1
|
Raju L, Lee KT, Liu Z, Zhu D, Zhu M, Poutrina E, Urbas A, Cai W. Maximized Frequency Doubling through the Inverse Design of Nonlinear Metamaterials. ACS Nano 2022; 16:3926-3933. [PMID: 35157437 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The conventional process for developing an optimal design for nonlinear optical responses is based on a trial-and-error approach that is largely inefficient and does not necessarily lead to an ideal result. Deep learning can automate this process and widen the realm of nonlinear geometries and devices. This research illustrates a deep learning framework used to create an optimal plasmonic design for a nonlinear metamaterial. The algorithm produces a plasmonic pattern that can maximize the second-order nonlinear effect of a nonlinear metamaterial. A nanolaminate metamaterial is used as a nonlinear material, and plasmonic patterns are fabricated on the prepared nanolaminate to demonstrate the validity and efficacy of the deep learning algorithm. The optimal pattern produced yielded second-harmonic generation from the nanolaminate with normal incident fundamental light. The deep learning architecture applied in this research can be expanded to other optical responses and light-matter interaction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Raju
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kyu-Tae Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhaocheng Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dayu Zhu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Muliang Zhu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ekaterina Poutrina
- UES, Inc, 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Augustine Urbas
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Wenshan Cai
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang M, Yuwen Y, Hu W, Yun S, Mahalingam K, Jiang B, Eyink K, Poutrina E, Richardson K, Mayer TS. Self-Organized Freestanding One-Dimensional Au Nanoparticle Arrays. ACS Nano 2017; 11:5844-5852. [PMID: 28582622 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional Au nanoparticle arrays encapsulated within freestanding SiO2 nanowires are fabricated by thermal oxidation of Au-coated Si nanowires with controlled diameter and surface modulation. The nanoparticle diameter is determined by the Si nanowire diameter and Au film thickness, while the interparticle spacing is independently controlled by the Si nanowire modulation. The optical absorption of randomly oriented Au nanoparticle arrays exhibits a strong plasmonic response at 550 nm. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)-electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) of nanoparticle arrays confirmed the same plasmonic response and demonstrated uniform optical properties of the Au nanoparticles. The plasmonic response in the STEM-EELS maps is primarily confined around the vicinity of the nanoparticles. On the other hand, examination of the same nanowires by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy also revealed significant enhancement in the plasmonic excitation in the regions in between the nanoparticles. This versatile route to synthesize one-dimensional Au nanoparticle arrays with independently tailorable nanoparticle diameter and interparticle spacing opens up opportunities to exploit enhanced design flexibility and cost-effectiveness for future plasmonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myungkoo Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yu Yuwen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wenchong Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seokho Yun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Krishnamurthy Mahalingam
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate (AFRL/RXAN), Wright-Patterson AFB , Dayton, Ohio 45433-7707, United States
| | - Bin Jiang
- FEI Company , Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Kurt Eyink
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate (AFRL/RXAN), Wright-Patterson AFB , Dayton, Ohio 45433-7707, United States
| | - Ekaterina Poutrina
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate (AFRL/RXAN), Wright-Patterson AFB , Dayton, Ohio 45433-7707, United States
| | - Kathleen Richardson
- CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Theresa S Mayer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Biswas S, Jarrett JW, Poutrina E, Urbas A, Knappenberger KL, Vaia RA, Nealey PF. Deterministic Construction of Plasmonic Heterostructures in Well-Organized Arrays for Nanophotonic Materials. Adv Mater 2015; 27:7314-7319. [PMID: 26463579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic heterostructures are deterministically constructed in organized arrays through chemical pattern directed assembly, a combination of top-down lithography and bottom-up assembly, and by the sequential immobilization of gold nanoparticles of three different sizes onto chemically patterned surfaces using tailored interaction potentials. These spatially addressable plasmonic chain nanostructures demonstrate localization of linear and nonlinear optical fields as well as nonlinear circular dichroism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, 5747 S. Ellis Ave, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sushmita Biswas
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Jeremy W Jarrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Ekaterina Poutrina
