1
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Söhling N, Al Zoghool S, Schätzlein E, Neijhoft J, Costa Oliveira KM, Leppik L, Ritz U, Dörsam E, Frank J, Marzi I, Blaeser A, Henrich D. In vitro Evaluation of a 20% Bioglass-Containing 3D printable PLA Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Bioprint 2022; 8:602. [DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v8i4.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is considered a key technology in the production of customized scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In a previous work, we developed a 3D printable, osteoconductive, hierarchical organized scaffold system. The scaffold material should be osteoinductive. Polylactic acid (PLA) (polymer)/Bioglass (BG) (mineral/ion source) composite materials are promising. Previous studies of PLA/BG composites never exceed BG fractions of 10%, as increase of bioactive BG component negatively affects the printability of the composite material. Here, we test a novel, 3D printable PLA/BG composite with BG fractions up to 20% for its biological activity in vitro. PLA/BG filaments suitable for microstructure 3D printing were spun and the effect of different BG contents (5%, 10%, and 20%) in this material on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) activity was tested in vitro. Our results showed that all tested composites are biocompatible. MSC cell adherence and metabolic activity increase with increasing BG content. The presence of BG component in scaffold has only slight effect on osteogenic gene expression, but it has significant suppressive effect on the expression of inflammatory genes in MSC. In addition, the material did not provoke any significant inflammatory response in whole-blood stimulation assay. The results show that by increasing the BG content, the bioactivity can be further enhanced.
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2
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Brumm P, Fritschen A, Doß L, Dörsam E, Blaeser A. Fabrication of biomimetic networks using viscous fingering in flexographic printing. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35579018 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac6b06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian tissue comprises a plethora of hierarchically organized channel networks that serve as routes for the exchange of liquids, nutrients, bio-chemical cues or electrical signals, such as blood vessels, nerve fibers, or lymphatic conduits. Despite differences in function and size, the networks exhibit a similar, highly branched morphology with dendritic extensions. Mimicking such hierarchical networks represents a milestone in the biofabrication of tissues and organs. Work to date has focused primarily on the replication of the vasculature. Despite initial progress, reproducing such structures across scales and increasing biofabrication efficiency remain a challenge. In this work, we present a new biofabrication method that takes advantage of the viscous fingering phenomenon. Using flexographic printing, highly branched, inter-connective channel structures with stochastic, biomimetic distribution and dendritic extensions can be fabricated with unprecedented efficiency. Using gelatin (5%-35%) as resolvable sacrificial material, the feasability of the proposed method is demonstrated on the example of a vascular network. By selectively adjusting the printing velocity (0.2-1.5 m s-1), the anilox roller dip volume (4.5-24 ml m-2) as well as the shear viscosity of the printing material used (10-900 mPas), the width of the structures produced (30-400 µm) as well as their distance (200-600 µm) can be specifically determined. In addition to the flexible morphology, the high scalability (2500-25 000 mm2) and speed (1.5 m s-1) of the biofabrication process represents an important unique selling point. Printing parameters and hydrogel formulations are investigated and tuned towards a process window for controlled fabrication of channels that mimic the morphology of small blood vessels and capillaries. Subsequently, the resolvable structures were casted in a hydrogel matrix enabling bulk environments with integrated channels. The perfusability of the branched, inter-connective structures was successfully demonstrated. The fabricated networks hold great potential to enable nutrient supply in thick vascularized tissues or perfused organ-on-a-chip systems. In the future, the concept can be further optimized and expanded towards large-scale and cost-efficient biofabrication of vascular, lymphatic or neural networks for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Brumm
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 1194-Interaction between Transport and Wetting Processes, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 10, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Anna Fritschen
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BioMedical Printing Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany
| | - Lara Doß
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BioMedical Printing Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany
| | - Edgar Dörsam
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 1194-Interaction between Transport and Wetting Processes, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 10, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BioMedical Printing Technology, Magdalenenstr. 2, Darmstadt, 64289, Germany.,Technical University of Darmstadt, Centre for Synthetic Biology, Schnittspahnstr. 10, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
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3
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Laumann D, Spiehl D, Dörsam E. Device for measuring part adhesion in FFF process. HardwareX 2022; 11:e00258. [PMID: 35509946 PMCID: PMC9058659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of parts to the build surface plays a central role in the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process. Without sufficient adhesion, the part will deform (so called warping) due to thermal shrinkage, so that no defined geometries can be created. Nevertheless, there is no established method to measure the adhesion of printed parts and therefore it is not possible to targeted improve it. This article presents a measurement method based on the DIN EN 28510-1 standard and a corresponding test device which makes it possible to identify the optimum build surface for a filament and also to improve the process parameters in a targeted manner. The test device combines a FFF printer with a measuring unit so that all common filaments can be tested close to the process up to a processing temperature of 400 °C in the nozzle and around 150 °C on the build platform. The test device uses only open-source parts and software and costs about 1700€.
