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Lei F, Heinrich M, Reich E, Weckerle C. Quality variation of maidong (Ophiopogon japonicus and Liriope spicata) - A HPTLC-based approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 241:115990. [PMID: 38280236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The tuberous roots of Ophiopogon japonicus and Liriope spicata are used for the same therapeutic purpose in traditional Chinese medicine and are collectively referred to as maidong medicine. Interestingly, it was observed that the price of tuberous roots varies depending on their location on the plant, and fibrous roots are usually discarded post-harvest. Mislabeling might be of concern due to similarities in morphological features between the two species. Moreover, paclobutrazol has been observed to be heavily applied during the production, and therefore might be of health concern. Overall, maidong might suffer from quality inconsistencies while its metabolomic complexity is influenced by growing region and cultivation practices, botanical species, and plant parts. To address these challenges, this study employed High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) approach, in which sample preparation and derivatization procedure were optimized to enable to capture more detailed and comprehensive metabolomic fingerprints. By integrating with rTLC algorithm and Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA), an improved quality assessment was achieved. Samples were collected from four production regions and supplemented with commercial products from markets. The optimized HPTLC analysis recognized species- and region-specific metabolomic patterns of maidong, uncovering a 4% of mislabelled cases. Moreover, findings highlight the underexplored therapeutic potential of fibrous roots, and comparable therapeutic efficacy between different root types. Additionally, complemented by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) for paclobutrazol residue evaluation, 24.66% of the commercial maidong samples surpassed maximum residue limits of paclobutrazol, raising safety concerns. This research represents a significant analytical advancement, offering a robust, cost-effective, and comprehensive method for maidong quality control, and paving the way for more strict residue regulation and updates to herbal pharmacopoeias and monographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyi Lei
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Caroline Weckerle
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Frommenwiler DA, Reich E, Sharaf MHM, Cañigueral S, Etheridge CJ. Investigation of market herbal products regulated under different categories: How can HPTLC help to detect quality problems? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925298. [PMID: 36003516 PMCID: PMC9393483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Herbal products regulated under different categories were found to be of different quality. This has been demonstrated by the increasing number of reports on the quality of herbal products in the scientific literature. Proper identification is an effective way to address this concerning issue early on in a products’ manufacturing process.Objectives: To assess the quality of milk thistle, coneflower and black cohosh herbal drugs, preparations and products commercialized under different regulatory categories, and to illustrate the usefulness of HPTLC as a tool for evaluating quality.Methods: HPTLC methods were adapted from the European Pharmacopeia’s monographs for milk thistle fruits, black cohosh and purple coneflower. Additional detection modes beyond those described in the monographs were employed, and the entire HPTLC fingerprints were used for examination of identity and purity of the investigated samples.Results: All products regulated as Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products were shown to be of high quality: their fingerprints were consistent and without unexpected zones. A significant number of food supplements show quality issues (mainly adulterations): 52.4% of milk thistle, 33.3% of coneflower, and 45.5% of black cohosh products. The same was observed in 66.6% of black cohosh herbal drugs and preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora A. Frommenwiler
- CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Eike Reich,
| | | | - Salvador Cañigueral
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Schmid M, Do TKT, Trettin I, Reich E. Applicability of the Universal Mixture for describing system suitability and quality of analytical data in routine normal phase High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography methods. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1666:462863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Perera WH, Frommenwiler DA, Sharaf MHM, Reich E. An improved high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method to unambiguously assess Ginkgo biloba leaf finished products. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-021-00146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Do TKT, Reich E. Moving Standardization of HPTLC to the Next Level. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:1047. [PMID: 34920776 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, CH-4132 Muttenz
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Do TKT, De Vaumas R, Reich E. Phytochemical profiling of iridoids by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-021-00110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Do TKT, Trettin I, De Vaumas R, Cañigueral S, Valder C, Reich E. Proposal for a standardised method for the identification of essential oils by HPTLC. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2021; 2021:157-166. [PMID: 34751647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), includes both individual monographs on essential oils and a general monograph that covers all essential oils for pharmaceutical use, whether covered by an individual monograph or not. The individual monographs generally describe gas chromatography as a first identification test, while thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods are included in the second identification series. To comply with Ph. Eur. general chapter 2.8.25. High-performance thin-layer chromatography of herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations, HPTLC parameters must be standardised. Currently, 18 of the 32 monographs on essential oils feature the same TLC/HPTLC method, but differ in terms of the other conditions described. A single, standardised chromatographic system with a system suitability test (SST) and intensity markers for all 32 essential oils covered by individual monographs would be desirable, particularly for pharmacies and other users that cannot perform gas chromatography for financial reasons. To this end, this paper describes the development of a general HPTLC method for the identification of essential oils in compliance with general chapter 2.8.25. The method proposes the use of ethyl acetate, toluene (5:95 V/V) as mobile phase, isoeugenol/isoeugenyl acetate for the SST, and a combination of one alcohol (either borneol or linalool) and one ester (either linalyl acetate or bornyl acetate) as intensity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K T Do
- CAMAG AG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - I Trettin
- CAMAG AG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - R De Vaumas
- Extrasynthese, Impasse Jacquard, F-69730 Genay, France
| | - S Cañigueral
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-3, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Valder
- Systema Natura, Konrad-Zuse-Ring 8, 24220 Flintbek, Germany
| | - E Reich
