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Jeffries WR, Jawaid AM, Vaia RA, Knappenberger KL. Thickness-dependent electronic relaxation dynamics in solution-phase redox-exfoliated MoS2 heterostructures. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144707. [PMID: 38597312 DOI: 10.1063/5.0200398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Electronic relaxation dynamics of solution-phase redox-exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayer and multilayer ensembles are described. MoS2 was exfoliated using polyoxometalate (POM) reductants. This process yields a colloidal heterostructure consisting of MoS2 2D sheet multilayers with surface-bound POM complexes. Using two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, transient bleaching and photoinduced absorption signals were detected at excitation/detection energies of 1.82/1.87 and 1.82/1.80 eV, respectively. Approximate 100-fs bandgap renormalization (BGR) and subsequent defect- and phonon-mediated relaxation on the picosecond timescale were resolved for several MoS2 thicknesses spanning from 1 to 2 L to ∼20 L. BGR rates were independent of sample thickness and slightly slower than observations for chemical vapor deposition-grown MoS2 monolayers. However, defect-mediated relaxation accelerated ∼10-fold with increased sample thicknesses. The relaxation rates increased from 0.33 ± 0.05 to 1.2 ± 0.1 and 3.1 ± 0.4 ps-1 for 1-2 L, 3-4 L, and 20 L fractions. The thicknesses-dependent relaxation rates for POM-MoS2 heterostructures were modeled using a saturating exponential function that showed saturation at thirteen MoS2 layers. The results suggest that the increased POM surface coverage leads to larger defect density in the POM-MoS2 heterostructure. These are the first descriptions of the influence of sample thickness on electronic relaxation rates in solution-phase redox-exfoliated POM-MoS2 heterostructures. Outcomes of this work are expected to impact the development of solution-phase exfoliation of 2D metal-chalcogenide heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ali M Jawaid
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Heintzelman DJ, Nelson SA, Knappenberger KL. Influence of Halogen-Solvent Hydrogen Bonding on Gold Nanocluster Photoluminescence. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2951-2956. [PMID: 38452374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The influence of gold nanocluster-solvent interactions on nanostructure optical properties was determined. Using [Au11(BINAP)4X2]+, where X = Cl or Br, as a model system, the dramatic influence of halogen-solvent hydrogen bonding on nanocluster optical properties was resolved. The creation of a nanocluster-solvent hydrogen-bond network yielded intense photoluminescence (PL) and an accompanying 2-fold reduction in vibration-mediated nonradiative decay rates. PL was quenched for systems that did not support hydrogen bonding. As reflected by absorption line widths, Raman scattering, and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements, the hydrogen-bond network increased nanocluster structural rigidity and reduced nonradiative carrier decay rates. The results highlight the significant role of the nanocluster-solvent interface in determining the properties of structurally precise materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Heintzelman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seth A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Jeffries WR, Malola S, Tofanelli MA, Ackerson CJ, Häkkinen H, Knappenberger KL. Coherent Vibrational Dynamics of Au 144(SC 8H 9) 60 Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6679-6685. [PMID: 37463467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The coherent vibrational dynamics of Au144(SC8H9)60, obtained from femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, are described. Two acoustic modes were identified and assigned, including 2.0 THz breathing and 0.7 THz quadrupolar vibrations. These assignments are consistent with predictions using classical mechanics models, indicating that bulk models accurately describe the vibrational properties of Au144(SC8H9)60. Coherent phonon signals were persistent for up to 3 ps, indicating energy dissipation by the nanocluster was the primary dephasing channel. The initial excitation phases of the breathing and quadrupolar modes were π-phase-shifted, reflecting differences in the displacive nuclear motion of the vibrations. The combined agreement of the vibrational frequencies, relative phases, and decoherence times supported predictions based on classical models. The vibrational frequencies were insensitive to silver substitution for gold but did show increased inhomogeneous damping of the coherent phonons. The ability to predict the vibrational properties of metal nanoclusters can have an impact on nanoresonator and mass sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Fl-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marcus A Tofanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Christopher J Ackerson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Fl-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Fl-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Foxley J, Green TD, Tofanelli MA, Ackerson CJ, Knappenberger KL. The Evolution from Superatom- to Plasmon-Mediated Magnetic Circular Dichroism in Colloidal Metal Nanoparticles Spanning the Nonmetallic to Metallic Limits. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5210-5215. [PMID: 37257166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The magneto-optical absorption properties of colloidal metal nanoclusters spanning nonmetallic to metallic regimes were examined using variable-temperature variable-field magnetic circular dichroism (VTVH-MCD) spectroscopy. Charge neutral Au25(SC8H9)18 exhibited MCD spectra dominated by Faraday C-terms, consistent with expectations for a nonmetallic paramagnetic nanocluster. This response is reconciled by the open-shell superatom configuration of Au25(SC8H9)18. Metallic and plasmon-supporting Au459(pMBA)170 exhibited temperature-independent VTVH-MCD spectra dominated by Faraday A-terms. Au144(SC8H9)60, which is intermediate to the metallic and nonmetallic limits, showed the most complex VTVH-MCD response of the three nanoclusters, consisting of 19 distinguishable peaks spanning the visible and near-infrared (3.0-1.4 eV). Variable-temperature analysis suggested that none of these transitions originated from plasmon excitation. However, evidence for both paramagnetic and mixed (i.e., nondiscrete) transitions of Au144(SC8H9)60 was observed. These results highlight the complexity of gold nanocluster electronic transitions that emerge as sizes approach metallic length scales. Nanoclusters in this regime may provide opportunities for tailoring the magneto-optical properties of colloidal nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juniper Foxley
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas D Green
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Marcus A Tofanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Christopher J Ackerson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Lin YC, Torsi R, Younas R, Hinkle CL, Rigosi AF, Hill HM, Zhang K, Huang S, Shuck CE, Chen C, Lin YH, Maldonado-Lopez D, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Ferrier J, Kar S, Nayir N, Rajabpour S, van Duin ACT, Liu X, Jariwala D, Jiang J, Shi J, Mortelmans W, Jaramillo R, Lopes JMJ, Engel-Herbert R, Trofe A, Ignatova T, Lee SH, Mao Z, Damian L, Wang Y, Steves MA, Knappenberger KL, Wang Z, Law S, Bepete G, Zhou D, Lin JX, Scheurer MS, Li J, Wang P, Yu G, Wu S, Akinwande D, Redwing JM, Terrones M, Robinson JA. Recent Advances in 2D Material Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37219929 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) material research is rapidly evolving to broaden the spectrum of emergent 2D systems. Here, we review recent advances in the theory, synthesis, characterization, device, and quantum physics of 2D materials and their heterostructures. First, we shed insight into modeling of defects and intercalants, focusing on their formation pathways and strategic functionalities. We also review machine learning for synthesis and sensing applications of 2D materials. In addition, we highlight important development in the synthesis, processing, and characterization of various 2D materials (e.g., MXnenes, magnetic compounds, epitaxial layers, low-symmetry crystals, etc.) and discuss oxidation and strain gradient engineering in 2D materials. Next, we discuss the optical and phonon properties of 2D materials controlled by material inhomogeneity and give examples of multidimensional imaging and biosensing equipped with machine learning analysis based on 2D platforms. We then provide updates on mix-dimensional heterostructures using 2D building blocks for next-generation logic/memory devices and the quantum anomalous Hall devices of high-quality magnetic topological insulators, followed by advances in small twist-angle homojunctions and their exciting quantum transport. Finally, we provide the perspectives and future work on several topics mentioned in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Riccardo Torsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rehan Younas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Christopher L Hinkle
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Albert F Rigosi
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Heather M Hill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher E Shuck
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel Maldonado-Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jose L Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - John Ferrier
