1
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Schoenfeld K, Harwardt J, Habermann J, Elter A, Kolmar H. Conditional activation of an anti-IgM antibody-drug conjugate for precise B cell lymphoma targeting. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1258700. [PMID: 37841262 PMCID: PMC10569071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1258700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancerous B cells are almost indistinguishable from their non-malignant counterparts regarding their surface antigen expression. Accordingly, the challenge to be faced consists in elimination of the malignant B cell population while maintaining a functional adaptive immune system. Here, we present an IgM-specific antibody-drug conjugate masked by fusion of the epitope-bearing IgM constant domain. Antibody masking impaired interaction with soluble pentameric as well as cell surface-expressed IgM molecules rendering the antibody cytotoxically inactive. Binding capacity of the anti-IgM antibody drug conjugate was restored upon conditional protease-mediated demasking which consequently enabled target-dependent antibody internalization and subsequent induction of apoptosis in malignant B cells. This easily adaptable approach potentially provides a novel mechanism of clonal B cell lymphoma eradication to the arsenal available for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schoenfeld
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Habermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Bogen JP, Elter A, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Humanization of Chicken-Derived Antibodies by Yeast Surface Display. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2491:335-360. [PMID: 35482199 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2285-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chicken-derived antibodies emerged as a promising tool for diagnostic and therapeutic usage. Due to the phylogenetic distance between birds and mammals, chicken immunization campaigns with human antigens result in a chicken antibody (IgY) repertoire targeting epitopes not addressed by rodent-derived antibodies. However, this phylogenetic distance accounts for a low homology of IgY molecules to human antibodies, resulting in potential immunogenicity and thus excluding IgYs from therapeutic applications. Herein, we describe a straightforward method to efficiently humanize chicken-derived antibodies by a CDR-grafting-based approach, including a simultaneous randomization of key residues (Vernier residues). Utilizing yeast surface display (YSD) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), yeast cells displaying functional humanized scFvs and Fab variants are isolated, and subsequent next-generation sequencing (NGS) enables the identification of humanized antibody variants with restored affinity and beneficial protein characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Merck Lab @ Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center S.A., Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Elter A, Rippke C, Johnen W, Mann P, Hellwich E, Schwahofer A, Dorsch S, Buchele C, Klüter S, Karger CP. End-to-end test for fractionated online adaptive MR-guided radiotherapy using a deformable anthropomorphic pelvis phantom. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34845991 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac3e0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.In MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) for prostate cancer treatments inter-fractional anatomy changes such as bladder and rectum fillings may be corrected by an online adaption of the treatment plan. To clinically implement such complex treatment procedures, however, specific end-to-end tests are required that are able to validate the overall accuracy of all treatment steps from pre-treatment imaging to dose delivery.Approach.In this study, an end-to-end test of a fractionated and online adapted MRgRT prostate irradiation was performed using the so-called ADAM-PETer phantom. The phantom was adapted to perform 3D polymer gel (PG) dosimetry in the prostate and rectum. Furthermore, thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs) were placed at the center and on the surface of the prostate for additional dose measurements as well as for an external dose renormalization of the PG. For the end-to-end test, a total of five online adapted irradiations were applied in sequence with different bladder and rectum fillings, respectively.Main results.A good agreement of measured and planned dose was found represented by highγ-index passing rates (3%/3mmcriterion) of the PG evaluation of98.9%in the prostate and93.7%in the rectum. TLDs used for PG renormalization at the center of the prostate showed a deviation of-2.3%.Significance.The presented end-to-end test, which allows for 3D dose verification in the prostate and rectum, demonstrates the feasibility and accuracy of fractionated and online-adapted prostate irradiations in presence of inter-fractional anatomy changes. Such tests are of high clinical importance for the commissioning of new image-guided treatment procedures such as online adaptive MRgRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elter
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Rippke
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Johnen
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Mann
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Hellwich
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Schwahofer
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Dorsch
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Buchele
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Klüter
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C P Karger
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Elter A, Bogen JP, Habermann J, Kolmar H. Vom Huhn abgeleitete Antikörper für Diagnostik und Immuntherapie. Biospektrum 2021; 27:500-504. [PMID: 34511735 PMCID: PMC8417631 DOI: 10.1007/s12268-021-1623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDue to the large evolutionary distance between birds (Aves) und humans, immunization of chickens with human proteins results in a strong response of the bird’s adaptive immune system to proteins of mammalian origin. Additionally, chicken-derived antibodies display less undesired cross-reactivity in analytical setups than conventional rodent-derived antibodies. Due to these features as well as the facile amplification of antibody-coding genes, chicken-derived antibodies emerged as promising molecules for the immunotherapy and various biotechnological applications.