- CAMAG AG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Frommenwiler DA, Sabatini-Samori C, Scherübl R, Wolkinger V, Nachtergael A, Guo DA, Reich E, Cañigueral S, Rose U. An alternative and simplified approach to identification and test for minimum content of TCM herbal drugs. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2021; 2021:1-25. [PMID: 33734082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Following a decision of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) Commission, the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) Working Party started a pilot phase to examine the suitability of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) minimum content test as an alternative to the classical assay in TCM monographs. This approach was evaluated with two TCM herbal drugs: Fritillaria thunbergii bulbs (FTB) and Corydalis rhizome (CYR). Firstly, the existing HPTLC methods were optimised for both drugs. The new methods were applied to the evaluation of multiple samples, and acceptance criteria for the identification, following Ph. Eur. chapter 2.8.25. High-performance thin-layer chromatography of herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations, were set. The HPTLC test for minimum content of markers was then developed and validated. In this test, the intensity of the marker zone in the fingerprint of the sample is compared to the corresponding zone in the reference solution, which has a concentration giving an intensity equivalent to the acceptance criterion. This test gives a pass or fail result rather than a content and can be performed visually (on the images) or by software (using peak profiles from images; PPI). Reproducibility of the HPTLC methods was evaluated in a collaborative trial including six laboratories. In summary, results for FTB from five laboratories were in agreement. The remaining laboratory did not pass the identification of the samples. For CYR, all laboratories presented the same results for identification. In the test for minimum content, one borderline sample passed in four laboratories and failed in two. All laboratories reached similar conclusions for the other seven samples. The HPTLC methods proposed offer a simplified approach to evaluating identity and minimum content of TCM drugs in a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Frommenwiler
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - C Sabatini-Samori
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), European Pharmacopoeia Department, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - V Wolkinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - A Nachtergael
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons, Belgium
| | - D A Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - E Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - S Cañigueral
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - U Rose
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), European Pharmacopoeia Department, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
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Pedan V, Stamm E, Do T, Holinger M, Reich E. HPTLC fingerprint profile analysis of coffee polyphenols during different roast trials. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Frommenwiler DA, Trefzer D, Schmid M, Cañigueral S, Reich E. Comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting: A novel economic approach to evaluating the quality of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1725560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Arruda Frommenwiler
- CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Trefzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology of the Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Salvador Cañigueral
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kaale E, Risha P, Reich E, Layloff TP. An Interlaboratory Investigation on the Use of High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography to Perform Assays of LamivudineZidovudine, Metronidazole, Nevirapine, and Quinine Composite Samples. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.6.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two laboratories extensively investigated the use of HPTLC to perform assays on lamivudinezidovudine, metronidazole, nevirapine, and quinine composite samples. To minimize the effects of differences in analysts' technique, the laboratories conducted the study with automatic sample application devices in conjunction with variable-wavelength scanning densitometers to evaluate the plates. The HPTLC procedures used relatively innocuous, inexpensive, and readily available chromatography solvents used in the Kenyon or the Global Pharma Health Fund Minilabs<sup/> TLC methods. The use of automatic sample applications in conjunction with variable- wavelength scanning densitometry demonstrated an average repeatability or within-laboratory RSD of 1.90, with 73 less than 2 and 97 at 2.60 or less, and an average reproducibility or among-laboratory RSD of 2.74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliangiringa Kaale
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, PO Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter Risha
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, PO Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG-Laboratory, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P Layloff
- Management Sciences for Health, 4301 N. Fairfax Dr, Suite 400, Arlington, VA
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Li Z, Merfort I, Reich E. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography for Quality Control of Multicomponent Herbal Drugs: Example of Cangzhu Xianglian San. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.5.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to their complexity, multicomponent herbal drugs pose enormous analytical challenges for quality control (QC). Although they may have traditionally been used for hundreds of years, the information about their chemical composition is often still limited. Selecting suitable markers to monitor the identity and potency of the mixture is, therefore, difficult. There is also the possibility of natural variability for each plant. This paper illustrates a pragmatic and practical approach to QC of a multicomponent herbal drug by HPTLC. Cangzhu Xianglian San (CXS), composed of the herbal drugs Coptis rhizome, Aucklandia root, and Atractylodes rhizome (30 + 20 + 60, w/w/w), is used as an example. A characteristic fingerprint can be generated for CXS with tolueneethyl acetatemethanolisopropanolwater (60 + 30 + 20 + 15 + 3, v/v/v/v/v) mobile phase on HPTLC silica gel 60 conditioned with ammonia. While the corresponding monograph of the Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia focuses only on the detection of berberine, one of the principal components of Coptis rhizome, the proposed method of identification determines the presence of all three components in the drug after derivatization with anisaldehyde reagent. The same method can also be used to quantitatively determine the content of berberine by scanning densitometry. This paper provides details about the validation of the qualitative and quantitative determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Albert-Ludwigs-University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Freiburg, Stefan-Meierstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Albert-Ludwigs-University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Freiburg, Stefan-Meierstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstr. 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Reich E, Schibli A, DeBatt A. Validation of High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Methods for the Identification of Botanicals in a cGMP Environment. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/91.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) for botanicals stipulates the use of appropriate methods for identification of raw materials. Due to natural variability, chemical analysis of plant material is a great challenge and requires special approaches. This paper presents a comprehensive proposal to the process of validating qualitative high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) methods, proving that such methods are suitable for the purpose. The steps of the validation process are discussed and illustrated with examples taken from a project aiming at validation of methods for identification of green tea leaf, ginseng root, eleuthero root, echinacea root, black cohosh rhizome, licorice root, kava root, milk thistle aerial parts, feverfew aerial parts, and ginger root. The appendix of the paper, which includes complete documentation and method write-up for those plants, is available on the J. AOAC Int. Website (<ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.atypon-link.com/AOAC/loi/jaoi">http://www.atypon-link.com/AOAC/loi/jaoi</ext-link>).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Anne Schibli
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Alison DeBatt
- CAMAG Scientific Inc, 515 Cornelius Harnett Dr, Wilmington, NC 28401
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Sherma
- Lafayette College, Department of Chemistry, Easton, PA
