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Sromek L, Ylinen E, Kunnasranta M, Maduna SN, Sinisalo T, Michell CT, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Ieshko E, Andrievskaya E, Alexeev V, Leidenberger S, Hagen SB, Nyman T. Loss of species and genetic diversity during colonization: Insights from acanthocephalan parasites in northern European seals. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10608. [PMID: 37869427 PMCID: PMC10585441 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on host-parasite systems that have experienced distributional shifts, range fragmentation, and population declines in the past can provide information regarding how parasite community richness and genetic diversity will change as a result of anthropogenic environmental changes in the future. Here, we studied how sequential postglacial colonization, shifts in habitat, and reduced host population sizes have influenced species richness and genetic diversity of Corynosoma (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) parasites in northern European marine, brackish, and freshwater seal populations. We collected Corynosoma population samples from Arctic, Baltic, Ladoga, and Saimaa ringed seal subspecies and Baltic gray seals, and then applied COI barcoding and triple-enzyme restriction-site associated DNA (3RAD) sequencing to delimit species, clarify their distributions and community structures, and elucidate patterns of intraspecific gene flow and genetic diversity. Our results showed that Corynosoma species diversity reflected host colonization histories and population sizes, with four species being present in the Arctic, three in the Baltic Sea, two in Lake Ladoga, and only one in Lake Saimaa. We found statistically significant population-genetic differentiation within all three Corynosoma species that occur in more than one seal (sub)species. Genetic diversity tended to be high in Corynosoma populations originating from Arctic ringed seals and low in the landlocked populations. Our results indicate that acanthocephalan communities in landlocked seal populations are impoverished with respect to both species and intraspecific genetic diversity. Interestingly, the loss of genetic diversity within Corynosoma species seems to have been less drastic than in their seal hosts, possibly due to their large local effective population sizes resulting from high infection intensities and effective intra-host population mixing. Our study highlights the utility of genomic methods in investigations of community composition and genetic diversity of understudied parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Sromek
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of OceanographyUniversity of GdanskGdyniaPoland
| | - Eeva Ylinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Mervi Kunnasranta
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Simo N. Maduna
- Department of Ecosystem in the Barents RegionNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchSvanvikNorway
| | - Tuula Sinisalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Craig T. Michell
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Red Sea Research CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Evgeny Ieshko
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research CentreRussian Academy of SciencesPetrozavodskRussia
| | | | | | - Sonja Leidenberger
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics, School of BioscienceUniversity of SkövdeSkövdeSweden
| | - Snorre B. Hagen
- Department of Ecosystem in the Barents RegionNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchSvanvikNorway
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystem in the Barents RegionNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchSvanvikNorway
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Virrueta Herrera S, Johnson KP, Sweet AD, Ylinen E, Kunnasranta M, Nyman T. High levels of inbreeding with spatial and host-associated structure in lice of an endangered freshwater seal. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4593-4606. [PMID: 35726520 PMCID: PMC9544963 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Host-specialist parasites of endangered large vertebrates are in many cases more endangered than their hosts. In particular, low host population densities and reduced among-host transmission rates are expected to lead to inbreeding within parasite infrapopulations living on single host individuals. Furthermore, spatial population structures of directly-transmitted parasites should be concordant with those of their hosts. Using population genomic approaches, we investigated inbreeding and population structure in a host-specialist seal louse (Echinophthirius horridus) infesting the Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis), which is endemic to Lake Saimaa in Finland, and is one of the most endangered pinnipeds in the world. We conducted genome resequencing of pairs of lice collected from 18 individual Saimaa ringed seals throughout the Lake Saimaa complex. Our analyses showed high genetic similarity and inbreeding between lice inhabiting the same individual seal host, indicating low among-host transmission rates. Across the lake, genetic differentiation among individual lice was correlated with their geographic distance, and assignment analyses revealed a marked break in the genetic variation of the lice in the middle of the lake, indicating substantial population structure. These findings indicate that movements of Saimaa ringed seals across the main breeding areas of the fragmented Lake Saimaa complex may in fact be more restricted than suggested by previous population-genetic analyses of the seals themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Virrueta Herrera
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew D Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Eeva Ylinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mervi Kunnasranta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.,Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Svanhovd Research Station, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
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Nyman T, Papadopoulou E, Ylinen E, Wutke S, Michell CT, Sromek L, Sinisalo T, Andrievskaya E, Alexeev V, Kunnasranta M. DNA barcoding reveals different cestode helminth species in northern European marine and freshwater ringed seals. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 15:255-261. [PMID: 34277335 PMCID: PMC8261468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Three subspecies of the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) are found in northeastern Europe: P. h. botnica in the Baltic Sea, P. h saimensis in Lake Saimaa in Finland, and P. h. ladogensis in Lake Ladoga in Russia. We investigated the poorly-known cestode helminth communities of these closely related but ecologically divergent subspecies using COI barcode data. Our results show that, while cestodes from the Baltic Sea represent Schistocephalus solidus, all worms from the two lakes are identified as Ligula intestinalis, a species that has previously not been reported from seals. The observed shift in cestode communities appears to be driven by differential availability of intermediate fish host species in marine vs. freshwater environments. Both observed cestode species normally infect fish-eating birds, so further work is required to elucidate the health and conservation implications of cestode infections in European ringed seals, whether L. intestinalis occurs also in marine ringed seals, and whether the species is able to reproduce in seal hosts. In addition, a deep barcode divergence found within S. solidus suggests the presence of cryptic diversity under this species name. COI barcoding reveals different cestodes in marine and freshwater ringed seals. Ligula intestinalis is reported for the first time from seals. A deep barcode divergence is found within Schistocephalus solidus in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
