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de Vries F, Slizovskiy S, Tomić P, Krishna Kumar R, Garcia-Ruiz A, Zheng G, Portolés E, Ponomarenko LA, Geim AK, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Fal’ko V, Ensslin K, Ihn T, Rickhaus P. Kagome Quantum Oscillations in Graphene Superlattices. Nano Lett 2024; 24:601-606. [PMID: 38180909 PMCID: PMC10797620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Electronic spectra of solids subjected to a magnetic field are often discussed in terms of Landau levels and Hofstadter-butterfly-style Brown-Zak minibands manifested by magneto-oscillations in two-dimensional electron systems. Here, we present the semiclassical precursors of these quantum magneto-oscillations which appear in graphene superlattices at low magnetic field near the Lifshitz transitions and persist at elevated temperatures. These oscillations originate from Aharonov-Bohm interference of electron waves following open trajectories that belong to a kagome-shaped network of paths characteristic for Lifshitz transitions in the moire superlattice minibands of twistronic graphenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Slizovskiy
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Petar Tomić
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Roshan Krishna Kumar
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Aitor Garcia-Ruiz
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Zheng
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Elías Portolés
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Andre K. Geim
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Vladimir Fal’ko
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry
Royce
Institute for Advanced Materials, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rickhaus
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
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2
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Iwakiri S, Mestre-Torà A, Portolés E, Visscher M, Perego M, Zheng G, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Sigrist M, Ihn T, Ensslin K. Tunable quantum interferometer for correlated moiré electrons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:390. [PMID: 38195747 PMCID: PMC10776667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene can host a variety of gate-tunable correlated states - including superconducting and correlated insulator states. Recently, junction-based superconducting moiré devices have been introduced, enabling the study of the charge, spin and orbital nature of superconductivity, as well as the coherence of moiré electrons in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. Complementary fundamental coherence effects-in particular, the Little-Parks effect in a superconducting ring and the Aharonov-Bohm effect in a normally conducting ring - have not yet been reported in moiré devices. Here, we observe both phenomena in a single gate-defined ring device, where we can embed a superconducting or normally conducting ring in a correlated or band insulator. The Little-Parks effect is seen in the superconducting phase diagram as a function of density and magnetic field, confirming the effective charge of 2e. We also find that the coherence length of conducting moiré electrons exceeds several microns at 50 mK. In addition, we identify a regime characterized by h/e-periodic oscillations but with superconductor-like nonlinear transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Iwakiri
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Elías Portolés
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marieke Visscher
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Perego
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Zheng
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Manfred Sigrist
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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Portolés E, Iwakiri S, Zheng G, Rickhaus P, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Ihn T, Ensslin K, de Vries FK. A tunable monolithic SQUID in twisted bilayer graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:1159-1164. [PMID: 36280761 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) hosts a number of correlated states of matter that can be tuned by electrostatic doping1-4. Transport5,6 and scanning-probe7-9 experiments have shown evidence for band, correlated and Chern insulators along with superconductivity. This variety of in situ tunable states has allowed for the realization of tunable Josephson junctions10-12. However, although phase-coherent phenomena have been measured10-12, no control of the phase difference of the superconducting condensates has been demonstrated so far. Here we build on previous gate-defined junction realizations and form a superconducting quantum interference device13 (SQUID) in MATBG, where the superconducting phase difference is controlled through the magnetic field. We observe magneto-oscillations of the critical current, demonstrating long-range coherence of superconducting charge carriers with an effective charge of 2e. We tune to both asymmetric and symmetric SQUID configurations by electrostatically controlling the critical currents through the junctions. This tunability allows us to study the inductances in the device, finding values of up to 2 μH. Furthermore, we directly probe the current-phase relation of one of the junctions of the device. Our results show that complex devices in MATBG can be realized and used to reveal the properties of the material. We envision our findings, together with the established history of applications SQUIDs have14-16, will foster the development of a wide range of devices such as phase-slip junctions17 or high kinetic inductance detectors18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elías Portolés
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Shuichi Iwakiri
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Zheng
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rickhaus