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Elter A, Yanakieva D, Fiebig D, Hallstein K, Becker S, Betz U, Kolmar H. Protease-Activation of Fc-Masked Therapeutic Antibodies to Alleviate Off-Tumor Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715719. [PMID: 34413859 PMCID: PMC8369199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the Fc region of therapeutic antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) can lead to unpredictable and severe side effects. Over the last decades several strategies have been developed to overcome this drawback, including extensive Fc- and glycoengineering and antibody isotype switching. However, these approaches result in permanently Fc-silenced antibody derivates which partially or completely lack antibody-mediated effector functions. Nevertheless, for a majority of antibody-based drugs, Fc-mediated effector functions, like antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) as well as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), represent the most substantial modes of action. We argued that a new strategy combining the beneficial properties of Fc-silencing and controlled activation of effector functions can pave the way to potent antibody therapeutics, reducing the FcγRs-mediated off-target toxicity. We present a novel Fc-tamed antibody format, where the FcγR-binding sites of antibodies are blocked by anti-isotypic masking units, hindering the association of FcγR and complement component 1 (c1q) to the Fc domain. The masking units were genetically fused to trastuzumab, including a protease-addressable peptide-liker. Our Fc-tamed antibodies demonstrated completely abolished interaction to soluble high-affinity Fcγ-Receptor I and c1q. In reporter cell-based ADCC assays, our Fc-tamed antibodies exhibited a 2,700 to 7,100-fold reduction in activation, compared to trastuzumab. Upon demasking by a tumor-associated protease, the Fc-activated antibodies demonstrated restored FcγR-binding, c1q-binding and the ability to induce potent ADCC activation. Furthermore, cell killing assays using donor-derived NK cells were performed to validate the functionality of the Fc-tamed antibody variants. To our knowledge, this approach represents the first non-permanently Fc-silenced antibody, which can be re-activated by a tumor-associated protease, eventually extending the field of novel antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hallstein
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Betz
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Elter A, Mann P, Hellwich E, Dorsch S, Karger C. PO-1580 Absolute gel dosimetry without dose renormalization employing fractionated calibration. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)08031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Elter A, Dorsch S, Thomas S, Hentschke CM, Floca RO, Runz A, Karger CP, Mann P. PAGAT gel dosimetry for everyone: gel production, measurement and evaluation. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 34237712 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac12a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gel (PG) dosimetry is a valuable tool to measure complex dose distributions in 3D with a high spatial resolution. However, due to complex protocols that need to be followed for in-house produced PGs and the high costs of commercially available gels, PG gels are only rarely applied in quality assurance procedures worldwide. In this work, we provide an introduction to perform highly standardized dosimetric PG experiments using PAGAT (PolyAcrylamide Gelatine gel fabricated at ATmospheric conditions) dosimetry gel. PAGAT gel can be produced at atmospheric conditions, at low costs and is evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The conduction of PG experiments is described in great detail including the gel production, treatment planning, irradiation, MRI evaluation and post-processing procedure. Furthermore, a plugin in an open source image processing tool for post-processing is provided free of charge that allows a standardized and reproducible analysis of PG experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elter
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Dorsch
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Thomas
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C M Hentschke
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R O Floca
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Runz
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C P Karger
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Mann
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Elter A, Bock T, Spiehl D, Russo G, Hinz SC, Bitsch S, Baum E, Langhans M, Meckel T, Dörsam E, Kolmar H, Schwall G. Carbohydrate binding module-fused antibodies improve the performance of cellulose-based lateral flow immunoassays. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7880. [PMID: 33846482 PMCID: PMC8042022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the pandemic outbreak of Covid-19 in December 2019, several lateral flow assay (LFA) devices were developed to enable the constant monitoring of regional and global infection processes. Additionally, innumerable lateral flow test devices are frequently used for determination of different clinical parameters, food safety, and environmental factors. Since common LFAs rely on non-biodegradable nitrocellulose membranes, we focused on their replacement by cellulose-composed, biodegradable papers. We report the development of cellulose paper-based lateral flow immunoassays using a carbohydrate-binding module-fused to detection antibodies. Studies regarding the protein binding capacity and potential protein wash-off effects on cellulose paper demonstrated a 2.7-fold protein binding capacity of CBM-fused antibody fragments compared to the sole