- Department of Physics and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Swastik Kar
- Department of Physics and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nadire Nayir
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, Karamanoglu Mehmet University, Karaman 70100, Turkey
| | - Siavash Rajabpour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Wouter Mortelmans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rafael Jaramillo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joao Marcelo J Lopes
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplaz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Engel-Herbert
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplaz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Trofe
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Tetyana Ignatova
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Seng Huat Lee
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Leticia Damian
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Yuanxi Wang
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Megan A Steves
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhengtianye Wang
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - George Bepete
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jiang-Xiazi Lin
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, United States
| | - Mathias S Scheurer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, United States
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sanfeng Wu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Joan M Redwing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials and Global Aqua Innovation Center, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Steves M, Knappenberger KL. Distinguishing Single-Metal Nanoparticles with Subdiffraction Spatial Resolution Using Variable-Polarization Fourier Transform Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. Chem Biomed Imaging 2023; 1:91-98. [PMID: 37122832 PMCID: PMC10131489 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The development and use of interferometric variable-polarization Fourier transform nonlinear optical (vpFT-NLO) imaging to distinguish colloidal nanoparticles colocated within the optical diffraction limit is described. Using a collinear train of phase-stabilized pulse pairs with orthogonal electric field vectors, the polarization of nonlinear excitation fields are controllably modulated between linear, circular, and various elliptical states. Polarization modulation is achieved by precise control over the time delay separating the orthogonal pulse pairs to within hundreds of attoseconds. The resultant emission from gold nanorods is imaged to a 2D array detector and correlated to the excitation field polarization and plasmon resonance frequency by Fourier transformation. Gold nanorods with length-to-diameter aspect ratios of 2 support a longitudinal surface plasmon resonance at approximately 800 nm, which is resonant with the excitation fundamental carrier wavelength. Differences in the intrinsic linear and circular dichroism resulting from variation in their relative alignment with respect to the laboratory frame enable optical differentiation of nanorods separated within 50 nm, which is an approximate 5-fold improvement over the diffraction limit of the microscope. The experimental results are supported by analytical simulations. In addition to subdiffraction spatial resolution, the vpFT-NLO method intrinsically provides the polarization- and frequency-dependent resonance response of the nanoparticles-providing spectroscopic information content along with super-resolution imaging capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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7
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Abstract
The magneto-optical signatures of colloidal noble metal nanostructures, spanning both discrete nanoclusters (<2 nm) and plasmonic nanoparticles (>2 nm), exhibit rich structure-property correlations, impacting applications including photonic integrated circuits, light modulation, applied spectroscopy, and more. For nanoclusters, electron doping and single-atom substitution modify both the intensity of the magneto-optical response and the degree of transient spin polarization. Nanoparticle size and morphology also modulate the magnitude and polarity of plasmon-mediated magneto-optical signals. This intimate interplay between nanostructure and magneto-optical properties becomes especially apparent in magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and magnetic circular photoluminescence (MCPL) spectroscopic data. Whereas MCD spectroscopy informs on a metal nanostructure's steady-state extinction properties, its MCPL counterpart is sensitive to electronic spin and orbital angular momenta of transiently excited states. This review describes the size- and structure-dependent magneto-optical properties of nanoscale metals, emphasizing the increasingly important role of MCPL in understanding transient spin properties and dynamics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 74 is April 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juniper Foxley
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;
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8
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Steves MA, Knappenberger KL. Improving Spectral, Spatial, and Mechanistic Resolution Using Fourier Transform Nonlinear Optics: A Tutorial Review. ACS Phys Chem Au 2022; 3:130-142. [PMID: 36968452 PMCID: PMC10037448 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform nonlinear optics (FT-NLO) is a powerful experimental physical chemistry tool that provides insightful spectroscopic and imaging data. FT-NLO has revealed key steps in both intramolecular and intermolecular energy flow. Using phase-stabilized pulse sequences, FT-NLO is employed to resolve coherence dynamics in molecules and nanoparticle colloids. Recent advances in time-domain NLO interferometry using collinear beam geometries makes determination of molecular and material linear and nonlinear excitation spectra, homogeneous line width, and nonlinear excitation pathways straightforward. When combined with optical microscopy, rapid acquisition of hyperspectral images with the information content of FT-NLO spectroscopy is possible. With FT-NLO microscopy, molecules and nanoparticles colocated within the optical diffraction limit can be distinguished based on their excitation spectra. The suitability of certain nonlinear signals for statistical localization present exciting prospects for using FT-NLO to visualize energy flow on chemically relevant length scales. In this tutorial review, descriptions of FT-NLO experimental implementations are provided along with theoretical formalisms for obtaining spectral information from time-domain data. Select case studies that illustrate the use of FT-NLO are presented. Finally, strategies for extending super-resolution imaging capabilities based on polarization-selective spectroscopy are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Steves
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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9
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Dodda A, Jayachandran D, Pannone A, Trainor N, Stepanoff SP, Steves MA, Radhakrishnan SS, Bachu S, Ordonez CW, Shallenberger JR, Redwing JM, Knappenberger KL, Wolfe DE, Das S. Active pixel sensor matrix based on monolayer MoS 2 phototransistor array. Nat Mater 2022; 21:1379-1387. [PMID: 36396961 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In-sensor processing, which can reduce the energy and hardware burden for many machine vision applications, is currently lacking in state-of-the-art active pixel sensor (APS) technology. Photosensitive and semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) materials can bridge this technology gap by integrating image capture (sense) and image processing (compute) capabilities in a single device. Here, we introduce a 2D APS technology based on a monolayer MoS2 phototransistor array, where each pixel uses a single programmable phototransistor, leading to a substantial reduction in footprint (900 pixels in ∼0.09 cm2) and energy consumption (100s of fJ per pixel). By exploiting gate-tunable persistent photoconductivity, we achieve a responsivity of ∼3.6 × 107 A W-1, specific detectivity of ∼5.6 × 1013 Jones, spectral uniformity, a high dynamic range of ∼80 dB and in-sensor de-noising capabilities. Further, we demonstrate near-ideal yield and uniformity in photoresponse across the 2D APS array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Dodda
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Darsith Jayachandran
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Pannone
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Trainor
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sergei P Stepanoff
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Megan A Steves
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Saiphaneendra Bachu
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Claudio W Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Joan M Redwing
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Douglas E Wolfe
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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10