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Iwakiri S, de Vries FK, Portolés E, Zheng G, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Ihn T, Ensslin K. Gate-Defined Electron Interferometer in Bilayer Graphene. Nano Lett 2022; 22:6292-6297. [PMID: 35880910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present an electron interferometer defined purely by electrostatic gating in an encapsulated bilayer graphene. This minimizes possible sample degradation introduced by conventional etching methods when preparing quantum devices. The device quality is demonstrated by observing Aharonov-Bohm (AB) oscillations with a period of h/e, h/2e, h/3e, and h/4e, witnessing a coherence length of many microns. The AB oscillations as well as the type of carriers (electrons or holes) are seamlessly tunable with gating. The coherence length longer than the ring perimeter and semiclassical trajectory of the carrier are established from the analysis of the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the oscillations. Our gate-defined ring geometry has the potential to evolve into a platform for exploring correlated quantum states such as superconductivity in interferometers in twisted bilayer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Iwakiri
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Elías Portolés
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Zheng
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Tomić P, Rickhaus P, Garcia-Ruiz A, Zheng G, Portolés E, Fal'ko V, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Ensslin K, Ihn T, de Vries FK. Scattering between Minivalleys in Twisted Double Bilayer Graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:057702. [PMID: 35179933 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.057702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A unique feature of the complex band structures of moiré materials is the presence of minivalleys, their hybridization, and scattering between them. Here, we investigate magnetotransport oscillations caused by scattering between minivalleys-a phenomenon analogous to magnetointersubband oscillations-in a twisted double bilayer graphene sample with a twist angle of 1.94°. We study and discuss the potential scattering mechanisms and find an electron-phonon mechanism and valley conserving scattering to be likely. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our findings for different materials and twist angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Tomić
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rickhaus
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aitor Garcia-Ruiz
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Zheng
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elías Portolés
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Fal'ko
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Folkert K de Vries
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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de Vries FK, Portolés E, Zheng G, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Ihn T, Ensslin K, Rickhaus P. Gate-defined Josephson junctions in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 2021; 16:760-763. [PMID: 33941917 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In situ electrostatic control of two-dimensional superconductivity1 is commonly limited due to large charge carrier densities, and gate-defined Josephson junctions are therefore rare2,3. Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG)4-8 has recently emerged as a versatile platform that combines metallic, superconducting, magnetic and insulating phases in a single crystal9-14. Although MATBG appears to be an ideal two-dimensional platform for gate-tunable superconductivity9,11,13, progress towards practical implementations has been hindered by the need for well-defined gated regions. Here we use multilayer gate technology to create a device based on two distinct phases in adjustable regions of MATBG. We electrostatically define the superconducting and insulating regions of a Josephson junction and observe tunable d.c. and a.c. Josephson effects15,16. The ability to tune the superconducting state within a single material circumvents interface and fabrication challenges, which are common in multimaterial nanostructures. This work is an initial step towards devices where gate-defined correlated states are connected in single-crystal nanostructures. We envision applications in superconducting electronics17,18 and quantum information technology19,20.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elías Portolés
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Zheng
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rickhaus
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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de Vries FK, Zhu J, Portolés E, Zheng G, Masseroni M, Kurzmann A, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, MacDonald AH, Ensslin K, Ihn T, Rickhaus P. Combined Minivalley and Layer Control in Twisted Double Bilayer Graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:176801. [PMID: 33156662 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.176801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Control over minivalley polarization and interlayer coupling is demonstrated in double bilayer graphene twisted with an angle of 2.37°. This intermediate angle is small enough for the minibands to form and large enough such that the charge carrier gases in the layers can be tuned independently. Using a dual-gated geometry we identify and control all possible combinations of minivalley polarization via the population of the two bilayers. An applied displacement field opens a band gap in either of the two bilayers, allowing us to even obtain full minivalley polarization. In addition, the carriers, formerly separated by their minivalley character, are mixed by tuning through a Lifshitz transition, where the Fermi surface topology changes. The high degree of control over the minivalley character of the bulk charge transport in twisted double bilayer graphene offers new opportunities for realizing valleytronics devices such as valley valves, filters, and logic gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert K de Vries
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jihang Zhu
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Elías Portolés
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Zheng
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Masseroni
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Kurzmann
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Material Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Material Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rickhaus