| | - Elena Papadopoulou
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Eeva Ylinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Saskia Wutke
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Craig T Michell
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ludmila Sromek
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Tuula Sinisalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | | - Mervi Kunnasranta
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Finland.,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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Ylinen E, Salmela L, Peräsaari J, Jaatinen T, Tenca A, Vapalahti O, Färkkilä M, Jalanko H, Kolho K. Human leucocyte antigens B*08, DRB1*03 and DRB1*13 are significantly associated with autoimmune liver and biliary diseases in Finnish children. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:322-326. [PMID: 27759901 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) allele and haplotype frequencies of the Finnish population are unique because of the restricted and homogenous gene population. There are no published data on HLA genotype associations in paediatric autoimmune liver diseases in Scandinavia. This study characterised the HLA genotypes of children with autoimmune liver or biliary disease in Finland. METHODS The study cohort comprised 19 paediatric patients (13 female) aged three years to 15 years treated for autoimmune liver or biliary disease at the Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, between 2000 and 2011, and followed up for four years and three months to 14.6 years. We genotyped HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 in the children, and the HLA antigen frequencies were compared with 19 807 records from the Finnish Bone Marrow Donor Registry. RESULTS All paediatric patients with autoimmune liver or biliary disease had either autoimmune HLA haplotype B*08;DRB1*03 or DRB1*13. These were significantly more common among patients with autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome than the Finnish control population. HLA RB1*04 was not found in the study cohort. CONCLUSION Our study found that B*08, DRB1*03 and DRB1*13 were significantly associated with autoimmune liver and biliary diseases in Finnish paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ylinen
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology and Transplantation Children's Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology Children's Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - L Salmela
- Medical School University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - J Peräsaari
- Clinical Laboratory Finnish Red Cross Blood Service Helsinki Finland
| | - T Jaatinen
- Clinical Laboratory Finnish Red Cross Blood Service Helsinki Finland
| | - A Tenca
- Clinic of Gastroenterology University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - O Vapalahti
- Department of Virology and Immunology HUSLAB Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa Helsinki Finland
| | - M Färkkilä
- Clinic of Gastroenterology University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - H Jalanko
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology and Transplantation Children's Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - K‐L Kolho
- Department of Gastroenterology Children's Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
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Abstract
Cystatin C is a non-glycated, 13-kDa basic protein produced by all nucleated cells. Recent studies have indicated that the plasma concentration of cystatin C is a better marker for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than plasma creatinine, which is most commonly used for this purpose. We established reference values for plasma cystatin C in pre- or full-term infants and children. For comparison we also measured the creatinine concentration in the same samples. Cystatin C was measured by a commercially available immunoturbidimetric method with a Hitachi 704 analyzer in sera obtained from 58 pre-term infants, 50 full-term infants and 299 older children (132 girls, 167 boys, median age 4.17 years, range 8 days to 16 years). No sex differences were found. The pre-term infants had higher cystatin C concentrations (mean 1.88 mg/l, SD 0.36 mg/l) than the full-term (mean 1.70 mg/l, SD 0.26 mg/l, P=0.0145). The reference interval for pre-term infants calculated non-parametrically was 1.34-2.57 mg/l and for full-term infants 1.36-2.23 mg/l. The cystatin C concentration decreased rapidly after birth, and above 3 years of age did not depend on age. The reference interval for children 3-16 years of age calculated non-parametrically was 0.51-1.31 mg/l. Younger children (<1 year: 0.75-1.87 mg/l; 1-3 years: 0.68-1.60 mg/l) had slightly, but significantly, higher plasma cystatin C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harmoinen
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
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Malmi P, Punkkinen M, Ylinen E, Shevtsov V. Separation of the ortho and para NMR signals in solid deuterium via DQ filtering. J Magn Reson 2000; 145:326-333. [PMID: 10910702 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2000.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Double quantum (DQ) filtering is shown to lead to an effective separation of the NMR signals from the para (I = 1) and ortho (I = 2) molecules in solid deuterium. The separation is achieved by the pulse sequence 90(φ)( degrees )-t(pr)-90(φ)( degrees )-t(ev)-90(x)( degrees )-t, where the phase-cycled first two pulses create the DQ coherence. Two components are observed after the third pulse; the para signal shows the maximum at a short time t while the ortho signal reaches the maximum at a longer t. The observed signal can be expressed as (1/2) summation operator(I) [F(I)(t(pr) - t) - F(I)(t(pr) + t)], where F(I)(t) is a proper fitting function for the free induction signal of the para and ortho molecules (with I = 1 or 2, respectively). Numerical fits to experimental data at 4.2 and 2 K show that this method can be used to determine the ratio F(1)(0)/F(2)(0) and thus, because the initial value F(I)(0) is proportional to the respective magnetization before the pulse sequence, the ortho and para concentrations in solid deuterium. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malmi
- Wihuri Physical Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, FIN-20014, Finland
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Yang J, Lindal S, Ylinen E, Setälä N, Hukkanen V, Seljelid R. A novel and efficient regimen for producing chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) in SJL mice. APMIS 1999; 107:800-6. [PMID: 10515131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report that SJL mice developed chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) when injected with a mixture of mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH), killed mycobacteria tuberculosis (M. tb), and mycobacteria butyricum (M. b) in PBS 2 months before a conventional acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction injection. The altered progression of the disease involved an accelerated but less severe acute attack and development of a chronic course with relapsing-remitting episodes. Histological examination revealed inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination in the brain. The dose of neuroantigen as well as the anatomical sites of injections were found to be crucial for the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Biology, University Hospital, University of Tromsø, Norway
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