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4
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Braig F, Narrog F, Sauer HM, Dörsam E. Interferometric Imaging of Solvent Vapor of Evaporating Liquid Films. Langmuir 2021; 37:5385-5392. [PMID: 33882677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The liquid deposition of thin films requires a thorough understanding of the underlying drying process, as it is an essential subprocess, where many defects may arise. To complement experimental studies, the present study uses a laser Michelson interferometer to visualize the vapor cloud of evaporating liquid films. The recorded interferometric patterns are evaluated using windowed Fourier filtering and a novel phase-unwrapping algorithm to allow for a robust analysis. Thin solvent stripes of different lengths are combined to yield a quantitative two-dimensional distribution of the solvent vapor concentration along a thin liquid stripe. The results show a considerable influence of natural convection during evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Braig
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289 Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Florian Narrog
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289 Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Hans M Sauer
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289 Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Edgar Dörsam
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289 Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany
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5
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Elter A, Bock T, Spiehl D, Russo G, Hinz SC, Bitsch S, Baum E, Langhans M, Meckel T, Dörsam E, Kolmar H, Schwall G. Carbohydrate binding module-fused antibodies improve the performance of cellulose-based lateral flow immunoassays. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7880. [PMID: 33846482 PMCID: PMC8042022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the pandemic outbreak of Covid-19 in December 2019, several lateral flow assay (LFA) devices were developed to enable the constant monitoring of regional and global infection processes. Additionally, innumerable lateral flow test devices are frequently used for determination of different clinical parameters, food safety, and environmental factors. Since common LFAs rely on non-biodegradable nitrocellulose membranes, we focused on their replacement by cellulose-composed, biodegradable papers. We report the development of cellulose paper-based lateral flow immunoassays using a carbohydrate-binding module-fused to detection antibodies. Studies regarding the protein binding capacity and potential protein wash-off effects on cellulose paper demonstrated a 2.7-fold protein binding capacity of CBM-fused antibody fragments compared to the sole antibody fragment. Furthermore, this strategy improved the spatial retention of CBM-fused detection antibodies to the test area, which resulted in an enhanced sensitivity and improved overall LFA-performance compared to the naked detection antibody. CBM-assisted antibodies were validated by implementation into two model lateral flow test devices (pregnancy detection and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies). The CBM-assisted pregnancy LFA demonstrated sensitive detection of human gonadotropin (hCG) in synthetic urine and the CBM-assisted Covid-19 antibody LFA was able to detect SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies present in serum. Our findings pave the way to the more frequent use of cellulose-based papers instead of nitrocellulose in LFA devices and thus potentially improve the sustainability in the field of POC diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tina Bock
- Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Sustainability, Science and Technology Relations, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dieter Spiehl
- Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institue of Printing Science and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bitsch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eva Baum
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Langhans
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Edgar Dörsam
- Institue of Printing Science and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. .,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Schwall
- Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. .,Sustainability, Science and Technology Relations, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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6
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Smarsly E, Daume D, Tone R, Veith L, Curticean ER, Wacker I, Schröder RR, Sauer HM, Dörsam E, Bunz UHF. Printing Poly( p-phenyleneethynylene) PLEDs. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:3317-3322. [PMID: 30525370 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gravure printing of functional thin-film layers of side-chain-substituted poly( para-phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs) is reported. Rheological properties of PPEs in combination with the Hansen solubility model allowed the formulation of enhanced single-component inks. Layer evaluation is performed with reflectometric thin-film recordings in an optical setup for laterally resolved large-area investigation using imaging color reflectometry. An organic light-emitting diode in a simple glass/indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/PPE/LiF-Al stack was gravure-printed from the improved ink showing excellent luminance (542 cd m-2, U = 11.5 V) for this polymer class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Smarsly
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Dominik Daume
- Institute of Printing Science and Technology , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Magdalenenstraße 2 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH (iL) , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Robert Tone
- Institute of Printing Science and Technology , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Magdalenenstraße 2 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH (iL) , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Lisa Veith
- Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ernest Ronald Curticean
- Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Irene Wacker
- Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- InnovationLab GmbH (iL) , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Hans Martin Sauer
- Institute of Printing Science and Technology , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Magdalenenstraße 2 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Edgar Dörsam
- Institute of Printing Science and Technology , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Magdalenenstraße 2 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH (iL) , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH (iL) , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
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7