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Nichele F, Portolés E, Fornieri A, Whiticar AM, Drachmann ACC, Gronin S, Wang T, Gardner GC, Thomas C, Hatke AT, Manfra MJ, Marcus CM. Relating Andreev Bound States and Supercurrents in Hybrid Josephson Junctions. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:226801. [PMID: 32567899 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.226801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate concomitant measurement of phase-dependent critical current and Andreev bound state spectrum in a highly transmissive InAs Josephson junction embedded in a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Tunneling spectroscopy reveals Andreev bound states with near unity transmission probability. A nonsinusoidal current-phase relation is derived from the Andreev spectrum, showing excellent agreement with the one extracted from the SQUID critical current. Both measurements are reconciled within a short junction model where multiple Andreev bound states, with various transmission probabilities, contribute to the entire supercurrent flowing in the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nichele
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - E Portolés
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Fornieri
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A M Whiticar
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A C C Drachmann
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Gronin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Microsoft Quantum Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - T Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - G C Gardner
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Microsoft Quantum Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - C Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - A T Hatke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - M J Manfra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Microsoft Quantum Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - C M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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De los Santos MJ, Mercader A, Francés A, Portolés E, Remohí J, Pellicer A, Simón C. Role of endometrial factors in regulating secretion of components of the immunoreactive human embryonic interleukin-1 system during embryonic development. Biol Reprod 1996; 54:563-74. [PMID: 8835377 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod54.3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the study reported here, we localized at the protein level the major components of the interleukin (IL)-1 system in the human embryo, and we investigated the endometrial factors influencing their secretion during embryonic development. To localize these components, we performed immunohistochemical experiments in 44 oocytes and 78 embryos. The following primary antibodies were used: monoclonal mouse anti-human IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1R tl), monoclonal mouse anti-human IL-1 beta, and polyclonal rabbit anti-human IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). For embryo culture, human embryos at different developmental stages were cultured in 100-microliters drops of Ham's F-10 medium + 4 mg/ml BSA (n = 33), in 100-microliters drops of Menezo B2 culture medium (n = 18), or in wells with 1 ml of Menezo B2 culture medium (n = 8). For embryo coculture, endometrial stromal cells (ESC) and endometrial epithelial cells (EEC) were isolated from human secretory endometrium and cultured until confluence in 75% Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium and 25% MCDB-105 containing antibiotics and supplemented with 10% charcoal-Dextran-treated fetal bovine serum. Individual human embryos were cocultured with experimental EEC and ESC (n = 23 and n = 4, respectively) for 5 days in 600-microliters drops of Menezo B2 medium, and conditioned medium was removed every 24 h. Human embryos were also cultured with EEC-conditioned medium (n = 9). IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-1ra levels were determined by ELISA in the 24-h culture- or coculture-conditioned media. Immunostaining confirmed the presence of IL-1 beta, IL-1ra, and IL-1R tl in oocytes and embryos in all stages analyzed, with no statistical differences. IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-1ra were absent in conditioned media of cultured embryos and embryos cocultured with ESC. However, when human embryos were cocultured with EEC or with EEC-conditioned medium alone, two different populations of embryos were observed: IL-1 producers (57% and 56%) and IL-1 nonproducers (43% and 44%, respectively). Finally, the IL-1 profile of a single human embryo cocultured with maternal EEC which successfully implanted and developed is presented, this pattern being similar to that described in the IL-1 producer population. These results demonstrate the presence of the IL-1 system in the human embryo. However, the selective release of IL-1 only when embryos were cocultured with EEC or EEC-conditioned medium indicates an obligatory role of the endometrium in the regulation of the embryonic IL-1 system. Furthermore, the differential embryonic production of IL-1 may be related to the implantation capability of the embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J De los Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Valencia University School of Medicine, Spain
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10
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Simon C, Mercader A, Portolés E, Francés A, Pellicer A. [The interleukin-1 system during human implantation]. Contracept Fertil Sex 1995; 23:626-30. [PMID: 7496422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although the immune and reproductive systems have been considered independent of each other, the cooperation of both systems are now known to be crucial for the initiation and maintenance of mammalian pregnancy. Nowadays cytokines and growth factors have became increasingly implicated in embryonic implantation. Endometrial functions, embryonic secretions and embryo-endometrial interactions require a continuous dialogue and synchronism between both partners (endometrium and embryo). The present review focuses on the Interleukin-1 system as an example of local regulator in embryonic implantation. Evidence demonstrating its presence and relevance on human endometrium physiology and human preimplantation embryonic development are presented. Furthermore, we described data suggesting the possible role of this cytokine in human implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simon
- Institut de l'Infertilité de Valence (IVI), Ecole de Médecine de l'Université de Valence, Espagne
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