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Li Z, Kang L, Lord RW, Park K, Gillman A, Vaia RA, Schaak RE, Werner DH, Knappenberger KL. Plasmon-Mediated Chiroptical Second Harmonic Generation from Seemingly Achiral Gold Nanorods. ACS Nanosci Au 2022; 2:32-39. [PMID: 37101517 PMCID: PMC10114620 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Throughout nature, simple rules explain complex phenomena, such as the selective interaction of chiral objects with circularly polarized light. Here, we demonstrate chiroptical signals from gold nanorods, which are seemingly achiral structures. Shape anisotropy due to atomic-level faceting and rounding at the tips of nanorods, which are free of chiral surface ligands, induces linear-to-circular polarization modulation during second harmonic generation. The intrinsic nanorod chiroptical response is increased by plasmon-resonant excitation, which preferentially amplifies circularly polarized harmonic signals. This structure-plasmon interplay is uniquely resolved by polarization-resolved second harmonic generation measurements. The material's second-order polarizability is the product of the structure-dependent lattice-normal susceptibility and local surface plasmon field vectors. Synthetically scalable plasmon-supporting nanorods that amplify small circular dichroism signals provide a simple, assembly-free platform for chiroptical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lei Kang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Robert W. Lord
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kyoungweon Park
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Andrew Gillman
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Raymond E. Schaak
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Douglas H. Werner
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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11
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Steves MA, Knappenberger KL. Achieving sub-diffraction spatial resolution using combined Fourier transform spectroscopy and nonlinear optical microscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:021101. [PMID: 35032991 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform nonlinear optical microscopy is used to perform nonlinear spectroscopy of single gold nanorods in an imaging platform, which enables sub-diffraction spatial resolution. The nonlinear optical signal is detected as a function of the time delay between two phase-locked pulses, forming an interferogram that can be used to retrieve the resonant response of the nanoparticles. Detection of the nonlinear signal through a microscopy platform enables wide-field hyperspectral imaging of the longitudinal plasmon resonances in individual gold nanorods. Super-resolution capabilities are demonstrated by distinguishing multiple nanorods that are co-located within the optical diffraction limit and are spatially separated by only tens of nanometers. The positions and resonance energies obtained through Fourier transform nonlinear optical microscopy agree with the relative positions and aspect ratios deduced from electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Steves
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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12
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Steves MA, Rajabpour S, Wang K, Dong C, He W, Quek SY, Robinson JA, Knappenberger KL. Atomic-Level Structure Determines Electron-Phonon Scattering Rates in 2-D Polar Metal Heterostructures. ACS Nano 2021; 15:17780-17789. [PMID: 34665593 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electron dynamics of atomically thin 2-D polar metal heterostructures, which consisted of a few crystalline metal atomic layers intercalated between hexagonal silicon carbide and graphene grown from the silicon carbide, were studied using nearly degenerate transient absorption spectroscopy. Optical pumping created charge carriers in both the 2-D metals and graphene components. Wavelength-dependent probing suggests that graphene-to-metal carrier transfer occurred on a sub-picosecond time scale. Following rapid (<300 fs) carrier-carrier scattering, charge carriers monitored through the metal interband transition relaxed through several consecutive cooling mechanisms that included sub-picosecond carrier-phonon scattering and dissipation to the silicon carbide substrate over tens of picoseconds. By studying 2-D In, 2-D Ga, and a Ga/In alloy, we resolved accelerated electron-phonon scattering rates upon alloy formation as well as structural influences on the excitation of in-plane phonon shear modes. More rapid cooling in alloys is attributed to increased lattice disorder, which was observed through correlative polarization-resolved second harmonic generation and electron microscopy. This connection between the electronic relaxation rates, far-field optical responses, and metal lattice disorder is made possible by the intimate relation between nonlinear optical properties and atomic-level structure in these materials. These studies provided insights into electronic carrier dynamics in 2-D crystalline elemental metals, including resolving contributions from specific components of a 2-D metal-containing heterojunction. The correlative ultrafast spectroscopy and nonlinear microscopy results suggest that the energy dissipation rates can be tuned through atomic-level structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Steves
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Siavash Rajabpour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Materials Characterization Laboratory, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chengye Dong
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wen He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Su Ying Quek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2D and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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13
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Jeffries WR, Wallace JL, Knappenberger KL. Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of Au 38(SC 6H 13) 24 monolayer-protected clusters resolved by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124303. [PMID: 34598589 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic relaxation dynamics of neutral Au38(SC6H13)24 monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs), following excitation of the mixed 15 875 cm-1 charge transfer resonance, were studied using femtosecond transient absorption (fsTA) and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES). The excited carriers relax by three different mechanisms, including an ∼100 fs HOMO-12/-13 to HOMO-4/-6 hole transfer, picosecond HOMO-4/-6 to HOMO hole transfer, and subsequent electron-hole recombination that persisted beyond the hundreds of picoseconds measurement range. The fsTA data revealed two transient bleach components at 15 820 and 15 625 cm-1, where the lower frequency component exhibited a delayed first-order buildup of 80 ± 25 fs that matched the decay of the high-energy bleach component (110 ± 45 fs). These results suggested that the excited charge carriers internally relax within the exited-state manifold in ≈100 fs. 2DES resolved multiple electronic fine-structure transient peaks that spanned excitation frequencies ranging from 15 500 to 16 100 cm-1. State-to-state dynamics were understood by the analysis of time-dependent 2DES transient signal amplitudes at numerous excitation-detection frequency combinations. An off-diagonal cross peak at 15 825-15 620 cm-1 excitation-detection signified the HOMO-12/-13 to HOMO-4/-6 hole transfer process. The lowest-frequency (15 620 cm-1) 2DES diagonal fine-structure peak exhibited instantaneous amplitude but intensified following a 75 ± 10 fs buildup when compared to diagonal peaks at higher frequencies. This observation indicated that the charge transfer resonance in Au38(SC6H13)24 MPCs is comprised of several electronic transitions of unique spectral weights, which may result from different orbital contributions associated with specific cluster domains. The use of 2DES in combination with structurally precise MPCs can provide a platform for understanding structure-dependent electronic dynamics in metal nanoclusters and technologically important metal-chalcogenide interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jordan L Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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14
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Abstract
Near-infrared photoluminescence of a series of three gold monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) with volumes spanning 50-200 Å3 was studied by using variable-temperature photoluminescence (VT-PL) spectroscopy. The three MPCs, which included Au20(SC8H9)15-diglyme, Au25(SC8H9)18, and Au38(SC12H25)24, all exhibited temperature-dependent intensities that reflected a few-millielectronvolt energy gap that separated bright emissive and dark nonradiative electronic states. All clusters showed increased PL intensities upon raising the sample temperature from 4.5 K to a cluster-specific value, upon which increased sample temperature resulted in emission quenching. The increased PL in the low-temperature range is attributed to thermally activated carrier transfer from dark to bright states. The quenching at elevated temperatures is attributed to nonradiative vibrational relaxation through Au-Au stretching of the MPCs metal core. Importantly, the results show evidence of a common and size scalable metal-centered intraband PL mechanism that is general for ultrasmall metal nanoclusters, which are expected to show nonscalable optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher J Ackerson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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15