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Ankli A, Reich E, Steiner M. Rapid High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for Detection of 5 Adulteration of Black Cohosh with Cimicifuga foetida, C. heracleifolia, C. dahurica, or C. americana. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/91.6.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) is used to treat discomfort during menopause and as a substitute for synthetic drugs in hormone replacement therapy. The mostly wildcrafted plant is ranked among the top-selling herbs in the United States. There is a risk for adulteration with the similar-looking C. americana, which grows in the same habitats of the eastern United States. Other adulterants found in today's global marketplace are the 3 Asian Cimicifuga species C. foetida, C. heracleifolia, and C. dahurica. A very practical, rapid, and reliable high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed for identification of C. racemosa and detection of its most common adulterants by fingerprint profiles. With specific derivatization reagents, mixtures of C. racemosa with a minimum of 5 of one of the adulterants can be detected. The proposed method was validated with respect to specificity, stability, precision, and robustness. It can be used for quality control of black cohosh raw material in a current Good Manufacturing Practices environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ankli
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstr. 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstr. 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Mario Steiner
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstr. 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Abstract
Abstract
A quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for determination of β-asarone in Calamus rhizome was developed and validated. The method is suitable for proper identification of Acorus calamus. Through the use of caffeine-modified silica gel as the stationary phase and toluene–ethyl acetate (93 + 7, v/v) as the mobile phase, β-asarone is baseline separated from its isomer α-asarone. Scanning densitometry with absorption measurement at 313 nm allows specific, accurate, and precise quantification of β-asarone. The working range of 40 to 200 ng absolute of the target substance is sufficient to establish whether a given sample passes the limit test of 0.5% maximum as required by the Swiss Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory Services, Muttenz, Switzerland
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Frommenwiler DA, Booker A, Vila R, Heinrich M, Reich E, Cañigueral S. Comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting as a tool for a simplified analysis of purity of ginkgo products. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 243:112084. [PMID: 31306695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal medicinal products based on ginkgo leaf refined dry extract (GBE) are an European development from the Eastern Asia traditionally used species Ginkgo biloba L. Nowadays, ginkgo products have increased the presence in the market, mainly as dietary supplements. Its adulteration with rutin and quercetin or herbal extracts rich in these compounds is a common practice. Tests featuring assays and detection of adulterants need to be performed on top of other existent methods (e.g. identification test). This may increase the costs of evaluating the quality of ginkgo products. AIM OF THE STUDY To prove that comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting can provide information beyond identification of ginkgo products, avoiding additional chromatographic tests for detection of adulterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information contained in the fingerprint obtained by HPTLC analysis of flavonoids was used for identification and for detection of adulterants, as well as to verify the limits of rutin and quercetin, which are normally determined by HPLC and used for detection of adulterants. For this purpose, peak profiles were generated from HPTLC chromatogram images. USP-HPLC methods were used for quantification of total flavonoids and testing the limits of rutin and quercetin. HPLC data were used to support the validity of the HPTLC method. An additional reversed phase HPTLC method was developed as a possible confirmatory method for the quercetin limit test. RESULTS The proposed HPTLC method uses a particular sequence of detections, resulting in a number of images, which are later interpreted in a certain order. It is able to identify ginkgo products, to detect adulterants (rutin, quercetin, sophora fruit and flower bud, and buckwheat), and, using peak profiles generated from the chromatogram images prior to and after derivatisation, to evaluate the limits of rutin and quercetin. Forty-eight out of fifty-nine ginkgo dietary supplements analysed contained one or more adulterants. Furthermore, results of the HPTLC and HPLC limit tests for rutin and quercetin were in agreement in 98% of the cases. Finally, a decision tree showing the sequence of interpretation of the fingerprints obtained with the different detections after a single HPTLC analysis is included to help the analyst to evaluate whether samples have the correct identity and whether they contain or not adulterants. CONCLUSION A single HPTLC analysis is able to provide information on identity and purity of the products. This simplifies the analytical workflow and reduces the number of analyses prescribed in the USP powdered ginkgo extract monograph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Arruda Frommenwiler
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, ES-08028, Barcelona, Spain; CAMAG AG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Booker
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Biodiversity and Medicines Research Cluster, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy. 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK; Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Roser Vila
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, ES-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Biodiversity and Medicines Research Cluster, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy. 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG AG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Cañigueral
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, ES-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Reich E, Torres C, Halac E, Arias E, Pless S. Compromise of self awareness and disease perception in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Do TTK, Reich E. HPTLC Screening of Weight Loss Products for Deliberately Added Undeclared Synthetic Drugs. J AOAC Int 2019; 102:776-780. [PMID: 30454078 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.18-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The proposed HPTLC method combines features of the existing methods for (1) the detection of sibutramine and (2) for the detection of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and analogs. Objective: The method permits effective screening for the presence of nine adulterants in finished products, including tablets, capsules, and "instant coffee" powders. Methods: All products were prepared for analysis using the same simple procedure: ultrasound-assisted extraction in methanol for 30 min followed by centrifugation or filtration. Results: The retardation factor (RF) values of individual zones afford preliminary identification of potential adulterants. Scanning densitometry enables comparison of recorded UV spectra with those of known standard compounds and provides further structural information. Conclusions: The method was successfully applied to 12 commercial products. Of those, nine products tested positive for at least one undeclared component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiên T K Do
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Do T, Santi I, Reich E. A harmonized HPTLC method for identification of various caffeine containing herbal drugs, extracts, and products, and quantitative estimation of their caffeine content. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1585612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiên Do
- CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Isaline Santi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
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Jürges G, Sahi V, Rios Rodriguez D, Reich E, Bhamra S, Howard C, Slater A, Nick P. Product authenticity versus globalisation-The Tulsi case. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207763. [PMID: 30475878 PMCID: PMC6261265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the Indian medicinal plant Tulsi (Holy Basil) as a case study, we have tested to what extent the discrepancy between vernacular and scientific nomenclature can be resolved, whether the presumed chemical diversity underlying the medicinal use of Tulsi has a genetic component, and whether it is possible to detect this genetic component using genetic barcoding markers. Based on four plastidic markers, we can define several haplotypes within Ocimum that are consistent across these markers. Haplotype II is congruent with O. tenuiflorum, while haplotype I extends over several members of the genus and cannot be resolved into genetically separate subclades. The vernacular subdivision of Tulsi into three types (Rama, Krishna, Vana) can only be partially linked with genetic differences-whereby Rama and Krishna Tulsi can be assigned to O. tenuiflorum, while Vana Tulsi belongs to haplotype I. This genetic difference is mirrored by differences in the profiles of secondary compounds. While developmental state and light quality modulate the amplitude to which the chemical profile is expressed, the profile itself seems to be linked with genetic differences. We finally develop an authentication assay that makes use of a characteristic single nucleotide polymorphism in one of the barcoding markers, establishing a differential restriction pattern that can be used to discriminate Vana Tulsi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Jürges
