critical domain (2.7 ± 0.9) was lower than scores in the functional (3.3 ± 0.6) and communicative (3.3 ± 0.6) domains. Conclusion More than one third of the patients admitted to the hospital for surgery had limited health literacy. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the different health literacy levels and tailor their information provision strategies accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Koster
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Schmidt
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Philbert
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E M W van de Garde
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M L Bouvy
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Vijverberg SJH, Koster ES, Tavendale R, Leusink M, Koenderman L, Raaijmakers JAM, Postma DS, Koppelman GH, Turner SW, Mukhopadhyay S, Tse SM, Tantisira KG, Hawcutt DB, Francis B, Pirmohamed M, Pino-Yanes M, Eng C, Burchard EG, Palmer CNA, Maitland-van der Zee AH. ST13 polymorphisms and their effect on exacerbations in steroid-treated asthmatic children and young adults. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1051-9. [PMID: 25616159 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various genes. This study aimed to relate variations in genes in the steroid pathway and asthma susceptibility genes to exacerbations in children and young adults treated with ICS. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of three cohort studies: Pharmacogenetics of Asthma Medication in Children: Medication with Anti-Inflammatory effects (n = 357, age: 4-12 years, the Netherlands), BREATHE (n = 820, age: 3-22 years, UK) and Paediatric Asthma Gene Environment Study (n = 391, age: 2-16 years, UK). Seventeen genes were selected based on a role in the glucocorticoid signalling pathway or a reported association with asthma. Two outcome parameters were used to reflect exacerbations: hospital visits and oral corticosteroid (OCS) use in the previous year. The most significant associations were tested in three independent validation cohorts; the Childhood Asthma Management Programme (clinical trial, n = 172, age: 5-12 years, USA), the Genes- environment and Mixture in Latino Americans II- study (n = 745, age: 8-21, USA) and the Pharmacogenetics of adrenal suppression cohort (n = 391, age: 5-18, UK) to test the robustness of the findings. Finally, all results were meta-analysed. RESULTS Two SNPs in ST13 (rs138335 and rs138337), but not in the other genes, were associated at a nominal level with an increased risk of exacerbations in asthmatics using ICS in the three cohorts studied. In a meta-analysis of all six studies, ST13 rs138335 remained associated with an increased risk of asthma-related hospital visits and OCS use in the previous year; OR = 1.22 (P = 0.013) and OR = 1.22 (P = 0.0017), respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A novel susceptibility gene, ST13, coding for a cochaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor, is associated with exacerbations in asthmatic children and young adults despite their ICS use. Genetic variation in the glucocorticoid signalling pathway may contribute to the interindividual variability in clinical response to ICS treatment in children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J H Vijverberg
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E S Koster
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Tavendale
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - M Leusink
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J A M Raaijmakers
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G H Koppelman
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Paediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S W Turner
- Department of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Mukhopadhyay
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Academic Department of Paediatrics, Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - S M Tse
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Sainte- Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - K G Tantisira
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D B Hawcutt
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Francis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Pino-Yanes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C N A Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - A H Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Vijverberg SJH, Koenderman L, Koster ES, van der Ent CK, Raaijmakers JAM, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Biomarkers of therapy responsiveness in asthma: pitfalls and promises. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 41:615-29. [PMID: 21488995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. There is a large inter-individual variability in response to asthma treatment. Most patients respond well to standard therapy; however, a small proportion of the patients remain symptomatic despite treatment with high dosages of corticosteroids. Uncontrolled asthma leads to a decreased quality of life. Therefore, it is important to identify individuals who will respond poorly to standard asthma medication, especially to standard maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids, at an early stage. Response to anti-inflammatory therapy is generally monitored by the assessment of clinical symptoms, which only partially correlates with underlying airway inflammation. The identification of specific inflammatory biomarkers might help to guide treatment or predict a corticosteroid response more accurately. Some inflammatory biomarkers are already finding their way into clinical practice (e.g. fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled breath), whereas others are predominantly used as a research tool (e.g. profiles of volatile organic compounds). Currently, there is no inflammatory biomarker used in routine clinical practice to predict a corticosteroid response. More knowledge on the underlying biological mechanism(s) of heterogeneous therapeutic responses could help to identify novel biomarkers. This review will focus on inflammatory patterns and genetic variations that may underlie differences in treatment response in patients with asthma, and will provide an overview of inflammatory biomarkers that could potentially serve as response predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J H Vijverberg
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Koster ES, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Tavendale R, Mukhopadhyay S, Vijverberg SJH, Raaijmakers JAM, Palmer CNA. FCER2 T2206C variant associated with chronic symptoms and exacerbations in steroid-treated asthmatic children. Allergy 2011; 66:1546-52. [PMID: 21958076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The T2206C FCER2 variant was found previously to be associated with IgE levels, exacerbation rates and decreased FCER2 expression in children on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) participating in a clinical trial. This finding has not been replicated. We sought to replicate the association between the FCER2 gene and exacerbations in children with asthma. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the T2206C variant may be associated with other markers of steroid resistance such as asthma symptom scores and asthma medication use. METHODS The influence of the T2206C variant on asthma exacerbations (emergency department visits or hospitalization), symptoms scores and medication use was explored using data from two populations of asthmatic children using ICS: Pharmacogenetics of Asthma medication in Children: Medication with ANti-inflammatory effects study (n = 386) and BREATHE study (n = 939). RESULTS The T2206C variant was associated with increased risk of asthma-related hospital visits in both cohorts (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.08-3.40), and meta-analysis with previously published results was highly significant (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.47-3.85, P = 0.0004). The FCER2 variant was also associated with increased risk of uncontrolled asthma measured by Asthma Control Questionnaire (OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.00-6.98) and was associated with increased daily steroid dose (OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.38-4.39). CONCLUSION The association between the FCER2 T2206C variant and asthma-related hospitalizations in steroid-treated asthma appears robust and may also be associated with other indicators of lack of ICS efficacy such as asthma symptoms and a requirement for higher daily doses of ICS. Our results suggest that the FCER2 T2206C variant might be a useful pharmacogenetic predictor of steroid refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Koster
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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