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Herbert PJ, Knappenberger KL. Spin-Polarized Photoluminescence in Au 25 (SC 8 H 9 ) 18 Monolayer-Protected Clusters. Small 2021; 17:e2004431. [PMID: 33511771 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, the observation of spin-polarized emission for the Au25 (SC8 H9 )18 monolayer-protected cluster (MPC) is reported. Variable-temperature variable-field magnetic circular photoluminescence (VTV H ⇀ -MCPL) measurements are combined with VT-PL spectroscopy to provide state-resolved characterization of the transient electronic structure and spin-polarized electron-hole recombination dynamics of Au25 (SC8 H9 )18 . Through analysis of VTV H ⇀ -MCPL measurements, a low energy (1.64 eV) emission peak is assigned to intraband relaxation between core-metal-localized superatom-D to -P orbitals. Two higher energy interband components (1.78 eV, 1.94 eV) are assigned to relaxation from superatom-D orbitals to states localized to the inorganic semirings. For both intraband superatom-based or interband relaxation mechanisms, the extent of spin-polarization, quantified as the degree of circular polarization (DOCP), is determined by state-specific electron-vibration coupling strengths and energy separations of bright and dark electronic fine-structure levels. At low temperatures (<60 K), metal-metal superatom-based intraband transitions dominate the global PL emission. At higher temperatures (>60 K), interband ligand-based emission is dominant. In the low-temperature PL regime, increased sample temperature results in larger global PL intensity. In the high-temperature regime, increased temperature quenches interband radiative recombination. The relative intensity for each PL mechanism is discussed in terms of state-specific electronic-vibrational coupling strengths and related to the total angular momentum, quantified by Landé g-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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16
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Fagan AM, Jeffries WR, Knappenberger KL, Schaak RE. Synthetic Control of Hot-Electron Thermalization Efficiency in Size-Tunable Au-Pt Hybrid Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2021; 15:1378-1387. [PMID: 33337141 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are well-known to exhibit size-dependent properties that are responsible for their unique catalytic, optical, and electronic applications. However, electron-phonon coupling, which is important for photocatalysis and light harvesting, is one of the rare properties of gold that is size-independent above a threshold value, e.g., for nanospheres larger than approximately 5 nm in diameter. Here, we show that when interfaced to a comparably sized Pt nanoparticle, the electron-phonon coupling constant of the hybrid material depends on the diameter of the Au domain. This is important because the electron-phonon coupling constant describes the efficiency by which hot electrons are converted to local heat by the primary electron-phonon scattering thermalization channel. We begin by synthesizing a library of Au-Pt hybrid nanoparticle heterodimers by growing size-tunable Au nanoparticles on Pt nanoparticle seeds. By systematically varying reagent concentration and reaction time, the Au domain diameter of the Au-Pt hybrid nanoparticle heterodimers can be tuned between 4.4 and 16 nm while the size of the Pt domain remains constant. Calibration curves allow us to dial in precise Au domain sizes, and microscopic analysis of the Au-Pt heterodimers provides insights into how they grow and how their morphologies evolve. Femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that for Au-Pt heterodimers having Au domain diameters of 8.7 to 14 nm, the electron-phonon coupling constant decreases by more than 80%, which is not observed for comparably sized Au nanoparticles. Interfacing smaller Au domains with Pt nanoparticle surfaces causes an increase in the density of states near the Fermi level of Au, which results in accelerated thermalization times through an increased number of electron-phonon interactions. The combination of precision hybrid nanoparticle synthesis and size-dependent electron-phonon coupling may be important for designing composite metals for photocatalytic and light-harvesting applications and for engineering different functions into established materials.
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17
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Zhao T, Knappenberger KL. Advances in multi-dimensional super-resolution nonlinear optical microscopy. Advances in Physics: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2021.1964378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhao
- Department Of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department Of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
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18
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Steves MA, Wang Y, Briggs N, Zhao T, El-Sherif H, Bersch BM, Subramanian S, Dong C, Bowen T, Fuente Duran ADL, Nisi K, Lassaunière M, Wurstbauer U, Bassim ND, Fonseca J, Robinson JT, Crespi VH, Robinson J, Knappenberger KL. Unexpected Near-Infrared to Visible Nonlinear Optical Properties from 2-D Polar Metals. Nano Lett 2020; 20:8312-8318. [PMID: 33079555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared-to-visible second harmonic generation from air-stable two-dimensional polar gallium and indium metals is described. The photonic properties of 2D metals, including the largest second-order susceptibilities reported for metals (approaching 10 nm/V), are determined by the atomic-level structure and bonding of two-to-three-atom-thick crystalline films. The bond character evolved from covalent to metallic over a few atomic layers, changing the out-of-plane metal-metal bond distances by approximately ten percent (0.2 Å), resulting in symmetry breaking and an axial electrostatic dipole that mediated the large nonlinear response. Two different orientations of the crystalline metal atoms, corresponding to lateral displacements <2 Å, persisted in separate micrometer-scale terraces to generate distinct harmonic polarizations. This strong atomic-level structure-property interplay suggests metal photonic properties can be controlled with atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Steves
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yuanxi Wang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Natalie Briggs
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2D and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hesham El-Sherif
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Brian M Bersch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2D and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shruti Subramanian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2D and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chengye Dong
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2D and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Timothy Bowen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2D and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ana De La Fuente Duran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Katharina Nisi
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Margaux Lassaunière
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemmstr. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ursula Wurstbauer
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemmstr. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nabil D Bassim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jose Fonseca
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | | | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua Robinson
- 2D Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2D and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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19
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Famularo NR, Kang L, Li Z, Zhao T, Knappenberger KL, Keating CD, Werner DH. Linear and nonlinear chiroptical response from individual 3D printed plasmonic and dielectric micro-helices. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:154702. [PMID: 33092362 DOI: 10.1063/5.0020539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-wavelength chiral resonators formed from artificial structures exhibit exceedingly large chiroptical responses compared to those observed in natural media. Owing to resonant excitation, chiral near fields can be significantly enhanced for these resonators, holding great promise for developing enantioselective photonic components such as biochemical sensors based on circular dichroism (CD) and spin-dependent nonlinear imaging. In the present work, strong linear and nonlinear chiroptical responses (scattering CD > 0.15 and nonlinear differential CDs > 0.4) at visible and near infrared frequencies are reported for the first time for individual micrometer-scale plasmonic and dielectric helical structures. By leveraging dark-field spectroscopy and nonlinear optical microscopy, the circular-polarization-selective scattering behavior and nonlinear optical responses (e.g., second harmonic generation and two-photon photoluminescence) of 3D printed micro-helices with feature sizes comparable to the wavelength (total length is ∼5λ) are demonstrated. These micro-helices provide potential for readily accessible photonic platforms, facilitating an enantiomeric analysis of chiral materials. One such example is the opportunity to explore ultracompact photonic devices based on single, complex meta-atoms enabled by state-of-the-art 3D fabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Famularo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Zehua Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christine D Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Douglas H Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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20
