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Monini M, Ostanello F, Vignolo E, Pagani E, Gamper S, Spertini S, Masi E, Rabini M, Stenico A, Poznanski E, Di Bartolo I. Occurrence of two Norovirus outbreaks in the same cafeteria in one week. New Microbiol 2019; 42:156-160. [PMID: 31305934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In October 2017, two outbreaks of gastroenteritis (GE) occurred among patrons of a cafeteria in Italy in one week. Virological and bacteria investigations on stool samples, environment and food were conducted to identify the infectious agents and the possible source of infection. Forty-five cases occurred in the two outbreaks, including 13 laboratory-confirmed cases of norovirus GI. Nine staff members were interviewed, six were confirmed positive for NoV GI and 3 experienced GE symptoms. Bacteria faecal indicators and other bacteria pathogens were not detected in either environmental swab samples or food. A low level of NoV GII was detected in two environmental swab samples. The same GI.6 strain was identified in cases related to both outbreaks, suggesting a common source of infection. Since the two outbreaks occurred in one week, the NoV contamination could have persisted in the cafeteria. Furthermore, virological investigation revealed confirmed cases among food handlers who had worked at the cafeteria between and during the two outbreaks. Several studies highlighted the importance of excluding symptomatic food handlers to prevent contamination of foods and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Monini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sabine Gamper
- Hygiene and Public Health Service, Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Silvia Spertini
- Hygiene and Public Health Service, Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Elisa Masi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Michela Rabini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alberta Stenico
- Biological laboratory, Agency for Environment and Climate Protection of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Italy
| | - Elisa Poznanski
- Biological laboratory, Agency for Environment and Climate Protection of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Falcone E, Busi C, Lavazza A, Monini M, Bertoletti M, Canelli E, Vignolo E, Ruggeri FM, Boniotti MB. Molecular characterization of avian rotaviruses circulating in Italian poultry flocks. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:509-15. [PMID: 26399154 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1096011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Avian rotaviruses are still largely undefined despite being widespread in several avian species and despite the economic impact of rotavirus (RV) enteritis in poultry flocks. In this study, the presence of different avian RV groups was investigated in commercial poultry flocks reared in Northern and Central Italy and with a history of enteric diseases. Faeces or intestinal contents from different avian species previously found to contain RV particles by electron microscopy (EM) were analysed by both RNA-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction specific for groups A, D, F and G RVs. Group D avian RV was detected in 107 of 117 samples tested (91.5%), whereas groups A, F and G avian RVs were present in 70 (59%), 61 (52.1%) and 31 (26.5%) samples, respectively. Multiple presence of different RV groups was detected in 83% of samples. This study provides novel data on the prevalence of genetically different avian RVs in Italian poultry flocks. This information is useful to elucidate the epidemiology of avian RVs circulating in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Falcone
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Chiara Busi
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Marco Bertoletti
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Elena Canelli
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
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Monini M, Vignolo E, Ianiro G, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM, Di Bartolo I. Detection of Torque Teno Sus Virus in Pork Bile and Liver Sausages. Food Environ Virol 2016; 8:283-288. [PMID: 27294982 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTV) are small DNA viruses widespread among humans and pigs. The clinical significance of TTV infections in either humans or pigs is uncertain. In fact, TTV viremia is highly prevalent in patients with different pathologies, but it can also be frequently observed in healthy subjects. Virus infection in pigs is considered a putative cofactor in several diseases; despite being detected frequently in healthy animals, its role still remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) in 62 bile samples collected from pigs at slaughterhouse and in 36 fresh pork liver sausages bought at point of sale. Quantitative Real-Time PCR, confirmed that 19.4 and 58.3 % of bile and sausage samples tested positive for TTSuV, respectively. The mean viral load was established as 5.6 × 104 GE/µl for bile and 7.16 × 103 GE/g for sausages. TTSuV nucleotide sequence analysis confirmed a wide heterogeneity among the circulating TTSuV strains, which included both TTSuV1 and TTSuV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Monini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Tozzoli R, Di Bartolo I, Gigliucci F, Brambilla G, Monini M, Vignolo E, Caprioli A, Morabito S. Pathogenic Escherichia coli and enteric viruses in biosolids and related top soil improvers in Italy. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:239-247. [PMID: 27684893 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the presence of genomic traits associated with a set of enteric viruses as well as pathogenic Escherichia coli in top soil improvers (TSI) from Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four TSI samples originating from municipal sewage sludges, pig manure, green and household wastes were analysed by real time PCR for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV), porcine and human adenovirus (HuAdV), norovirus, rotavirus and diarrhoeagenic E. coli. None of the samples was found positive for HEV or rotavirus. Four samples were positive for the presence of nucleic acids from human norovirus, two of them being also positive for HuAdV. Real time PCR screening gave positive results for many of the virulence genes characteristic of diarrhoeagenic E. coli in 21 samples. These included the verocytotoxin-coding genes, in some cases associated with intimin-coding gene, and markers of enteroaggregative, enterotoxigenic and enteroinvasive E. coli. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that enteric viruses and pathogenic E. coli may be released into the environment through the use of sludge-derived TSI. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results highlight that the TSI-related environmental risk for the food chain should be more deeply assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tozzoli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - I Di Bartolo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Gigliucci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Monini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Vignolo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Caprioli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Morabito
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Di Trani L, Savarino A, Campitelli L, Norelli S, Puzelli S, D'Ostilio D, Vignolo E, Donatelli I, Cassone A. Different pH requirements are associated with divergent inhibitory effects of chloroquine on human and avian influenza A viruses. Virol J 2007; 4:39. [PMID: 17477867 PMCID: PMC1878474 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline previously used in malaria therapy and now becoming an emerging investigational antiviral drug due to its broad spectrum of antiviral activities. To explore whether the low pH-dependency of influenza A viruses might affect the antiviral effects of chloroquine at clinically achievable concentrations, we tested the antiviral effects of this drug on selected human and avian viruses belonging to different subtypes and displaying different pH requirements. Results showed a correlation between the responses to chloroquine and NH4Cl, a lysosomotropic agent known to increase the pH of intracellular vesicles. Time-of-addition experiments showed that the inhibitory effect of chloroquine was maximal when the drug had been added at the time of infection and was lost after 2 h post-infection. This timing approximately corresponds to that of virus/cell fusion. Moreover, there was a clear correlation between the EC50 of chloroquine in vitro and the electrostatic potential of the HA subunit (HA2) mediating the virus/cell fusion process. Overall, the present study highlights the critical importance of a host cell factor such as intravesicular pH in determining the anti-influenza activity of chloroquine and other lysosomotropic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Ammonium Chloride/metabolism
- Ammonium Chloride/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival
- Chloroquine/pharmacology
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral/drug effects
- Dogs
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/physiology
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/drug effects
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Poultry
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Time Factors
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Di Trani
- Dept. of Food and Animal Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Savarino
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Campitelli
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Norelli
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Puzelli
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Ostilio
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- Dept. of Food and Animal Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Donatelli
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassone
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Ruggieri A, Di Trani L, Gatto I, Franco M, Vignolo E, Bedini B, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Canine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells. Vet Microbiol 2006; 121:64-72. [PMID: 17254720 PMCID: PMC7117493 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is widespread in dogs in several countries and causes mild enteric illness evolving to severe enteritis in young pups. In in vitro cultures canine coronaviruses generally induce extensive cell death, however nature of the events leading to cell death remains largely unknown. We analysed the induction of cytopathic effect by CCoV in a canine fibrosarcoma cell line (A-72) in order to characterize the apoptotic effect in homologous cell system. Following CCoV infection A-72 cell line, which is permissive to CCoV, showed reduced growth rate, as detected by MTT assay, a standard colorimetric assay for measuring cellular proliferation, and underwent to apoptotic death. Starting from 24 h after