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Vaidurya Sahi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | | | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratories, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sukvinder Bhamra
- Biomolecular Technology Group, School of Allied Health Sciences, The Gateway, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
- University of Kent, Medway School of Pharmacy, Chatham, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Howard
- Biomolecular Technology Group, School of Allied Health Sciences, The Gateway, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
- BP-NIBSC Herbal Laboratory, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Slater
- Biomolecular Technology Group, School of Allied Health Sciences, The Gateway, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Gafner S, Parveen I, Techen N, Khan IA, Gafner F, Rey C, Frommenwiler D, Reich E. Challenges in Determining Species Identity of Medicinal Plants: the Case of Euphrasia. Am J Transl Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1644956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Gafner
- American Botanical Council, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - I Parveen
- NCNPR, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - N Techen
- NCNPR, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - IA Khan
- NCNPR, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - F Gafner
- Sandgrubenweg, Biel-Benken, Switzerland
| | - C Rey
- Route d'Antzère 2, Conthey, Switzerland
| | | | - E Reich
- Camag AG, Muttenz, Switzerland
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Frommenwiler DA, Kim J, Yook CS, Tran TTT, Cañigueral S, Reich E. Comprehensive HPTLC Fingerprinting for Quality Control of an Herbal Drug - The Case of Angelica gigas Root. Planta Med 2018; 84:465-474. [PMID: 29490383 DOI: 10.1055/a-0575-4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The quality of herbal drugs is usually controlled using several tests recommended in a monograph. HPTLC is the method of choice for identification in many pharmacopoeias. If combined with a suitable reference material for comparison, HPTLC can provide information beyond identification and thus may simplify quality control. This paper describes, as a proof of concept, how HPTLC can be applied to define specifications for an herbal reference material and to control the quality of an herbal drug according to these specifications. Based on multiple batches of cultivated Angelica gigas root, a specific HPTLC method for identification was optimized. This method can distinguish 27 related species. It also can detect the presence of mixtures of A. gigas with two other Angelica species traded as "Dang gui" and is suitable as well for quantitative assessment of samples in a test for minimum content of the sum of decursin and decursinol angelate. The new concept of "comprehensive HPTLC fingerprinting" is proposed: HPTLC fingerprints (images), which are used for identification, are converted into peak profiles and the intensities of selected zones are quantitatively compared to those of the corresponding zones of the reference material. Following a collaborative trial involving three laboratories in three countries, the method was applied to check the quality of further candidates for establishing an appropriate reference material. In conclusion, this case demonstrates that a single HPTLC analysis can provide information about identity, purity, and minimum content of markers of an herbal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Arruda Frommenwiler
- CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Yook
- Oriental Pharmaceutical Science Department, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Salvador Cañigueral
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Yao R, Heinrich M, Zou Y, Reich E, Zhang X, Chen Y, Weckerle CS. Quality Variation of Goji (Fruits of Lycium spp.) in China: A Comparative Morphological and Metabolomic Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29535631 PMCID: PMC5834758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Goji (fruits of Lycium barbarum L. and L. chinense Mill.) has been used in China as food and medicine for millennia, and globally has been consumed increasingly as a healthy food. Ningxia, with a semi-arid climate, always had the reputation of producing best goji quality (daodi area). Recently, the increasing market demand pushed the cultivation into new regions with different climates. We therefore ask: How does goji quality differ among production areas of various climatic regions? Historical records are used to trace the spread of goji production in China over time. Quality measurements of 51 samples were correlated with the four main production areas in China: monsoon (Hebei), semi-arid (Ningxia, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia), plateau (Qinghai) and arid regions (Xinjiang). We include morphological characteristics, sugar and polysaccharide content, antioxidant activity, and metabolomic profiling to compare goji among climatic regions. Goji cultivation probably began in the East (Hebei) of China around 100 CE and later shifted westward to the semi-arid regions. Goji from monsoon, plateau and arid regions differ according to its fruit morphology, whereas semi-arid goji cannot be separated from the other regions. L. chinense fruits, which are exclusively cultivated in Hebei (monsoon), are significantly lighter, smaller and brighter in color, while the heaviest and largest fruits (L. barbarum) stem from the plateau. The metabolomic profiling separates the two species but not the regions of cultivation. Lycium chinense and samples from the semi-arid regions have significantly (p < 0.01) lower sugar contents and L. chinense shows the highest antioxidant activity. Our results do not justify superiority of a specific production area over other areas. Instead it will be essential to distinguish goji from different regions based on the specific morphological and chemical traits with the aim to understand what its intended uses are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yao
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Xiaolei Zhang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Chen
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caroline S Weckerle
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Quality was controlled of seven different 99Mo/99mTc generators sold in the Federal Republic of Germany, which were all loaded with fission molybdenum. Aim of the work was to test the 99mTc eluates for their radionuclidic and radiochemical purity. Furthermore, the 99Mo content of the aluminium oxide column was measured. Determination of the elution efficiency, measurement of the pH-value of the eluate as well as a test to detect soluble aluminium in the eluate were also performed. In addition to the chemical and physical examinations, application, quality of accessories and their practicability were tested at all generators. The methods of analysis chosen were, among others, gamma spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography; the measuring methods were a site-sensitive proportional counter (measurement of the distribution of radioactivity of the chromatograms) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AI content of the eluates). The quality control of the 99mTc eluates had satisfying results. The eluates showed – with one exception – high and sufficient radionuclidic purity and very good radiochemical purity. A considerable overload of the columns with 99Mo at the time of reference was not found. The elution yields with values between 85 and 122% were in good agreement with the requirements. All eluates had pH-values between 5.0 and 6.5, and an aluminium content below 1 μg/ml. The generators had good performance and proved generally to be a reliable source of 99mTc-pertechnetate. The application was safe and, with some exceptions, fulfilled the requirements.
