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Nicol E, Adani N, Lin B, Tor E. The temporal analysis of elite breaststroke swimming during competition. Sports Biomech 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34547991 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1975810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Breaststroke is the only competitive stroke characterised by propulsive discontinuity. It is consequently paramount that swimmers optimally coordinate limb movements in order to maintain the highest average velocity possible. The present study aimed to investigate the temporal patterns of elite breaststroke swimmers. 50 m long-course competition footage of (1) 20 male 100 m races, (2) 24 female 100 m races, (3) 15 male 200 m races, and (4) 27 female 200 m races from 2018 to 2020 were digitised and analysed. Six points within each stroke cycle were identified and used to calculate 15 temporal parameters. Analyses revealed multiple temporal pattern differences between groups based on sex and race distance. It is recommended that coaches individualise swimmers' breaststroke temporal patterns based on individual needs, strengths, and morphological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicol
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - N Adani
- Victorian Institute of Sport, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B Lin
- Victorian Institute of Sport, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Tor
- Victorian Institute of Sport, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ottino-González J, Jurado MA, García-García I, Caldú X, Prats-Soteras X, Tor E, Sender-Palacios MJ, Garolera M. Allostatic load and executive functions in overweight adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:165-170. [PMID: 30991312 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Overweight is linked to inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses potentially prompting deregulations in biological systems harmful to the brain, particularly to the prefrontal cortex. This structure is crucial for executive performance, ultimately supervising behaviour. Thus, in the present work, we aimed to test the relationship between allostatic load increase, a surrogate of chronic physiological stress, and core executive functions, such as cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory. METHOD Forty-seven healthy-weight and 56 overweight volunteers aged from 21 to 40 underwent medical and neuropsychological examination. RESULTS Overweight subjects exhibited a greater allostatic load index than healthy-weight individuals. Moreover, the allostatic load index was negatively related to inhibitory control. When separated, the link between allostatic load index and cognitive flexibility was more marked in the overweight group. CONCLUSIONS An overweight status was linked to chronic physiological stress. The inverse relationship between the allostatic load index and cognitive flexibility proved stronger in this group. Set-shifting alterations could sustain rigid-like behaviours and attitudes towards food.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ottino-González
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spain
| | - M A Jurado
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spain.
| | | | - X Caldú
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spain
| | - X Prats-Soteras
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spain
| | - E Tor
- CAP Terrassa Nord, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - M Garolera
- Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Spain; Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Research Group, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Spain
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Ottino-González J, Jurado MA, García-García I, Segura B, Marqués-Iturria I, Sender-Palacios MJ, Tor E, Prats-Soteras X, Caldú X, Junqué C, Pasternak O, Garolera M. Allostatic load and disordered white matter microstructure in overweight adults. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15898. [PMID: 30367110 PMCID: PMC6203765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and stress are both related to brain structural abnormalities. The allostatic load model states that frequent disruption of homeostasis is inherently linked to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses that in turn can damage the brain. However, the effects of the allostatic load on the central nervous system remain largely unknown. The current study aimed to assess the relationship between the allostatic load and the composition of whole-brain white matter tracts in overweight subjects. Additionally, we have also tested for grey matter changes regarding allostatic load increase. Thirty-one overweight-to-obese adults and 21 lean controls participated in the study. Our results showed that overweight participants presented higher allostatic load indexes. Such increases correlated with lower fractional anisotropy in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi and the right anterior corona radiata, as well as with grey matter reductions in the left precentral gyrus, the left lateral occipital gyrus, and the right pars opercularis. These results suggest that an otherwise healthy overweight status is linked to long-term biological changes potentially harmful to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ottino-González
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M A Jurado
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - I García-García
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B Segura
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Marqués-Iturria
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Sender-Palacios
- CAP Terrassa Nord, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Brain, Cognition and Behavior Clinical Research Group, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Tor
