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Espersen C, Campbell RT, Claggett BL, Lewis EF, Docherty KF, Lee MMY, Lindner M, Brainin P, Biering-Sørensen T, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Platz E. Predictors of heart failure readmission and all-cause mortality in patients with acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2024; 406:132036. [PMID: 38599465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predischarge risk stratification of patients with acute heart failure (AHF) could facilitate tailored treatment and follow-up, however, simple scores to predict short-term risk for HF readmission or death are lacking. METHODS We sought to develop a congestion-focused risk score using data from a prospective, two-center observational study in adults hospitalized for AHF. Laboratory data were collected on admission. Patients underwent physical examination, 4-zone, and in a subset 8-zone, lung ultrasound (LUS), and echocardiography at baseline. A second LUS was performed before discharge in a subset of patients. The primary endpoint was the composite of HF hospitalization or all-cause death. RESULTS Among 350 patients (median age 75 years, 43% women), 88 participants (25%) were hospitalized or died within 90 days after discharge. A stepwise Cox regression model selected four significant independent predictors of the composite outcome, and each was assigned points proportional to its regression coefficient: NT-proBNP ≥2000 pg/mL (admission) (3 points), systolic blood pressure < 120 mmHg (baseline) (2 points), left atrial volume index ≥60 mL/m2 (baseline) (1 point) and ≥ 9 B-lines on predischarge 4-zone LUS (3 points). This risk score provided adequate risk discrimination for the composite outcome (HR 1.48 per 1 point increase, 95% confidence interval: 1.32-1.67, p < 0.001, C-statistic: 0.70). In a subset of patients with 8-zone LUS data (n = 176), results were similar (C-statistic: 0.72). CONCLUSIONS A four-variable risk score integrating clinical, laboratory and ultrasound data may provide a simple approach for risk discrimination for 90-day adverse outcomes in patients with AHF if validated in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Espersen
- Cardiovascular Non-Invasive Imaging Research Laboratory, The Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev & Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark; Center for Translational Cardiology and Pragmatic Randomized Trials, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ross T Campbell
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian L Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Cardiovascular Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kieran F Docherty
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew M Y Lee
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip Brainin
- Cardiovascular Non-Invasive Imaging Research Laboratory, The Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev & Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark; Center for Translational Cardiology and Pragmatic Randomized Trials, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark; Sound Bioventures, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Tor Biering-Sørensen
- Cardiovascular Non-Invasive Imaging Research Laboratory, The Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev & Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark; Center for Translational Cardiology and Pragmatic Randomized Trials, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Platz
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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Heidenreich PA, Lewis EF, Khush KK. Is Equity Being Traded for Access to Heart Transplant? JAMA 2024; 331:1365-1367. [PMID: 38526454 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Heidenreich
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kiran K Khush
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Mann DL, Nicolas J, Claggett B, Miao ZM, Granger CB, Kerkar P, Køber L, Lewis EF, McMurray JJV, Maggioni AP, Núñez J, Ntsekhe M, Rouleau JL, Sim D, Solomon SD, Steg PG, van der Meer P, Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA, Mehran R. Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition in Patients With STEMI vs NSTEMI. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:904-914. [PMID: 38418004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who sustain an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), including ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), remain at high risk for heart failure (HF), coronary events, and death. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to significantly decrease the risk for cardiovascular events in both STEMI and NSTEMI patients. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine whether angiotensin-receptor blockade and neprilysin inhibition with sacubitril/valsartan, compared with ramipril, has impact on reducing cardiovascular events according to the type of AMI. METHODS The PARADISE-MI (Prospective ARNI versus ACE inhibitor trial to DetermIne Superiority in reducing heart failure Events after Myocardial Infarction) trial enrolled patients with AMI complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and/or pulmonary congestion and at least 1 risk-enhancing factor. Patients were randomized to either sacubitril/valsartan or ramipril. The primary endpoint was death from cardiovascular causes or incident HF. In this prespecified analysis, we stratified patients according to AMI type. RESULTS Of 5,661 enrolled patients, 4,291 (75.8%) had STEMI. These patients were younger and had fewer comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors than NSTEMI patients. After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk for the primary outcome was marginally higher in NSTEMI vs STEMI patients (adjusted HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.00-1.41), with borderline statistical significance (P = 0.05). The primary composite outcome occurred at similar rates in patients randomized to sacubitril/valsartan vs ramipril in STEMI (10% vs 12%; HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.73-1.04; P = 0.13) and NSTEMI patients (17% vs 17%; HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.75-1.25; P = 0.80; P interaction = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS Compared with ramipril, sacubitril/valsartan did not significantly decrease the risk for cardiovascular death and HF in patients with AMI complicated by left ventricular dysfunction, irrespective of the type of AMI. (Prospective ARNI vs ACE Inhibitor Trial to Determine Superiority in Reducing Heart Failure Events After MI; NCT02924727).