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Booker A, Agapouda A, Frommenwiler DA, Scotti F, Reich E, Heinrich M. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) products - an assessment of their authenticity and quality. Phytomedicine 2018; 40:158-164. [PMID: 29496168 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND St John's wort products (Hypericum perforatum L.) are widely available for sale in many countries including the UK via the internet. In the UK, these products are required to hold either a marketing authorisation or Traditional herbal registration (THR) to be sold legally. The THR and other regulatory schemes help to ensure product safety and quality providing an example of best practice but there is a risk if both regulated and un-regulated products continue to be available to consumers. AIMS The project is embedded in a larger study aiming to investigate the quality of different herbal medicinal products along diverse value chains. Here we focus on a comparison of the quality of the finished products and assess phytochemical variation between registered products (THRs) and products obtained from the market without any registration. METHODS 47 commercial products (granulated powders and extracts) were sourced from different suppliers. We analysed these samples using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multi-variate analysis software following a method previously developed by our group. RESULTS The consistency of the products varies significantly. Adulteration of the products (36%), possibly with other Hypericum species obtained from China or use of chemically distinct H. perforatum cultivars or chemotypes, and adulteration of the products (19%) with food dyes (tartrazine, amaranth, brilliant blue, sunset yellow) were the principle findings of this study. CONCLUSIONS There is significant compositional variation among commercial finished products and two main causative quality problems were identified as adulteration by incorrect species or adulteration with food dyes. Generally, food supplements and unlicensed products were found to be of poorer quality than the regulated ones including THRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Booker
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, WC1N 1AX, UK; Division of Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Anastasia Agapouda
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | | | - Francesca Scotti
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Frommenwiler DA, Maire-Widmer V, Upton R, Nichols J, Heubl G, Reich E. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of two licorice root species ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) by HPTLC, validated by HPLC and DNA sequencing. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2017.30.6.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roy Upton
- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, PO 66809, Scotts Valley, CA, USA
| | - Judith Nichols
- CAMAG Scientific Inc., 515 Cornelius Harnett Dr, Wilmington, NC 28401, USA
| | - Günther Heubl
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Frommenwiler D, Booker A, Heinrich M, Reich E, Cañigueral S. Quality assessment of Ginkgo biloba supplements based on a single HPLTC Method. Am J Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Frommenwiler
- CAMAG, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Switzerland
| | - A Booker
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Heinrich
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - S Cañigueral
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Switzerland
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Scotti F, Mali P, Masiero E, Booker A, Sgamma T, Howard C, Agapouda A, Frommenwiler D, Reich E, Slater A, Heinrich M. Hypericum perforatum – a comparison of commercial samples using DNA-barcoding and chemical approaches. Am J Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Scotti
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Mali
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, LE1 9BH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - E Masiero
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, LE1 9BH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - A Booker
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster 3Division of Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, W1W 6UW, London, United Kingdom
| | - T Sgamma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, LE1 9BH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - C Howard
- 4BP-NIBSC Herbal Laboratory, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche LAne, South Mimms, EN6 3QG, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - A Agapouda
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - E Reich
- CAMAG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - A Slater
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, LE1 9BH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - M Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
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Reich E, Torres C, Arias E, Carlino M, Halac E, Ceruzzi R. Alzheimer´s disease: Is stress a potential risk factor? J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Geiger SM, Reich E, Böttcher P, Grund S, Hagen J. Validation of biplane high‐speed fluoroscopy combined with two different noninvasive tracking methodologies for measuring
in vivo
distal limb kinematics of the horse. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:261-269. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - E. Reich
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - P. Böttcher
- Small Animal Clinic Department of Veterinary Medicine Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - S. Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Hagen
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
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Martínez-Francés V, Hahn E, Ríos S, Rivera D, Reich E, Vila R, Cañigueral S. Ethnopharmacological and Chemical Characterization of Salvia Species Used in Valencian Traditional Herbal Preparations. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:467. [PMID: 28790914 PMCID: PMC5524814 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Valencia Region (Spain), some wild and cultivated sages are used for medicinal purposes. Among them, Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia (SL) is widely employed and known for production of Spanish sage oil and herbal products. Nevertheless, it shares the market with S. blancoana subsp. mariolensis (SB) and, to a lesser extent, with their hybrid S. x hegelmaieri (SH). The knowledge on these two species is far low and confusion between them is possible. The aim of the present paper is to improve the ethnopharmacological, morphological and chemical knowledge of these sages, and to contribute to setting up quality specifications for improving identification and distinction from other Salvia species, such as, S. officinalis subsp. officinalis, S. x auriculata and S. microphylla var. microphylla. Samples were collected in Valencia Region and surrounding mountain areas during the ethnopharmacological field work. Twenty-nine medicinal uses were reported for SL, 13 of them being also recorded for SB. Of particular interest is a homemade liquor, used as digestive and known as "salvieta," which is mainly prepared with SB. The macro- and microscopic characters are insufficient for identification of cut, crushed or powdered material. The study of the essential oil and a HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) fingerprint of their extracts could help to distinguish SB from the other sages. The essential oil from dried aerial parts of SB (content: 1.8-4.5%) was characterized by GC-FID (Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector) and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry) showing a composition close to that currently accepted for Spanish sage essential oil in the European Pharmacopoeia, ISO (International Standard Organization) and UNE (Una Norma Española) standards, with 1,8-cineole (13.7-45.7%) and camphor (12.1-28.6%) as major constituents. HPTLC methods, based on the analysis of hydroalcoholic and dichloromethane extracts, allowed to distinguish SB from other Salvia taxa currently found in Valencia region, except from its hybrid SH. This interdisciplinary study, that combines popular knowledge with botany and chemistry, allows to identify the raw herbal material from SB and to distinguish it from other Salvia species, ensuring a proper commercialization as herbal teas or for the preparation of spirits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Martínez-Francés
- Estación Biológica-Jardín Botánico Torretes, Instituto de la Biodiversidad, Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad, Universidad de AlicanteAlicante, Spain.,Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Emeline Hahn
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Segundo Ríos
- Estación Biológica-Jardín Botánico Torretes, Instituto de la Biodiversidad, Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad, Universidad de AlicanteAlicante, Spain
| | - Diego Rivera
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | | | - Roser Vila
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Cañigueral