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Jaeger J, Groher F, Stamm J, Spiehl D, Braun J, Dörsam E, Suess B. Characterization and Inkjet Printing of an RNA Aptamer for Paper-Based Biosensing of Ciprofloxacin. Biosensors (Basel) 2019; 9:E7. [PMID: 30609709 PMCID: PMC6468496 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The excessive use of antibiotics in food-producing animals causes a steady rise of multiple antibiotic resistance in foodborne bacteria. Next to sulfonamides, the most common antibiotics groups are fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and ß-lactams. Therefore, there is a need for a quick, efficient, and low-cost detection procedure for antibiotics. In this study, we propose an inkjet-printed aptamer-based biosensor developed for the detection of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Due to their extraordinary high affinity and specificity, aptamers are already widely used in various applications. Here we present a ciprofloxacin-binding RNA aptamer developed by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). We characterized the secondary structure of the aptamer and determined the KD to 36 nM that allow detection of antibiotic contamination in a relevant range. We demonstrate that RNA aptamers can be inkjet-printed, dried, and resolved while keeping their functionality consistently intact. With this proof of concept, we are paving the way for a potential range of additional aptamer-based, printable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Jaeger
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Florian Groher
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Jacqueline Stamm
- Institute for Printing Science and Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Dieter Spiehl
- Institute for Printing Science and Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Johannes Braun
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Edgar Dörsam
- Institute for Printing Science and Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Beatrix Suess
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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8
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Herzog N, Brilmayer R, Stanzel M, Kalyta A, Spiehl D, Dörsam E, Hess C, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Gravure printing for mesoporous film preparation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23570-23578. [PMID: 35530608 PMCID: PMC9069313 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04266k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents gravure printing as a new strategy for rapid printing of ceramic mesoporous thin films and highlights its advantages over conventional mesoporous film preparation using evaporation induced self-assembly together with dip-coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Herzog
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Robert Brilmayer
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Mathias Stanzel
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Anastasia Kalyta
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Dieter Spiehl
- Institute of Printing Science and Technology
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64289 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Edgar Dörsam
- Institute of Printing Science and Technology
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64289 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Christian Hess
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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9
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Happel K, Dörsam E, Urban P. Measuring isotropic subsurface light transport. Opt Express 2014; 22:9048-9062. [PMID: 24787793 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.009048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Subsurface light transport can affect the visual appearance of materials significantly. Measuring and modeling this phenomenon is crucial for accurately reproducing colors in printing or for rendering translucent objects on displays. In this paper, we propose an apparatus to measure subsurface light transport employing a reference material to cancel out adverse signals that may bias the results. In contrast to other approaches, the setup enables improved focusing on rough surfaces (e.g. uncoated paper). We derive a measurement equation that may be used to deduce the point spread function (PSF) of subsurface light transport. Main contributions are the usage of spectrally-narrowband exchangeable LEDs allowing spectrally-resolved measurements and an approach based on quadratic programming for reconstructing PSFs in the case of isotropic light transport.
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10
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Bornemann N, Dörsam E. A flatbed scanner for large-area thickness determination of ultra-thin layers in printed electronics. Opt Express 2013; 21:21897-21911. [PMID: 24104082 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.021897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enabling solution-based printing techniques for sub-100 nm thin semiconductors for the application in large-area organic electronics is a challenging task. In order to optimize the process parameters, the layers have to be characterized on a large lateral scale while determining the nanometer thickness at the same time. We present a lateral and vertical resolving measurement method for large-area, semi-transparent thin films based on optical interference effects. We analyzed the RGB color images of up to 150 mm square-sized thin film samples obtained by a modified commercial flatbed scanner. Utilizing and comparing theoretical and measured color contrast values, we determined most probable thickness values of the imaged sample area pixel by pixel. Within specific boundary conditions, we found very good agreement between the presented imaging color reflectometry and reference methods. Due to its simple setup, our method is suitable to be implemented as part of a color vision inspection system in in-line printing and coating processes.
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11
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Nesterov A, Dörsam E, Cheng YC, Schirwitz C, Märkle F, Löffler F, König K, Stadler V, Bischoff R, Breitling F. Peptide arrays with a chip. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 669:109-24. [PMID: 20857361 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-845-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Today, lithographic methods enable combinatorial synthesis of >50,000 oligonucleotides per cm(2), an advance that has revolutionized the whole field of genomics. A similar development is expected for the field of proteomics, provided that affordable, very high-density peptide arrays are available. However, peptide arrays lag behind oligonucleotide arrays. This is mainly due to the monomer-by-monomer repeated consecutive coupling of 20 different amino acids associated with lithography, which adds up to an excessive number of coupling cycles. A combinatorial synthesis based on electrically charged solid amino acid particles resolves this problem. A computer chip consecutively addresses the different charged particles to a solid support, where, when completed, the whole layer of solid amino acid particles is melted at once. This frees hitherto immobilized amino acids to couple all 20 different amino acids in one single coupling reaction to the support. The method should allow for the translation of entire genomes into a set of overlapping peptides to be used in proteome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nesterov
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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