antibody fragment. Furthermore, this strategy improved the spatial retention of CBM-fused detection antibodies to the test area, which resulted in an enhanced sensitivity and improved overall LFA-performance compared to the naked detection antibody. CBM-assisted antibodies were validated by implementation into two model lateral flow test devices (pregnancy detection and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies). The CBM-assisted pregnancy LFA demonstrated sensitive detection of human gonadotropin (hCG) in synthetic urine and the CBM-assisted Covid-19 antibody LFA was able to detect SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies present in serum. Our findings pave the way to the more frequent use of cellulose-based papers instead of nitrocellulose in LFA devices and thus potentially improve the sustainability in the field of POC diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tina Bock
- Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Sustainability, Science and Technology Relations, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dieter Spiehl
- Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institue of Printing Science and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bitsch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eva Baum
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Langhans
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Edgar Dörsam
- Institue of Printing Science and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. .,Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Schwall
- Merck Lab, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. .,Sustainability, Science and Technology Relations, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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9
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Elter A, Hellwich E, Dorsch S, Schäfer M, Runz A, Klüter S, Ackermann B, Brons S, Karger CP, Mann P. Development of phantom materials with independently adjustable CT- and MR-contrast at 0.35, 1.5 and 3 T. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:045013. [PMID: 33333496 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abd4b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quality assurance in magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiotherapy lacks anthropomorphic phantoms that represent tissue-equivalent imaging contrast in both computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging. In this study, we developed phantom materials with individually adjustable CT value as well as [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-relaxation times in MR imaging at three different magnetic field strengths. Additionally, their experimental stopping power ratio (SPR) for carbon ions was compared with predictions based on single- and dual-energy CT. Ni-DTPA doped agarose gels were used for individual adjustment of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] and 3.0 T. The CT value was varied by adding potassium chloride (KCl). By multiple linear regression, equations for the determination of agarose, Ni-DTPA and KCl concentrations for given [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and CT values were derived and employed to produce nine specific soft tissue samples. Experimental [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and CT values of these soft tissue samples were compared with predictions and additionally, carbon ion SPR obtained by range measurements were compared with predictions based on single- and dual-energy CT. The measured CT value, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of the produced soft tissue samples agreed very well with predictions based on the derived equations with mean deviations of less than [Formula: see text] While single-energy CT overestimates the measured SPR of the soft tissue samples, the dual-energy CT-based predictions showed a mean SPR deviation of only [Formula: see text] To conclude, anthropomorphic phantom materials with independently adjustable CT values as well as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] relaxation times at three different magnetic field strengths were developed. The derived equations describe the material specific relaxation times and the CT value in dependence on agarose, Ni-DTPA and KCl concentrations as well as the chemical composition of the materials based on given [Formula: see text] and CT value. Dual-energy CT allows accurate prediction of the carbon ion range in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elter
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany. National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany. Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Becker B, Englert S, Schneider H, Yanakieva D, Hofmann S, Dombrowsky C, Macarrón Palacios A, Bitsch S, Elter A, Meckel T, Kugler B, Schirmacher A, Avrutina O, Diederichsen U, Kolmar H. Multivalent dextran hybrids for efficient cytosolic delivery of biomolecular cargoes. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3298. [PMID: 33458922 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel biotherapeutics based on peptides and proteins is often limited to extracellular targets, because these molecules are not able to reach the cytosol. In recent years, several approaches were proposed to overcome this limitation. A plethora of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) was developed for cytoplasmic delivery of cell-impermeable cargo molecules. For many CPPs, multimerization or multicopy arrangement on a scaffold resulted in improved delivery but also higher cytotoxicity. Recently, we introduced dextran as multivalent, hydrophilic polysaccharide scaffold for multimerization of cell-targeting cargoes. Here, we investigated covalent conjugation of a CPP to dextran in multiple copies and assessed the ability of resulted molecular hybrid to enter the cytoplasm of mammalian cells without largely compromising cell viability. As a CPP, we used a novel, low-toxic cationic amphiphilic peptide L17E derived from M-lycotoxin. Here, we show that cell-penetrating properties of L17E are retained upon multivalent covalent linkage to dextran. Dextran-L17E efficiently mediated cytoplasmic translocation of an attached functional peptide and a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Moreover, a synthetic route was established to mask the lysine side chains of L17E with a photolabile protecting group thus opening avenues for light-triggered activation of cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Becker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Simon Englert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schneider