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Weiss M, Reich E, Grund S, Mülling CKW, Geiger SM. Validation of 2 noninvasive, markerless reconstruction techniques in biplane high-speed fluoroscopy for 3-dimensional research of bovine distal limb kinematics. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8372-8384. [PMID: 28780107 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lameness severely impairs cattle's locomotion, and it is among the most important threats to animal welfare, performance, and productivity in the modern dairy industry. However, insight into the pathological alterations of claw biomechanics leading to lameness and an understanding of the biomechanics behind development of claw lesions causing lameness are limited. Biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography is a new approach for the analysis of skeletal motion. Biplane high-speed videos in combination with bone scans can be used for 3-dimensional (3D) animations of bones moving in 3D space. The gold standard, marker-based animation, requires implantation of radio-opaque markers into bones, which impairs the practicability for lameness research in live animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative accuracy of 2 noninvasive, markerless animation techniques (semi-automatic and manual) in 3D animation of the bovine distal limb. Tantalum markers were implanted into each of the distal, middle, and proximal phalanges of 5 isolated bovine distal forelimbs, and biplane high-speed x-ray videos of each limb were recorded to capture the simulation of one step. The limbs were scanned by computed tomography to create bone models of the 6 digital bones, and 3D animation of the bones' movements were subsequently reconstructed using the marker-based, the semi-automatic, and the manual animation techniques. Manual animation translational bias and precision varied from 0.63 ± 0.26 mm to 0.80 ± 0.49 mm, and rotational bias and precision ranged from 2.41 ± 1.43° to 6.75 ± 4.67°. Semi-automatic translational values for bias and precision ranged from 1.26 ± 1.28 mm to 2.75 ± 2.17 mm, and rotational values varied from 3.81 ± 2.78° to 11.7 ± 8.11°. In our study, we demonstrated the successful application of biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography to gait analysis of bovine distal limb. Using the manual animation technique, kinematics can be measured with sub-millimeter accuracy without the need for invasive marker implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weiss
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Reich
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S M Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Rojas JI, Patrucco L, MIguez J, Sinay V, Cassara FP, Cáceres F, Liguori NF, Saladino ML, Deri N, Jaacks G, Marcilla MP, Arrigoni MI, Correale J, Fiol M, Ysrraelit MC, Carrá A, Curbelo MC, Martinez A, Steinberg J, Bestoso S, Hryb JP, Di Pace JL, Perassolo MB, Contentti EC, Caride A, Lopez PA, Martinez C, Reich E, Giunta D, Cristiano E. Gender ratio trends over time in multiple sclerosis patients from Argentina. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 38:84-86. [PMID: 28087187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest a trend of increasing disease frequency in women during the last decades. A direct comparison of gender ratio trends among MS populations from Argentina remains to be carried out. The objective of the study was to compare gender ratio trends, over a 50-year span in MS populations from Argentina. METHODS multicenter study that included patients from 14 MS Centers of Argentina. Patients with definite MS with birth years ranging from 1940 to 1989 were included. Gender ratios were calculated by five decades based on year of birth and were adjusted for the F/M born-alive ratio derived from the Argentinean national registry of births. The F/M ratios were calculated using a multivariate logistic regression per five decades by the year of birth approach. Analyses were performed using Stata 10.1. RESULTS 1069 patients were included. Gender ratios showed a significant increase from the first to the last decade in the whole MS sample (from 1.8 to 2.7; p value for trend=0.023). The Gender ratio did not show differences considering MS subtype. CONCLUSION our study showed a modest increase of the F/M ratio (from 1.8 to 2.7) over time among patients affected by MS in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Rojas
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - L Patrucco
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J MIguez
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Sinay
- Instituto de Neurociencias Fundación Favaloro (INCyT), Argentina
| | - F Pagani Cassara
- Instituto de Neurociencias Fundación Favaloro (INCyT), Argentina
| | - F Cáceres
- Neurosciences Institute of Buenos Aires (INEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - M L Saladino
- Neurosciences Institute of Buenos Aires (INEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Deri
- Centro de Investigación DIABAID, Argentina
| | - G Jaacks
- Centro de Investigación DIABAID, Argentina
| | | | | | - J Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Argentina
| | - M Fiol
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Argentina
| | - M C Ysrraelit
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Argentina
| | - A Carrá
- Hospital Británico Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - A Martinez
- Hospital Británico Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - S Bestoso
- Hospital Escuela "José F. De San Martín", Corrientes, Argentina
| | - J P Hryb
- Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J L Di Pace
- Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M B Perassolo
- Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - A Caride
- Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P A Lopez
- Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - E Reich
- Hospital Julio Mendez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Giunta
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Cristiano
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. is the most commonly used herb for treating depression. Due to the popularity of this botanical, there is a potential for economically driven adulteration of St. John's wort (SJW) products. The goal of this study was to investigate SJW ingredients suspected to be adulterated based on simple preliminary HPTLC tests. Commercial samples were analyzed by HPTLC following the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) monograph methodology, with additional visualization under white light. A number of these samples presented odd methanolic solution colors and unconventional HPTLC fingerprints, suggesting the presence of other species and/or extraneous polar additives. To achieve identification and separation of the polar additives, a new reversed-phase HPTLC method was developed. The adulterants were identified as synthetic dyes in the amounts of 0.51 to 1.36% by weight. Identities of the dyes were confirmed by scanning densitometry and HPTLC-MS. A modified USP method with additional detection mode permitted the identification of eight SJW samples adulterated with dyes and six others with flavonoid fingerprints different from those specified by USP from a total of 37 samples of dry extracts, finished products, and bulk raw herb. A decision flowchart is proposed to guide the detection of adulteration of SJW in a systematic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sidney Sudberg
- Alkemist Laboratories, Botanical Identity, 1260 Logan Ave B2, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Maged H M Sharaf
- American Herbal Products Association, 8630 Fenton St, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Anton Bzhelyansky
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ben Lucas
- Arizona Nutritional Supplements, 210 S. Beck Ave, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA
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Booker A, Jalil B, Frommenwiler D, Reich E, Zhai L, Kulic Z, Heinrich M. The authenticity and quality of Rhodiola rosea products. Phytomedicine 2016; 23:754-762. [PMID: 26626192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodiola rosea L. Crassulaceae, root (Golden Root, Arctic Root) is a high-value herbal medicinal product, registered in the UK for the treatment of stress-induced fatigue, exhaustion and anxiety based on traditional use and used throughout Europe as a herbal medicinal product for similar indications. Numerous unregistered supplements are also available. There are several Chinese species used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including Rhodiola crenulata (Hook.f. & Thomoson) that is believed to be a common adulterant in the R. rosea value chain. AIMS The project is embedded in a larger study aiming to investigate the diverse value chains that lead to the production of R. rosea as an herbal medicinal product or supplement. Here we focus on a comparison of the quality of the finished products and assess any phytochemical variation between products registered under the Traditional Herbal Medicine Products Directive (THMPD) and products obtained from the market without any registration (i.e. generally unlicensed supplements). Our key aim is to establish the extent of the problem in terms of adulteration of consumer products claiming to contain R. rosea (or R. crenulata). METHODS Approximately 40 commercial products (granulated powders and extracts) were sourced from different suppliers. We analysed these samples using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), mass spectrometry (MS) and (1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multi-variate analysis software following a method previously developed by our group for the analysis of turmeric products. RESULTS We investigate the phytochemistry of the different species and assess the potential of R. crenulata as an adulterant at the end of the R. rosea value chains. The consistency of the products varies significantly. Approximately one fifth of commercial products that claimed to be R. rosea did not contain rosavin (the key reference markers used to distinguish R. rosea from related species). Moreover some products appeared not to contain salidroside, another marker compound found in other Rhodiola species. Approximately 80% of the remaining commercial products were lower in rosavin content than the registered products and appeared to be adulterated with other Rhodiola species. CONCLUSIONS The variation in phytochemical constituents present in Rhodiola products available to European buyers via the internet and other sources is a major cause for concern. Adulteration with different species, and other sometimes unknown adulterants, appears to be commonplace. Good quality systems and manufacturing practices, including those required under the THMPD, enable consumers to have confidence that products are authentic and meet a high specification for quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Booker
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, UK
| | - Banaz Jalil
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lixiang Zhai
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, UK; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zarko Kulic
- Preclinical Research, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, UK.