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Augustine Urbas
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, 5747 S. Ellis Ave, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poutrina E, Rose A, Brown D, Urbas A, Smith DR. Forward and backward unidirectional scattering from plasmonic coupled wires. Opt Express 2013; 21:31138-31154. [PMID: 24514688 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.031138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the resonant electromagnetic response of sub-wavelength plasmonic dimers formed by two silver strips separated by a thin dielectric spacer and embedded in a uniform dielectric media. We demonstrate that the off-resonant electric and resonant, geometric shape-leveraged, magnetic polarizabilities of the dimer element can be designed to have close absolute values in a certain spectral range, resulting in a predominantly unidirectional scattering of the incident field due to pronounced magneto-electric interference. Switching between forward and backward directionality can be achieved with a single element by changing the excitation wavelength, with the scattering direction defined by the relative phases of the polarizabilities. We extend the analysis to some periodic configurations, including the specific case of a perforated metal film, and discuss the differences between the observed unidirectional scattering and the extraordinary transmission effect. The unidirectional response can be preserved and enhanced with periodic arrays of dimers and can find applications in nanoantenna devices, integrated optic circuits, sensors with nanoparticles, photovoltaic systems, or perfect absorbers; while the option of switching between forward and backward unidirectional scattering may create interesting possibilities for manipulating optical pressure forces.
Collapse
|
5
|
Poutrina E, Ciracì C, Gauthier DJ, Smith DR. Enhancing four-wave-mixing processes by nanowire arrays coupled to a gold film. Opt Express 2012; 20:11005-11013. [PMID: 22565723 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We consider the process of four-wave mixing in an array of gold nanowires strongly coupled to a gold film. Using full-wave simulations, we perform a quantitative comparison of the four-wave mixing efficiency associated with a bare film and films with nanowire arrays. We find that the strongly localized surface plasmon resonances of the coupled nanowires provide an additional local field enhancement that, along with the delocalized surface plasmon of the film, produces an overall four-wave mixing efficiency enhancement of up to six orders of magnitude over that of the bare film. The enhancement occurs over a wide range of excitation angles. The film-coupled nanowire array is easily amenable to nanofabrication, and could find application as an ultra-compact component for integrated photonic and quantum optic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Poutrina
- Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
We verify numerically and experimentally the accuracy of an analytical model used to derive the effective nonlinear susceptibilities of a varactor-loaded split ring resonator (VLSRR) magnetic medium. For the numerical validation, a nonlinear oscillator model for the effective magnetization of the metamaterial is applied in conjunction with Maxwell equations and the two sets of equations solved numerically in the time-domain. The computed second harmonic generation (SHG) from a slab of a nonlinear material is then compared with the analytical model. The computed SHG is in excellent agreement with that predicted by the analytical model, both in terms of magnitude and spectral characteristics. Moreover, experimental measurements of the power transmitted through a fabricated VLSRR metamaterial at several power levels are also in agreement with the model, illustrating that the effective medium techniques associated with metamaterials can accurately be transitioned to nonlinear systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Poutrina
- Center of Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rose A, Larouche S, Huang D, Poutrina E, Smith DR. Nonlinear parameter retrieval from three- and four-wave mixing in metamaterials. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2010; 82:036608. [PMID: 21230204 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.036608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a generalized nonlinear susceptibility retrieval method for metamaterials based on transfer matrices and valid in the nondepleted pump approximation. We construct a general formalism to describe the transfer matrix method for nonlinear media and apply it to the processes of three- and four-wave mixing. The accuracy of this approach is verified via finite element simulations. The method is then reversed to give a set of equations for retrieving the nonlinear susceptibility. Finally, we apply the proposed retrieval operation to a three-wave mixing transmission experiment performed on a varactor loaded split ring resonator metamaterial sample and find quantitative agreement with an analytical effective medium theory model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alec Rose
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, P.O. Box 90291, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|