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Mann
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Johny Nicolas
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zi Michael Miao
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Prafulla Kerkar
- Department of Cardiology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lars Køber
- Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Julio Núñez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mpiko Ntsekhe
- Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town & Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - David Sim
- National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris-Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, INSERM_U1148, Paris, France
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roxana Mehran
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Lock JP, Massaro JM, Zhu F, Zhou W, Skali H, Lewis EF, Freeman MW, Halvorsen YDC. Meta-analysis of risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes treated with bexagliflozin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:971-979. [PMID: 38151752 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) associated with exposure to bexagliflozin. METHODS The analysis included 4090 participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) enrolled in nine phase 2 and 3 double-blind randomized controlled trials. All potential MACE were adjudicated by a blinded committee. The primary endpoint for the meta-analysis was the hazard ratio (HR) for the time to first occurrence of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular (CV) death or hospitalization for unstable angina (MACE+), tested for non-inferiority to a ratio of 1.8. The secondary endpoints were time to first occurrence of (i) non-fatal stroke, non-fatal MI or CV death (MACE), tested for non-inferiority to a ratio of 1.3; and (ii) CV death or hospitalization for heart failure, tested for superiority. RESULTS The HR for the primary endpoint of MACE+ was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58, 1.09), which fulfilled the non-inferiority objective with a P value of less than 0.0001. Non-inferiority for the first key secondary endpoint of MACE was also shown (HR = 0.82; 95% CI 0.59, 1.13; P = 0.0023). Superiority for time to CV death or first hospitalization for heart failure was not shown. CONCLUSIONS Bexagliflozin did not increase the risk of MACE in participants with T2D when compared with placebo or active control. Both the preapproval and postapproval thresholds for CV safety were met and bexagliflozin has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J V McMurray
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Paul Lock
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph M Massaro
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fang Zhu
- Navitas Life Sciences, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wenjiong Zhou
- Hopkins Consulting LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hicham Skali
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mason W Freeman
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuan-Di C Halvorsen
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Igwe J, Wangdak Yuthok TY, Cruz E, Mueller A, Lan RH, Brown‐Johnson C, Idris M, Rodriguez F, Clark K, Palaniappan L, Echols M, Wang P, Onwuanyi A, Pemu P, Lewis EF. Opportunities to Increase Science of Diversity and Inclusion in Clinical Trials: Equity and a Lack of a Control. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030042. [PMID: 38108253 PMCID: PMC10863780 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The United States witnessed a nearly 4-fold increase in personal health care expenditures between 1980 and 2010. Despite innovations and obvious benefits to health, participants enrolled in clinical trials still do not accurately represent the racial and ethnic composition of patients nationally or globally. This lack of diversity in cohorts limits the generalizability and significance of results among all populations and has deep repercussions for patient equity. To advance diversity in clinical trials, robust evidence for the most effective strategies for recruitment of diverse participants is needed. A major limitation of previous literature on clinical trial diversity is the lack of control or comparator groups for different strategies. To date, interventions have focused primarily on (1) community-based interventions, (2) institutional practices, and (3) digital health systems. This review article outlines prior intervention strategies across these 3 categories and considers health policy and ethical incentives for substantiation before US Food and Drug Administration approval. There are no current studies that comprehensively compare these interventions against one another. The American Heart Association Strategically Focused Research Network on the Science of Diversity in Clinical Trials represents a multicenter, collaborative network between Stanford School of Medicine and Morehouse School of Medicine created to understand the barriers to diversity in clinical trials by contemporaneous head-to-head interventional strategies accessing digital, institutional, and community-based recruitment strategies to produce informed recruitment strategies targeted to improve underrepresented patient representation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph‐Kevin Igwe
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
- Department of MedicineMorehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGA
- American Heart Association Strategically Focused Research Network on the Science of Diversity in Clinical Trials Research FellowDurhamNC
| | | | - Erin Cruz
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
| | - Adrienne Mueller
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
| | - Roy Hao Lan
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
| | | | - Muhammed Idris
- Department of MedicineMorehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Fatima Rodriguez
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
| | - Kira Clark
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
| | - Latha Palaniappan
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
| | - Melvin Echols
- Department of MedicineMorehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Paul Wang