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Koren S, Kindler J, Tafo AG, Cohen G, Reich E. SU-F-T-21: A Novel Beam-Light View, Collimating Applicator for HDR Ocular Conjunctiva Brachytherapy-Treatments. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4956156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Rojas JI, Patrucco L, MIguez J, Sinay V, Cassara FP, Cáceres F, Liguori NF, Saladino ML, Deri N, Jaacks G, Marcilla MP, Arrigoni MI, Correale J, Fiol M, Ysrraelit MC, Carrá A, Curbelo MC, Martinez A, Steinberg J, Bestoso S, Hryb JP, Di Pace JL, Perassolo MB, Carnero Contentti E, Caride A, Lopez PA, Martinez C, Reich E, Cristiano E. Disease onset in familial and sporadic multiple sclerosis in Argentina. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 6:54-56. [PMID: 27063623 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The present study was carried out to assess if there is an anticipation of age at onset in younger generations of familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) vs. sporadic MS (SMS) in Argentina. METHODS multicenter study that included patients from 14 MS Centers of Argentina. Patients were considered as FMS if they had in their family at least one relative of first or second degree diagnosed with MS; otherwise, patients were considered to have SMS. We compared the age at onset between familial and sporadic cases as well as the age at onset between relatives from different generations in FMS vs. SMS. RESULTS 1333 patients were included, 97 of them were FMS (7.3%). A lower age at onset in the younger generations of FMS cases was found compared with older generations of FMS as well as. SMS cases (24.1±3.7 years vs. 30.3±5.7 years, and 32.4±9.4 respectively; p<0.001). No differences were observed between older generations of FMS vs. SMS cases (p=0.12). CONCLUSION we observed an anticipation of age at onset of MS in younger generations of patients with FMS vs. older generations of FMS and SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Rojas
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - L Patrucco
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J MIguez
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Sinay
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Fundación Favaloro, Argentina
| | | | - F Cáceres
- Neurosciences Institute of Buenos Aires (INEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Fernandez Liguori
- Neurosciences Institute of Buenos Aires (INEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Multiple Sclerosis Section Hospital E.Tornú, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Saladino
- Neurosciences Institute of Buenos Aires (INEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Multiple Sclerosis Section Hospital E.Tornú, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Deri
- Centro de Investigación DIABAID, Argentina
| | - G Jaacks
- Centro de Investigación DIABAID, Argentina
| | | | | | - J Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Argentina
| | - M Fiol
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Argentina
| | - M C Ysrraelit
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Argentina
| | - A Carrá
- Hospital Británico Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - A Martinez
- Hospital Británico Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - S Bestoso
- Hospital Escuela "José F. De San Martín", Corrientes, Argentina
| | - J P Hryb
- Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J L Di Pace
- Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M B Perassolo
- Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - A Caride
- Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P A Lopez
- Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Martinez
- Private Office, Private Office, Argentina
| | - E Reich
- Hospital Julio Mendez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Cristiano
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Senol FS, Ankli A, Reich E, Orhan IE. HPTLC Fingerprinting and Cholinesterase Inhibitory and Metal-Chelating Capacity of Various Citrus Cultivars and
Olea europaea. Food Technol Biotechnol 2016; 54:275-281. [PMID: 27956858 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.54.03.16.4225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory activity of thirty-one ethanol extracts obtained from albedo, flavedo, seed and leaf parts of 17 cultivars of Citrus species from Turkey, the bark and leaves of Olea europaea L. from two locations (Turkey and Cyprus) as well as caffeic acid and hesperidin was tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, using ELISA microtiter assays at 500 µg/mL. Metal-chelating capacity of the extracts was also determined. BChE inhibitory effect of the Citrus sp. extracts was from (7.7±0.7) to (70.3±1.1) %, whereas they did not show any inhibition against AChE. Cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the leaf and bark ethanol extracts of O. europaea was very weak ((10.2±3.1) to (15.0±2.3) %). The extracts had either no or low metal-chelating capacity at 500 µg/mL. HPTLC fingerprinting of the extracts, which indicated a similar phytochemical pattern, was also done using the standards of caffeic acid and hesperidin with weak cholinesterase inhibition. Among the screened extracts, the albedo extract of C. limon 'Interdonato', the flavedo extracts of 'Kara Limon' and 'Cyprus' cultivars and the seed extract of C. maxima appear to be promising as natural BChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Sezer Senol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, TR-06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anita Ankli
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Sonnenmattstrasse 11, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, TR-06330 Ankara, Turkey
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Jaureguiberry A, Ibarra V, Moretta G, Torres C, Ceruzzi R, Rodriguez-Perez S, Reich E. Adult-onset opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome: clinical features and diagnostic findings. J Neurol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Safra T, Lai WC, Borgato L, Nicoletto MO, Berman T, Reich E, Alvear M, Haviv I, Muggia FM. BRCA mutations and outcome in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC): experience in ethnically diverse groups. Ann Oncol 2014; 24 Suppl 8:viii63-viii68. [PMID: 24131973 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients with BRCA mutations have better prognosis than nonhereditary cases matched for histology and stage and age at diagnosis, especially Ashkenazi Jews (AJ). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed data on 700 highly ethnically heterogeneous patients diagnosed with stage Ic-IV EOC and evaluated for BRCA status between 1995 and 2009 in American, Israeli, and Italian medical centers. RESULTS The ethnicities of the 190 patients (median age 55.5 years, range 31-83 years) were AJ, Jewish non-Ashkenazi, Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, or unknown. Ninety were BRCA1/2 carriers (71 BRCA1 and 19BRCA2). The most common mutations in AJ and non-AJ origins were 185delAG and 6174delT. Non-Jewish Caucasians exhibited the widest variation (>20 mutation subtypes). BRCA carriers had significantly prolonged median overall survival (93.6 months) compared with noncarriers (66.6 months; 95% confidence interval 44.5-91.7, P = 0.0081). There was no difference in progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate a wide variety of BRCA mutations in a highly ethnically diverse EOC population, and confirm that EOC BRCA mutation carriers have better prognosis with longer median survival than patients with nonhereditary disease. The contribution of unclassified BRCA variants to cancer etiology remains undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Safra