CCoV infection, cells morphology appeared dramatically changed, with cells rounding and detachment from culture surface. Morphologic and biochemical features of apoptosis, such as blebbing of the plasma membrane, translocation of phosphatidilserine to cell surface and annexin V positive staining, nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic bodies formation and DNA laddering, were detected in CCoV-infected cells. Propidium iodide staining of infected culture indicated the appearance of hypodiploid DNA peak corresponding to apoptotic cell population. Commonly to other animal coronavirus infection caspase-3 is likely to contribute to the execution phase of apoptosis induced by CCoV in A-72 cells since we found activation of enzymatic activity as well as procaspase-3 activating cleavage. Apoptotic death of infected cells is detrimental as it causes cell and tissue destruction as well as inflammatory responses. Therefore in the case of CCoV associated gastroenteritis, apoptosis of epithelial mucosa cells may be responsible for pathology induced by CCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruggieri
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Di Trani L, Bedini B, Cordioli P, Muscillo M, Vignolo E, Moreno A, Tollis M. Molecular Characterization of Low Pathogenicity H7N3 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Italy. Avian Dis 2004; 48:376-83. [PMID: 15283425 DOI: 10.1637/7088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The complete coding regions of the surface glycoproteins, nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase 2 (PB2), and matrix (M) of A/turkey/214845/02 and A/turkey/220158/99 (H7N3) low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses isolated in October 2002 in Italy were amplified and sequenced to determine the epidemiologic relationships with an A/turkey/Italy/4603/99 (H7N1/4603/99) LPAI virus isolated during the 1999-2001 epizootic in Italy. The hemagglutinin (HA) of H7N3 viruses showed 97.8% nucleotide similarity with A/turkey/Italy/4603/99 (H7N1), and NP, M, and PB2 gene similarities were 93.6%, 98.2%, and 96.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of HA, PB2, and M genes showed that H7N3 and H7N1 viruses were closely related. Sequence analysis revealed a 23 amino acid deletion in the stalk of the neuraminidase of H7N3 viruses and a unique deletion of amino acid glycine in position 17 in the NP gene of H7N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Trani
- Department of Food and Animal Health, Istituto Supieriore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
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Falcone E, Vignolo E, Di Trani L, Puzelli S, Tollis M. Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Assays for the Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus as a Contaminant of Live Poultry Vaccines. Altern Lab Anim 1998. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299802600508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay specific for identifying avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in poultry vaccines, and the serological response to IBV induced by the inoculation of chicks with a Newcastle disease vaccine spiked with the Massachusetts strain of IBV, were compared for their ability to detect IBV as a contaminant of avian vaccines. The sensitivity of the IBV-RT-PCR assay provided results which were at least equivalent to the biological effect produced by the inoculation of chicks, allowing this assay to be considered a valid alternative to animal testing in the quality control of avian immunologicals. This procedure can easily be adapted to detect a number of contaminants for which the in vivo test still represents the only available method of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Falcone
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Di Trani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Puzelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Tollis
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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9
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Falcone E, Vignolo E, Di Trani L, Puzelli S, Tollis M. Comparative evaluation of in vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus as a contaminant of live poultry vaccines. Altern Lab Anim 1998; 26:629-634. [PMID: 26042490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR( assay specific for identifying avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in poultry vaccines, and the serological response to IBV induced by the inoculation of chicks with a Newcastle disease vaccine spiked with the Massachusetts strain of IBV, were compared for their ability to detect IBV as a contaminant of avian vaccines. The sensitivity of the IBV-RT-PCR assay provided results which were at least equivalent to the biological effect produced by the inoculation of chicks, allowing this assay to be considered a valid alternative to animal testing in the quality control of avian immunologicals. This procedure can easily be adapted to detect a number of contaminants for which the in vivo test still represents the only available method of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Falcone
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Vignolo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Di Trani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Puzelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Tollis
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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