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Sarah Hofmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Carolin Dombrowsky
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Arturo Macarrón Palacios
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bitsch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Merck Lab, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kugler
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Anastasyia Schirmacher
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Ulf Diederichsen
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
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Elter A, Bogen JP, Hinz SC, Fiebig D, Macarrón Palacios A, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Humanization of Chicken-Derived scFv Using Yeast Surface Display and NGS Data Mining. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000231. [PMID: 33078896 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Generation of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies by immunization of chickens is a valuable strategy, particularly for obtaining antibodies directed against epitopes that are conserved in mammals. A generic procedure is established for the humanization of chicken-derived antibodies. To this end, high-affinity binders of the epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain are isolated from immunized chickens using yeast surface display. Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of two high-affinity binders are grafted onto a human acceptor framework. Simultaneously, Vernier zone residues, responsible for spatial CDR arrangement, are partially randomized. A yeast surface display library comprising ≈300 000 variants is screened for high-affinity binders in the scFv and Fab formats. Next-generation sequencing discloses humanized antibody variants with restored affinity and improved protein characteristics compared to the parental chicken antibodies. Furthermore, the sequencing data give new insights into the importance of antibody format, used during the humanization process. Starting from the antibody repertoire of immunized chickens, this work features an effective and fast high-throughput approach for the generation of multiple humanized antibodies with potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Jan P Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Arturo Macarrón Palacios
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center S.A., Chemin de la Vergognausaz 50, Saint-Prex, 1162, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
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12
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Elter A, Mann P, Dorsch S, Runz A, Martin S, Karger C. PH-0409: Development of materials with independently adjustable MR- and CT-contrast to validate pseudo CTs. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Marot M, Elter A, Mann P, Schwahofer A, Lang C, Johnen W, Körber S, Beuthien-Baumann B, Gillmann C. PO-1408: End-to-end empirical validation of 3D dose distributions using an anthropomorphic pelvis phantom. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)01426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Hinz SC, Elter A, Rammo O, Schwämmle A, Ali A, Zielonka S, Herget T, Kolmar H. A Generic Procedure for the Isolation of pH- and Magnesium-Responsive Chicken scFvs for Downstream Purification of Human Antibodies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:688. [PMID: 32656201 PMCID: PMC7324474 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity chromatography provides an excellent platform for protein purification, which is a key step in the large scale downstream processing of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Protein A chromatography constitutes the gold standard for Mab purification. However, the required acidic conditions (2.8–3.5) for elution from the affinity matrix limit their applicability, particularly for next generation antibodies and antibody fusion proteins, since denaturation and irreversible aggregation can occur due to the acidic buffer conditions. Here we describe a generic procedure for the generation of antigen-specific chromatography ligands with tailor-made elution conditions. To this end, we generated a scFv-library based on mRNA from a chicken immunized with human Fc. The antibody repertoire was displayed on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae screened via FACS toward pH- and magnesium-responsive scFvs which specifically recognize human IgG antibodies. Isolated scFvs were reformatted, produced in Escherichia coli and immobilized on NHS-agarose columns. Several scFvs were identified that mediated antibody binding at neutral pH and antibody recovery at pH values of 4.5 and higher or even at neutral pH upon MgCl2 exposure. The iterative screening methodology established here is generally amenable to the straightforward isolation of stimulus-responsive antibodies that may become valuable tools for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Rammo