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Jeffries WR, Park K, Vaia RA, Knappenberger KL. Resolving Electron-Electron Scattering in Plasmonic Nanorod Ensembles Using Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7722-7727. [PMID: 32931697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to study electron-electron scattering dynamics in plasmonic gold nanorods is described. The 2DES resolved the time-dependent plasmon homogeneous line width Γh(t), which was sensitive to changes in Fermi-level carrier densities. This approach was effective because electronic excitation accelerated plasmon dephasing, which broadened Γh. Analysis of Γh(t) indicated plasmon coherence times were decreased by 20-50%, depending on excitation conditions. Electron-electron scattering rates of approximately 0.01 fs-1 were obtained by fitting the time-dependent Γh broadening; rates increased quadratically with both excitation pulse energy and frequency. This rate dependence agreed with Fermi-liquid theory-based predictions. Hot electron thermalization through electron-phonon scattering resulted in Γh narrowing. To our knowledge, this is the first use of the plasmon Γh(t) to isolate electron-electron scattering dynamics in colloidal metal nanoparticles. These results illustrate the effectiveness of 2DES for studying hot electron dynamics of solution-phase plasmonic ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kyoungweon Park
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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21
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Zhao T, Li Z, Park K, Vaia RA, Knappenberger KL. Photoluminescence of single gold nanorods following nonlinear excitation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:061101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0021388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Zehua Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Kyoungweon Park
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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22
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Briggs N, Gebeyehu ZM, Vera A, Zhao T, Wang K, De La Fuente Duran A, Bersch B, Bowen T, Knappenberger KL, Robinson JA. Epitaxial graphene/silicon carbide intercalation: a minireview on graphene modulation and unique 2D materials. Nanoscale 2019; 11:15440-15447. [PMID: 31393495 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03721g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation of atomic species through epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide began only a few years following its initial report in 2004. The impact of intercalation on the electronic properties of the graphene is well known; however, the intercalant itself can also exhibit intriguing properties not found in nature. This realization has inspired new interest in epitaxial graphene/silicon carbide (EG/SiC) intercalation, where the scope of the technique extends beyond modulation of graphene properties to the creation of new 2D forms of 3D materials. The mission of this minireview is to provide a concise introduction to EG/SiC intercalation and to demonstrate a simplified approach to EG/SiC intercalation. We summarize the primary techniques used to achieve and characterize EG/SiC intercalation, and show that thermal evaporation-based methods can effectively substitute for more complex synthesis techniques, enabling large-scale intercalation of non-refractory metals and compounds including two-dimensional silver (2D-Ag) and gallium nitride (2D-GaNx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Briggs
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA and 2-Dimensional Crystal Consortium Materials Innovation Platform, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zewdu M Gebeyehu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alexander Vera
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Materials Characterization Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ana De La Fuente Duran
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Brian Bersch
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Timothy Bowen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA and 2-Dimensional Crystal Consortium Materials Innovation Platform, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA and Center for Atomically-Thin Multifunctional Coatings, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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23
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Steves MA, Zheng H, Knappenberger KL. Correlated spatially resolved two-dimensional electronic and linear absorption spectroscopy. Opt Lett 2019; 44:2117-2120. [PMID: 30985825 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal method for correlating linear and nonlinear optical spectra with a spatial resolution is presented. Using a partially collinear pump-probe geometry and two-frame phase-cycling, ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) was performed with transverse-spatial and temporal resolutions of 17 μm and 80 fs, respectively. Time-resolved 2DES maps were spatially correlated with linear extinction spectra obtained in the same imaging platform, enabling the examination of state-resolved dynamics of spatially heterogeneous materials. Thin films of aggregated CdSe nanocrystals were studied to demonstrate the combined spectral, temporal, and imaging capabilities of this method.
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24
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Williams LJ, Herbert PJ, Tofanelli MA, Ackerson CJ, Knappenberger KL. Superatom spin-state dynamics of structurally precise metal monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs). J Chem Phys 2019; 150:101102. [PMID: 30876360 DOI: 10.1063/1.5090508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic spin-state dynamics were studied for a series of Au25(SC8H9)18 q and Au24Pd(SC8H9)18 monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) prepared in a series of oxidation states, q, including q = -1, 0, +1. These clusters were chosen for study because Au25(SC8H9)18 -1 is a closed-shell superatomic cluster, but Au25(SC8H9)18 0 is an open-shell (7-electron) system; Au25(SC8H9)18 +1 and PdAu24(SC8H9)18 0 are isoelectronic (6-electron) closed-shell systems. Carrier dynamics for electronic fine structure spin states were isolated using femtosecond time-resolved circularly polarized transient-absorption spectroscopy (fs-CPTA). Excitation energies of 1.82 eV and 1.97 eV were chosen for these measurements on Au25(SC8H9)18 0 in order to achieve resonance matching with electronic fine structure transitions within the superatomic P- and D-orbital manifolds; 1.82-eV excited an unpaired Pz electron to D states, whereas 1.97-eV was resonant with transitions between filled Px and Py subshells and higher-energy D orbitals. fs-CPTA measurements revealed multiple spin-polarized transient signals for neutral (open shell) Au25(SC8H9)18, following 1.82-eV excitation, which persisted for several picoseconds; time constants of 5.03 ± 0.38 ps and 2.36 ± 0.59 ps were measured using 2.43 and 2.14 eV probes, respectively. Polarization-dependent fs-CPTA measurements of PdAu24(SC8H9)18 clusters exhibit no spin-conversion dynamics, similar to the isoelectronic Au25(SC8H9)18 +1 counterpart. These observations of cluster-specific dynamics resulted from spin-polarized superatom P to D excitation, via an unpaired Pz electron of the open-shell seven-electron Au25(SC8H9)18 MPC. These results suggest that MPCs may serve as structurally well-defined prototypes for understanding spin and quantum state dynamics in nanoscale metal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenzi J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Patrick J Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Marcus A Tofanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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25
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Herbert PJ, Window P, Ackerson CJ, Knappenberger KL. Low-Temperature Magnetism in Nanoscale Gold Revealed through Variable-Temperature Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:189-193. [PMID: 30582816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The low-temperature (0.35-4.2 K) steady-state electronic absorption of the monolayer-protected cluster (MPC) Au102( pMBA)44 was studied using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy to investigate previously reported low-temperature (<50 K) magnetism in d10 nanogold systems. Variable-temperature variable-field analysis of resolvable MCD extinction components revealed two distinct magnetic anisotropic behaviors. A low-energy, diamagnetic component was correlated to excitation from states localized to the passivating ligands. A high-energy, paramagnetic component was attributed to excitation from the d-band of the Au core. The temperature dependence of the magnetic anisotropy for each component is discussed in terms of previously reported structural parameters of the atomically precise Au102( pMBA)44 MPC. It is concluded that temperature-sensitive structure-dependent Au d-d orbital interactions result in the promotion of 5d-band electrons to the 6sp-band via orbital rehybridization, inducing a 15× increase in the Landé g-factor over the temperature range spanning from 0.35 to 4.2 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Herbert
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Phillip Window
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Christopher J Ackerson
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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26