- CAP Terrassa Nord, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Brain, Cognition and Behavior Clinical Research Group, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Prats-Soteras
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Caldú
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Junqué
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Pasternak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Garolera
- Unitat de Neuropsicologia, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Brain, Cognition and Behavior Clinical Research Group, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a widely used tool for the assessment of clinical competence in health professional education. The goal of the OSCE is to make reproducible decisions on pass/fail status as well as students' levels of clinical competence according to their demonstrated abilities based on the scores. This paper explores the use of the polytomous Rasch model in evaluating the psychometric properties of OSCE scores through a case study. METHOD The authors analysed an OSCE data set (comprised of 11 stations) for 80 fourth year medical students based on the polytomous Rasch model in an effort to answer two research questions: (1) Do the clinical tasks assessed in the 11 OSCE stations map on to a common underlying construct, namely clinical competence? (2) What other insights can Rasch analysis offer in terms of scaling, item analysis and instrument validation over and above the conventional analysis based on classical test theory? RESULTS The OSCE data set has demonstrated a sufficient degree of fit to the Rasch model (Χ(2) = 17.060, DF=22, p=0.76) indicating that the 11 OSCE station scores have sufficient psychometric properties to form a measure for a common underlying construct, i.e. clinical competence. Individual OSCE station scores with good fit to the Rasch model (p > 0.1 for all Χ(2) statistics) further corroborated the characteristic of unidimensionality of the OSCE scale for clinical competence. A Person Separation Index (PSI) of 0.704 indicates sufficient level of reliability for the OSCE scores. Other useful findings from the Rasch analysis that provide insights, over and above the analysis based on classical test theory, are also exemplified using the data set. CONCLUSION The polytomous Rasch model provides a useful and supplementary approach to the calibration and analysis of OSCE examination data.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tor
- School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle
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Galey FD, Terra R, Walker R, Adaska J, Etchebarne MA, Puschner B, Fisher E, Whitlock RH, Rocke T, Willoughby D, Tor E. Type C botulism in dairy cattle from feed contaminated with a dead cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:204-9. [PMID: 10826832 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Four hundred twenty-seven of 441 adult Holstein dairy cattle from a 1,200-cow dairy died over a 1-week period during early spring 1998. Affected animals were from 4 late lactation pens, one of which included the bull string. Signs included weakness, recumbency, watery diarrhea, and death. Eighty animals from the 4 pens were dead approximately 8 hours after the first ill cows were noted. Affected cows would collapse on stimulation and extend all 4 limbs with moderate rigidity. Several lacked lingual tonus and had abdominal breathing patterns. The animals had been fed a load of total mixed ration that included a rotten bale of oat hay containing a dead cat. No common toxicants were identified, and pathologic examination revealed no consistent lesions. Testing of tissue from the cat carcass found in the feed sample using mouse protection bioassay identified the presence of type C botulinum toxin. Samples of feed, tissue from affected animals, cat tissue from feed, milk, and serum were also tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for type C botulinum. Two samples of rumen contents were tested and found to be positive for botulism by ELISA, and 1 of 3 liver samples had a weak positive finding. No botulinum toxin was found in milk or sera using the ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Galey
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie 82070, USA
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Abstract
Since mid-1989, 37 cases of oleander poisoning in livestock have been diagnosed at the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System. The most frequent source for oleander exposure was plant clippings. Sudden death was the most common presenting complaint. Other signs reported included diarrhea, pulmonary edema, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, colic, and lethargy. In the past, a presumptive diagnosis of oleander poisoning could be based only on matching clinical signs with evidence of consumption of oleander. A new 2 dimensional Thin-layer chromatography analysis of ingesta for oleandrin and an awareness of lesions in heart muscle have greatly improved the ability to diagnose oleander toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Galey
- California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Tamir D, Cohen S, Edelstein P, Tor E, Halfon ST, Palti H, Reshef A. Health education in Jerusalem schools. Hygie 1987; 6:15-8. [PMID: 3428901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Tamir
- Department of Public Health Municipality of Jerusalem
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Tor E. [Inservice education for 1983 public health nurses on the topic of breast feeding]. Ahot Beyisrael 1984; 41:19-21. [PMID: 6570525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Tamir D, Noam F, Tor E, Cohen M. [Head lice in school children in Jerusalem]. Harefuah 1984; 107:93-5. [PMID: 6510807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Tor E. [The nurse's duties in a school for backward children]. Ahot Beyisrael 1966; 12:37. [PMID: 5181389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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