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Booker A, Frommenwiler D, Johnston D, Umealajekwu C, Reich E, Heinrich M. Chemical variability along the value chains of turmeric (Curcuma longa): a comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high performance thin layer chromatography. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 152:292-301. [PMID: 24417868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal medicine value chains have generally been overlooked compared with food commodities. Not surprisingly, revenue generation tends to be weighted towards the end of the chain and consequently the farmers and producers are the lowest paid beneficiaries. Value chains have an impact both on the livelihood of producers and on the composition and quality of products commonly sold locally and globally and consequently on the consumers. In order to understand the impact of value chains on the composition of products, we studied the production conditions for turmeric (Curcuma longa) and the metabolomic composition of products derived from it. We aimed at integrating these two components in order to gain a better understanding of the effect of different value chains on the livelihoods of some producers. MATERIALS AND METHODS This interdisciplinary project uses a mixed methods approach. Case studies were undertaken on two separate sites in India. Data was initially gathered on herbal medicine value chains by means of semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations. Samples were collected from locations in India, Europe and the USA and analysed using (1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis software and with high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). RESULTS We investigate medicinal plant value chains and interpret the impact different value chains have on some aspects of the livelihoods of producers in India and, for the first time, analytically assess the chemical variability and quality implications that different value chains may have on the products available to end users in Europe. There are benefits to farmers that belonged to an integrated chain and the resulting products were subject to a higher standard of processing and storage. By using analytical methods, including HPTLC and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, it has been possible to correlate some variations in product composition for selected producers and identify strengths and weaknesses of some types of value chains. The two analytical techniques provide different and complementary data and together they can be used to effectively differentiate between a wide variety of crude drug powders and herbal medicinal products. CONCLUSIONS This project demonstrates that there is a need to study the links between producers and consumers of commodities produced in so-called 'provider countries' and that metabolomics offer a novel way of assessing the chemical variability along a value chain. This also has implications for understanding the impact this has on the livelihood of those along the value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Booker
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
| | | | - Deborah Johnston
- School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London, UK
| | - Chinenye Umealajekwu
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
| | | | - Michael Heinrich
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Mathon C, Ankli A, Reich E, Bieri S, Christen P. Screening and determination of sibutramine in adulterated herbal slimming supplements by HPTLC-UV densitometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:15-20. [PMID: 24215519 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.861934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The adulteration of herbal supplements is of growing importance, especially when they contain undeclared compounds like sibutramine that are unsafe drugs. Sibutramine was withdrawn from US and European markets in 2010. In this study, an HPTLC-UV densitometric method was developed for the quantification of sibutramine in herbal diet foods. Sample extracts were directly applied onto HPTLC silica gel plates and separated with a mobile phase made of a toluene-methanol mixture. Sibutramine was quantified at 225 nm and its unequivocal identification was confirmed by MS using a TLC-MS interface. During two surveys, 52 weight loss supplements obtained via the Internet were screened. Half of those were adulterated with sibutramine at amounts reaching up to 35 mg per capsule. The results of this validated HPTLC method were compared with those obtained by HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS/MS. The results were not significantly different with the three methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mathon
- a Official Food and Veterinary Control Authority of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 22, CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
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Reich E, Kajosh H, Verbanck P, Kornreich C. [Munchausen's syndrome: a factitious disorder? A case report]. Rev Med Brux 2013; 34:485-490. [PMID: 24505869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Munchausen's syndrome is classified as a chronic factitious disorder with predominant physical signs and symptoms. Several symptoms are specific to this disorder, such as travelling and pseudologia fantastica. Others symptoms, such as multiple physical complaints with no organic substrate, are shared with somatoform disorders. We report a case showing how difficult it is to diagnose a Munchausen syndrome. We discuss also the opportunity to classify such a syndrome as a factitious disorder. Indeed, several authors suggest classifying Munchausen syndrome as a subtype of somatoform disorders, as those two disorders share a lot of characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reich
- Service de Psychiatrie, C.H.U. Brugmann.
| | - H Kajosh
- Service de Psychiatrie, C.H.U. Brugmann
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Adhami HR, Scherer U, Kaehlig H, Hettich T, Schlotterbeck G, Reich E, Krenn L. Combination of bioautography with HPTLC-MS/NMR: a fast identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from galbanum(†). Phytochem Anal 2013; 24:395-400. [PMID: 23427054 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the search for new natural compounds with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity this study focused on galbanum, the oleo gum-resin from Ferula gummosa Boiss., which had shown AChE inhibitory activity in a screening. OBJECTIVE The isolation of bioactive compounds from plant extracts usually is laborious and time consuming. In an approach to accelerate the characterisation of compounds with AChE inhibitory activity, the potential of a combination of HPTLC bioautography with HPTLC-MS/NMR for the fast identification of active compounds in galbanum was studied. METHOD Pre-fractionation of the dichloromethane extract was performed by vacuum liquid chromatography. The resulting fractions were separated by HPTLC and active zones determined by bioautography. A TLC-MS interface was used to elute the single zones from the plates directly into a mass spectrometer. The interface was also used to extract the two major active zones from HPTLC plates for off-line one- and two-dimensional NMR and quadrupole time of flight (QTOF) MS. RESULTS The isolated compounds were identified as 7-{[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]oxy}-2H-chromen-2-one (auraptene) and 7-{[(1R,4aR,6S,8aS)-6-hydroxy-5,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylenedecahydronaphthalen-1-yl]methoxy}-2H-chromen-2-one (farnesiferol A). This is the first report of these substances in F. gummosa. Their median inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values for AChE inhibition were determined as 47 and 17 µg/mL in comparison with physostigmine as a positive control (IC50 : 0.8 µg/mL) and their concentrations in galbanum were quantified by HPLC as 3.5% and 7.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION The study showed that HPTLC-MS/NMR can be considered as a fast and high-confidence method for dereplication of natural compounds. From the correlation of the concentration of the elucidated compounds and their IC50 values for AChE inhibition it can be concluded that auraptene and farnesiferol A are contributing to this activity of galbanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid-Reza Adhami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Hamid-Reza
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Fisher J, Johnston S, Hewson N, van Dijk W, Reich E, Eiselé JL, Bourgeois D. FDI Global Caries Initiative; implementing a paradigm shift in dental practice and the global policy context. Int Dent J 2012; 62:169-74. [PMID: 23016998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2012.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Fisher
- Science and Professional Affairs, FDI World Dental Freedoam, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Reich E, Arias E, Kerszberg M. Anosognosia and Multiple Sclerosis (P02.037). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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