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Zhao T, Steves MA, Chapman BS, Tracy JB, Knappenberger KL. Quantification of Interface-Dependent Plasmon Quality Factors Using Single-Beam Nonlinear Optical Interferometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13702-13707. [PMID: 30339019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method for quantification of plasmon mode quality factors using a novel collinear single-beam interferometric nonlinear optical (INLO) microscope is described. A collinear sequence of phase-stabilized femtosecond laser pulses generated by a series of birefringent optics is used for the INLO experiments. Our experimental designs allow for the creation of pulse replicas (800 nm carrier wave) that exhibit interpulse phase stability of 33 mrad (approximately 14 attoseonds), which can be incrementally temporally delayed from attosecond to picosecond time scales. This temporal tuning range allows for resonant electronic Fourier spectroscopy of plasmonic gold nanoparticles. The collinear geometry of the pulse pair facilitates integration into an optical microscopy platform capable of single-nanoparticle sensitivity. Analysis of the Fourier spectra in the frequency domain yields the sample plasmon resonant response and homogeneous line width; the latter provided quantification of the plasmon mode quality factor. We have applied this INLO approach to quantitatively determine the influence of encapsulation of gold nanorods with silica shells on plasmon quality factors. We have studied a series of three gold nanorod samples, distinguished by surface passivation. These include cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-passivated nanorods, as well as ones encapsulated by 5 and 20 nanometer-thick silica shells. The Q-factor results show a trend of increasing quality factor, increasing by 46% from 54 ± 8 to 79 ± 9, in going from CTAB- to 20 nm silica-coated AuNRs. The straightforward method of INLO enables analysis of plasmon responses to environmental influences, such as analyte binding and solvent effects, as well as quantification of structure-specific plasmon coherence dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Megan A Steves
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Brian S Chapman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Joseph B Tracy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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27
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Zhao T, Herbert PJ, Zheng H, Knappenberger KL. State-Resolved Metal Nanoparticle Dynamics Viewed through the Combined Lenses of Ultrafast and Magneto-optical Spectroscopies. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1433-1442. [PMID: 29738235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electronic carrier dynamics play pivotal roles in the functional properties of nanomaterials. For colloidal metals, the mechanisms and influences of these dynamics are structure dependent. The coherent carrier dynamics of collective plasmon modes for nanoparticles (approximately 2 nm and larger) determine optical amplification factors that are important to applied spectroscopy techniques. In the nanocluster domain (sub-2 nm), carrier coupling to vibrational modes affects photoluminescence yields. The performance of photocatalytic materials featuring both nanoparticles and nanoclusters also depends on the relaxation dynamics of nonequilibrium charge carriers. The challenges for developing comprehensive descriptions of carrier dynamics spanning both domains are multifold. Plasmon coherences are short-lived, persisting for only tens of femtoseconds. Nanoclusters exhibit discrete carrier dynamics that can persist for microseconds in some cases. On this time scale, many state-dependent processes, including vibrational relaxation, charge transfer, and spin conversion, affect carrier dynamics in ways that are nonscalable but, rather, structure specific. Hence, state-resolved spectroscopy methods are needed for understanding carrier dynamics in the nanocluster domain. Based on these considerations, a detailed understanding of structure-dependent carrier dynamics across length scales requires an appropriate combination of spectroscopic methods. Plasmon mode-specific dynamics can be obtained through ultrafast correlated light and electron microscopy (UCLEM), which pairs interferometric nonlinear optical (INLO) with electron imaging methods. INLO yields nanostructure spectral resonance responses, which capture the system's homogeneous line width and coherence dynamics. State-resolved nanocluster dynamics can be obtained by pairing ultrafast with magnetic-optical spectroscopy methods. In particular, variable-temperature variable-field (VTVH) spectroscopies allow quantification of transient, excited states, providing quantification of important parameters such as spin and orbital angular momenta as well as the energy gaps that separate electronic fine structure states. Ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) can be used to understand how these details influence state-to-state carrier dynamics. In combination, VTVH and 2DES methods can provide chemists with detailed information regarding the structure-dependent and state-specific flow of energy through metal nanoclusters. In this Account, we highlight recent advances toward understanding structure-dependent carrier dynamics for metals spanning the sub-nanometer to tens of nanometers length scale. We demonstrate the use of UCLEM methods for arresting interband scattering effects. For sub-nanometer thiol-protected nanoclusters, we discuss the effectiveness of VTVH for distinguishing state-specific radiative recombination originating from a gold core versus organometallic protecting layers. This state specificity is refined further using femtosecond 2DES and two-color methods to isolate so-called superatom state dynamics and vibrationally mediated spin-conversion and emission processes. Finally, we discuss prospects for merging VTVH and 2DES methods into a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Patrick J. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hongjun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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28
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Herbert PJ, Mitra U, Knappenberger KL. Variable-temperature variable-field magnetic circular photoluminescence (VTVH-MCPL) spectroscopy for electronic-structure determination in nanoscale chemical systems. Opt Lett 2017; 42:4833-4836. [PMID: 29216123 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we describe variable-temperature variable-field magnetic circular photoluminescence (VTVH-MCPL) spectroscopy as a complementary technique to absorption-based magnetic circular dichroism. A paramagnetic model system, Au25(SC8H9)18, is chosen to demonstrate the information content that is obtained from VTVH-MCPL. Specifically, the methods and analyses for the determination of electronic Landé g-factors, zero-field energy splittings, and relative A-, B-, and C-term contributions to the MCPL response are detailed. The determination of these system properties from photoluminescence data suggests the feasibility of point-source-based super-resolution magneto-optical microscopy.
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29
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Jarrett JW, Yi C, Stoll T, Rehault J, Oriana A, Branchi F, Cerullo G, Knappenberger KL. Dissecting charge relaxation pathways in CdSe/CdS nanocrystals using femtosecond two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Nanoscale 2017; 9:4572-4577. [PMID: 28321446 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00654c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exciton relaxation dynamics of CdSe and quasi-type-II CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals were examined using femtosecond two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES). The use of 2DES allowed for determination of structure-specific and state-resolved carrier dynamics for CdSe nanocrystals formed with five, or fewer, CdS passivation monolayers (ML). For CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanocrystals formed with one through three MLs of CdS, excitation using broad bandwidth femtosecond visible laser pulses generated electron-hole pairs among the |X1〉 = 2.14 eV and |X2〉 = 2.27 eV exciton states. For both excitations, the electron is promoted to the lowest energy excited (1Se) conduction-band state and the hole is in the 1S3/2 (X1) or 2S3/2 (X2) valence-band state. Therefore, the relaxation dynamics of the hot hole were isolated by monitoring the-time-dependent amplitude of 2DES cross peaks. The time constant for hot hole relaxation within the CdSe valence band was 150 ± 45 fs. Upon passivation by CdS, this hole relaxation time constant increased to 170 ± 30 fs (CdSe/CdS-3ML). This small increase was attributed to the formation of a graded, or alloyed, interfacial region that precedes the growth of a uniform CdS capping layer. The small increase in hole relaxation time reflects the larger nanocrystal volume of the CdSe/CdS system with respect to the CdSe nanocrystal core. In contrast, the dynamics of larger core/shell nanocrystals (≥4ML CdS) exhibited a picosecond buildup in 2DES cross-peak amplitude. This time-dependent response was attributed to interfacial hole transfer from CdS to CdSe valence-band states. Importantly, the 2DES data distinguish CdSe exciton relaxation from interfacial carrier transfer dynamics. In combination, isolation of structurally well-defined nanocrystals and state-resolved 2DES can be used to examine directly the influence of nanoscale structural modifications on electronic carrier dynamics, which are critical for developing nanocluster-based photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Jarrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA.
| | - C Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA.