- Life Science Division, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Ataurehman Ali
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Herget
- Strategy und Transformation, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Hinz SC, Elter A, Grzeschik J, Habermann J, Becker B, Kolmar H. Simplifying the Detection of Surface Presentation Levels in Yeast Surface Display by Intracellular tGFP Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2070:211-222. [PMID: 31625098 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9853-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Yeast surface display (YSD) is an ultra-high throughput method used in protein engineering. Protein-protein interactions as well as surface presentation on the yeast cell surface are verified through fluorophore-conjugated labeling agents.In this chapter we describe an improved setup for full-length surface presentation detection. To this end, we used a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the protein to be displayed and a 2A sequence and tGFP for an intracellular fluorescence signal. The 2A sequence allows the simultaneous generation of two separate proteins from the same ORF through ribosomal skipping. The entangled expression of the POI on the yeast surface and intracellular tGFP obviates the need for fluorescent staining steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Habermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bastian Becker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Elter A, Dorsch S, Mann P, Runz A, Johnen W, Spindeldreier CK, Klüter S, Karger CP. End-to-end test of an online adaptive treatment procedure in MR-guided radiotherapy using a phantom with anthropomorphic structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:225003. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab4d8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Dorsch S, Mann P, Elter A, Runz A, Spindeldreier CK, Klüter S, Karger CP. Measurement of isocenter alignment accuracy and image distortion of an 0.35 T MR-Linac system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:205011. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Johnen W, Runz A, Homolka N, Niebuhr N, Mann P, Beuthien-Baumann B, Gillmann C, Pfaffenberger A, Elter A, Hoffmann A, Troost E, Körber S, Echner G. EP-1710 Update ADAM-pelvis phantom: New possibilities to simulate treatment scenarios in radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)32130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Dorsch S, Mann P, Elter A, Runz A, Klüter S, Karger C. EP-1707 Polymer gel-based tests for geometric accuracy in a 0.35 T MR-LINAC. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)32127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Elter A, Dorsch S, Mann P, Runz A, Johnen W, Karger CP. Compatibility of 3D printing materials and printing techniques with PAGAT gel dosimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:04NT02. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aafef0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Grzeschik J, Yanakieva D, Roth L, Krah S, Hinz SC, Elter A, Zollmann T, Schwall G, Zielonka S, Kolmar H. Yeast Surface Display in Combination with Fluorescence‐activated Cell Sorting Enables the Rapid Isolation of Antibody Fragments Derived from Immunized Chickens. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800466. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Grzeschik
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 4D‐64287 DarmstadtGermany
- Merck Lab @ Technische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 8, D‐64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 4D‐64287 DarmstadtGermany
- Merck Lab @ Technische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 8, D‐64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Lukas Roth
- Protein Engineering and Antibody TechnologiesMerck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 250, D‐64293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody TechnologiesMerck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 250, D‐64293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Steffen C. Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 4D‐64287 DarmstadtGermany
- Merck Lab @ Technische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 8, D‐64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 4D‐64287 DarmstadtGermany
- Merck Lab @ Technische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 8, D‐64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Tina Zollmann
- Science RelationsMerck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 250, D‐64293DarmstadtGermany
- Merck Lab @ Technische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 8, D‐64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Gerhard Schwall
- Science RelationsMerck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 250, D‐64293DarmstadtGermany
- Merck Lab @ Technische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 8, D‐64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody TechnologiesMerck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 250, D‐64293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 4D‐64287 DarmstadtGermany
- Merck Lab @ Technische Universität DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Strasse 8, D‐64287DarmstadtGermany
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22
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Kroczek C, Lang C, Nitschke L, Elter A, Brachs S, Jäck HM, Mielenz D. Swiprosin 1 – regulator of proximal BCR signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2009. [PMCID: PMC4291838 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-s1-a79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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