| | - T Stoll
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J Rehault
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy and Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-4232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Oriana
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy and Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Branchi
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - K L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA. and IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, USA
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30
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Zheng H, Tofanelli MA, Ackerson CJ, Knappenberger KL. Composition-dependent electronic energy relaxation dynamics of metal domains as revealed by bimetallic Au144−xAgx(SC8H9)60 monolayer-protected clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:14471-14477. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00884h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of nanoscale composition on electronic relaxation is determined using monolayer-protected clusters as structurally precise model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
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31
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Jarrett JW, Zhao T, Johnson JS, Liu X, Nealey PF, Vaia RA, Knappenberger KL. Plasmon-Mediated Two-Photon Photoluminescence-Detected Circular Dichroism in Gold Nanosphere Assemblies. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:765-770. [PMID: 26854357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report plasmon-mediated two-photon photoluminescence (TPPL)-detected circular dichroism (CD) from colloidal metal nanoparticle assemblies. Two classes of solid gold nanosphere (SGN) dimers--heterodimers and homodimers--were examined using polarization-resolved TPPL, second harmonic generation (SHG), and one-photon photoluminescence (OPPL). Unambiguous CD was detected in both the TPPL and SHG signals, and the magnitudes of the CD responses in these measurements showed agreement for individual nanostructures. Heterodimers gave larger CD responses (average TPPL-CDR = 0.62 ± 0.33; average SHG-CDR = 0.51 ± 0.21) than homodimers (average TPPL-CDR = 0.19 ± 0.04; average SHG-CDR = 0.18 ± 0.06). OPPL-CD was not detected for either structure. Analysis of dimer emission properties suggested the CD responses were determined by properties of the one-photon-resonant mode excited by the laser. Average TPPL signals were (4.3 ± 0.6)× larger than those for SHG. Because signal amplitude is a primary determinant for spatial accuracies and precisions obtained from optical microscopy, CD contrast generated from plasmon-mediated TPPL, which we report for the first time, can extend the suite of super-resolution imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Jarrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- The Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul F Nealey
- The Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory , 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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32
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Stoll T, Sgrò E, Jarrett JW, Réhault J, Oriana A, Sala L, Branchi F, Cerullo G, Knappenberger KL. Superatom State-Resolved Dynamics of the Au25(SC8H9)18– Cluster from Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1788-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Stoll
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Sgrò
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jeremy W. Jarrett
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Julien Réhault
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Aurelio Oriana
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Sala
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Branchi
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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33
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Compel WS, Wong OA, Chen X, Yi C, Geiss R, Häkkinen H, Knappenberger KL, Ackerson CJ. Dynamic Diglyme-Mediated Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoclusters. ACS Nano 2015; 9:11690-11698. [PMID: 26530638 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the assembly of gold nanoclusters by the nonthiolate ligand diglyme into discrete and dynamic assemblies. To understand this surprising phenomenon, the assembly of Au20(SC2H4Ph)15-diglyme into Au20(SC2H4Ph)15-diglyme-Au20(SC2H4Ph)15 is explored in detail. The assembly is examined by high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and calorimetry. We establish a dissociation constant for dimer to monomer conversion of 20.4 μM. Theoretical models validated by transient absorption spectroscopy predict a low-spin monomer and a high-spin dimer, with assembly enabled through weak diglyme oxygen-gold interactions. Close spatial coupling allows electron delocalization between the nanoparticle cores. The resulting assemblies thus possess optical and electronic properties that emerge as a result of assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Compel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - O Andrea Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Chongyue Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Roy Geiss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Christopher J Ackerson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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34
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Liu X, Biswas S, Jarrett JW, Poutrina E, Urbas A, Knappenberger KL, Vaia RA, Nealey PF. Deterministic Construction of Plasmonic Heterostructures in Well-Organized Arrays for Nanophotonic Materials. Adv Mater 2015; 27:7314-7319. [PMID: 26463579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic heterostructures are deterministically constructed in organized arrays through chemical pattern directed assembly, a combination of top-down lithography and bottom-up assembly, and by the sequential immobilization of gold nanoparticles of three different sizes onto chemically patterned surfaces using tailored interaction potentials. These spatially addressable plasmonic chain nanostructures demonstrate localization of linear and nonlinear optical fields as well as nonlinear circular dichroism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, 5747 S. Ellis Ave, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sushmita Biswas
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Jeremy W Jarrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Ekaterina Poutrina
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Augustine Urbas
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, 5747 S. Ellis Ave, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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35
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Jarrett JW, Liu X, Nealey PF, Vaia RA, Cerullo G, Knappenberger KL. Communication: SHG-detected circular dichroism imaging using orthogonal phase-locked laser pulses. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:151101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4918972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W. Jarrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- The Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- The Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnio di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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36
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Cary SK, Vasiliu M, Baumbach RE, Stritzinger JT, Green TD, Diefenbach K, Cross JN, Knappenberger KL, Liu G, Silver MA, DePrince AE, Polinski MJ, Van Cleve SM, House JH, Kikugawa N, Gallagher A, Arico AA, Dixon DA, Albrecht-Schmitt TE. Emergence of californium as the second transitional element in the actinide series. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6827. [PMID: 25880116 PMCID: PMC4410632 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A break in periodicity occurs in the actinide series between plutonium and americium as the result of the localization of 5f electrons. The subsequent chemistry of later actinides is thought to closely parallel lanthanides in that bonding is expected to be ionic and complexation should not substantially alter the electronic structure of the metal ions. Here we demonstrate that ligation of californium(III) by a pyridine derivative results in significant deviations in the properties of the resultant complex with respect to that predicted for the free ion. We expand on this by characterizing the americium and curium analogues for comparison, and show that these pronounced effects result from a second transition in periodicity in the actinide series that occurs, in part, because of the stabilization of the divalent oxidation state. The metastability of californium(II) is responsible for many of the unusual properties of californium including the green photoluminescence. The chemistry of the post-plutonium actinides is thought to resemble lanthanides in that bonding is primarily ionic. Here, the authors show that a californium(III) complex displays significantly different properties to those predicted for the free ion owing to a second break in actinide periodicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Cary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - Ryan E Baumbach
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Jared T Stritzinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Thomas D Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Kariem Diefenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Justin N Cross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Guokui Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Mark A Silver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Matthew J Polinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Shelley M Van Cleve
- Nuclear Materials Processing Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Jane H House
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Naoki Kikugawa
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Andrew Gallagher
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Alexandra A Arico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
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37
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Yi C, Knappenberger KL. The influence of surface passivation on electronic energy relaxation dynamics of CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanocrystals studied using visible and near infrared transient absorption spectroscopy. Nanoscale 2015; 7:5884-5891. [PMID: 25761249 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Charge carrier relaxation dynamics of electronically excited CdSe and CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) were studied using femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, employing both visible and near-infrared (NIR) probe laser pulses. Following 400 nm excitation, the combination of visible and NIR laser probe pulses were used to determine the influence of surface passivation on electronic relaxation dynamics for nanocrystals overcoated with either organic ligands or inorganic semiconductors. In particular, low-energy NIR photons were used to isolate transient absorption signals due to either electron and hole intraband transitions. Four relaxation components were detected for CdSe NCs passivated by organic molecules: (1) picosecond hole relaxation; (2) electron deep trapping; (3) electron surface trapping; and (4) exciton radiative recombination. Based on TA data collected over a broad energy range, electron deep trapping at Se(2-) sites was suppressed for CdSe NCs passivated by inorganic (CdS) semiconducting materials. By comparing the time-dependent transient absorption data of a series of CdSe/CdS NCs with different shell thicknesses, evidence for the transition from Type-I to quasi Type-II NCs was obtained. These data illustrate the sensitivity of femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption measurements carried out over visible and near infrared probe energies for determining the influence of nanocrystal structure on electronic relaxation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyue Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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38
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Biswas S, Liu X, Jarrett JW, Brown D, Pustovit V, Urbas A, Knappenberger KL, Nealey PF, Vaia RA. Nonlinear chiro-optical amplification by plasmonic nanolens arrays formed via directed assembly of gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2015; 15:1836-1842. [PMID: 25646978 DOI: 10.1021/nl504613q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticle assemblies are promising materials for nanophotonic applications due to novel linear and nonlinear optical properties arising from their plasmon modes. However, scalable fabrication approaches that provide both precision nano- and macroarchitectures, and performance commensurate with design and model predictions, have been limiting. Herein, we demonstrate controlled and efficient nanofocusing of the fundamental and second harmonic frequencies of incident linearly and circularly polarized light using reduced symmetry gold nanoparticle dimers formed by surface-directed assembly of colloidal nanoparticles. Large ordered arrays (>100) of these C∞v heterodimers (ratio of radii R1/R2 = 150 nm/50 nm = 3; gap distance l = 1 ± 0.5 nm) exhibit second harmonic generation and structure-dependent chiro-optic activity with the circular dichroism ratio of individual heterodimers varying less than 20% across the array, demonstrating precision and uniformity at a large scale. These nonlinear optical properties were mediated by interparticle plasmon coupling. Additionally, the versatility of the fabrication is demonstrated on a variety of substrates including flexible polymers. Numerical simulations guide architecture design as well as validating the experimental results, thus confirming the ability to optimize second harmonic yield and induce chiro-optical responses for compact sensors, optical modulators, and tunable light sources by rational design and fabrication of the nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Biswas
- Air Force Research Laboratory , 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
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39
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Sreenath K, Yi C, Knappenberger KL, Zhu L. Distinguishing Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and solvent-mediated charge-transfer relaxation dynamics in a zinc(II) indicator: a femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopic study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5088-92. [PMID: 24504046 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A bifluorophoric molecule (1) capable of intramolecular Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is reported. The emission intensity of the FRET acceptor in 1 depends on the molar absorptivity of the donor, which is a function of zinc(II) complexation. The FRET dynamics of [Zn(1)](ClO4)2 is characterized by femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. The solvent-mediated relaxation of the charge-transfer (CT) state of the isolated donor and the FRET process of the donor–acceptor conjugate are on similar time scales (40–50 ps in CH3CN), but distinguishable by the opposite solvent polarity dependency. As the solvent polarity increases, the efficiency of Columbic-based FRET is reduced, whereas CT relaxation is accelerated. In addition to revealing a method to distinguish CT and FRET dynamics, this work provides a photophysical foundation for developing indicators based on the FRET strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavapillai Sreenath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA.
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40
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Knappenberger KL, Johnson GE, El-Sayed MA. Tribute to A. W. Castleman, Jr. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8011-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501364m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Green TD, Yi C, Zeng C, Jin R, McGill S, Knappenberger KL. Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence of Structurally-Precise Quantum-Confined Au25(SC8H9)18 and Au38(SC12H25)24 Metal Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10611-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505913j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Green
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Chongyue Yi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stephen McGill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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42
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Jarrett JW, Herbert PJ, Dhuey S, Schwartzberg AM, Knappenberger KL. Chiral Nanostructures Studied Using Polarization-Dependent NOLES Imaging. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8393-401. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W. Jarrett
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Patrick J. Herbert
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Scott Dhuey
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam M. Schwartzberg
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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43
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Yi C, Tofanelli MA, Ackerson CJ, Knappenberger KL. Optical Properties and Electronic Energy Relaxation of Metallic Au144(SR)60 Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18222-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja409998j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyue Yi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Marcus A. Tofanelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ackerson
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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44
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Blumling DE, McGill S, Knappenberger KL. The influence of applied magnetic fields on the optical properties of zero- and one-dimensional CdSe nanocrystals. Nanoscale 2013; 5:9049-9056. [PMID: 23945622 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03252c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Shape-dependent exciton relaxation dynamics of CdSe 0-D nanocrystals and 1-D nanorods were studied using low-temperature (4.2 K), time-resolved and intensity-integrated magneto-photoluminscence (MPL) spectroscopy. Analysis of the average MPL rate constants from several different nanocrystal quantum dots and rods excited by 400 nm light in applied magnetic fields up to 17.5 T revealed size-dependent energy gaps separating bright and dark exciton fine-structure states. For 1-D nanorods under strong cross-sectional confinement and large length-to-diameter aspect ratios, efficient mixing of bright and dark exciton states was achieved using relatively low applied field strengths (≤4 T). The effect was attributed, in part, to decreased confinement of CdSe hole states associated with the long axis of the nanorod, which resulted in reduction of the energy gaps separating the bright and dark states. Increased control over the angle formed between the applied field vectors and the nanocrystal c-axis led to more efficient and uniform mixing of nanorod exciton states than for quantum dots. The findings suggest 1-D nanostructures are advantageous over 0-D ones for field-responsive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Blumling
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tennessee Wesleyan College, Athens, TN 37303, USA
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45
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Jarrett JW, Chandra M, Knappenberger KL. Optimization of nonlinear optical localization using electromagnetic surface fields (NOLES) imaging. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:214202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4808161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Knappenberger KL, Dowgiallo AM, Chandra M, Jarrett JW. Probing the Structure-Property Interplay of Plasmonic Nanoparticle Transducers Using Femtosecond Laser Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1109-1119. [PMID: 26282029 DOI: 10.1021/jz4001906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic feature of noble metal nanoparticles is the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Plasmon-supporting nanoparticles can function as transducers because of the LSPR's ability to amplify electromagnetic fields and its sensitivity to changes in the surrounding dielectric. The performance of these materials in transducer applications is inherently related to nanoparticle structure. This Perspective describes the use of femtosecond laser-based spectroscopies to elucidate the nanoscale structure-property interplay. First, femtosecond time-resolved transient extinction measurements that probe the LSPR following nanoparticle photoexcitation are described. These measurements illustrate how nanostructure dimensions influence sensitivity to changes in the interfacial dielectric. The combination of single-particle nonlinear optical (NLO) measurements and electron microscopy is also used to describe the symmetry of plasmon surface fields in nanoparticle assemblies. In particular, the use of continuous polarization variation-detected second-harmonic generation to describe electric and magnetic dipolar contributions to NLO properties is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Dowgiallo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Manabendra Chandra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Jeremy W Jarrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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47
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Chandra M, Knappenberger KL. Nanoparticle surface electromagnetic fields studied by single-particle nonlinear optical spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:4177-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43271d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Williams LJ, Dowgiallo AM, Knappenberger KL. Plasmonic nanoparticle networks formed using iron porphyrin molecular bridges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:11840-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51420j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Dowgiallo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4309,
United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4309,
United States
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Cordones
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Knappenberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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