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
| | | | - Priscilla Pemu
- Department of MedicineMorehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Eldrin F. Lewis
- Department of MedicineStanford University, School of MedicineStanfordCA
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Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Tuttle KR, Chow SL, Mathew RO, Khan SS, Coresh J, Baker-Smith CM, Carnethon MR, Després JP, Ho JE, Joseph JJ, Kernan WN, Khera A, Kosiborod MN, Lekavich CL, Lewis EF, Lo KB, Ozkan B, Palaniappan LP, Patel SS, Pencina MJ, Powell-Wiley TM, Sperling LS, Virani SS, Wright JT, Rajgopal Singh R, Elkind MSV, Rangaswami J. A Synopsis of the Evidence for the Science and Clinical Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023; 148:1636-1664. [PMID: 37807920 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing appreciation of the pathophysiological interrelatedness of metabolic risk factors such as obesity and diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease has led to the conceptualization of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. The confluence of metabolic risk factors and chronic kidney disease within cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome is strongly linked to risk for adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. In addition, there are unique management considerations for individuals with established cardiovascular disease and coexisting metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, or both. An extensive body of literature supports our scientific understanding of, and approach to, prevention and management for individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. However, there are critical gaps in knowledge related to cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in terms of mechanisms of disease development, heterogeneity within clinical phenotypes, interplay between social determinants of health and biological risk factors, and accurate assessments of disease incidence in the context of competing risks. There are also key limitations in the data supporting the clinical care for cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, particularly in terms of early-life prevention, screening for risk factors, interdisciplinary care models, optimal strategies for supporting lifestyle modification and weight loss, targeting of emerging cardioprotective and kidney-protective therapies, management of patients with both cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, and the impact of systematically assessing and addressing social determinants of health. This scientific statement uses a crosswalk of major guidelines, in addition to a review of the scientific literature, to summarize the evidence and fundamental gaps related to the science, screening, prevention, and management of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.
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Ndumele CE, Rangaswami J, Chow SL, Neeland IJ, Tuttle KR, Khan SS, Coresh J, Mathew RO, Baker-Smith CM, Carnethon MR, Despres JP, Ho JE, Joseph JJ, Kernan WN, Khera A, Kosiborod MN, Lekavich CL, Lewis EF, Lo KB, Ozkan B, Palaniappan LP, Patel SS, Pencina MJ, Powell-Wiley TM, Sperling LS, Virani SS, Wright JT, Rajgopal Singh R, Elkind MSV. Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023; 148:1606-1635. [PMID: 37807924 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health reflects the interplay among metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, and the cardiovascular system and has profound impacts on morbidity and mortality. There are multisystem consequences of poor cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health, with the most significant clinical impact being the high associated incidence of cardiovascular disease events and cardiovascular mortality. There is a high prevalence of poor cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health in the population, with a disproportionate burden seen among those with adverse social determinants of health. However, there is also a growing number of therapeutic options that favorably affect metabolic risk factors, kidney function, or both that also have cardioprotective effects. To improve cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health and related outcomes in the population, there is a critical need for (1) more clarity on the definition of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome; (2) an approach to cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic staging that promotes prevention across the life course; (3) prediction algorithms that include the exposures and outcomes most relevant to cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health; and (4) strategies for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in relation to cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health that reflect harmonization across major subspecialty guidelines and emerging scientific evidence. It is also critical to incorporate considerations of social determinants of health into care models for cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and to reduce care fragmentation by facilitating approaches for patient-centered interdisciplinary care. This presidential advisory provides guidance on the definition, staging, prediction paradigms, and holistic approaches to care for patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and details a multicomponent vision for effectively and equitably enhancing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health in the population.
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Rice EN, Lan RH, Nunes JC, Shah R, Clark K, Periyakoil VS, Chen JH, Lin B, Echols M, Awad C, Idris MY, Cruz ER, Poullos PD, Lewis EF, Brown‐Johnson C, Igwe J, Shen S, Palaniappan L, Stefanick ML, Ritter V, Pemu P, Rodriguez F, Deb B, Pundi K, Wang PJ. Who Are We Missing? Reporting of Transgender and Gender-Expansive Populations in Clinical Trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030209. [PMID: 37947088 PMCID: PMC10727288 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eli N. Rice
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Roy H. Lan
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | | | - Rushil Shah
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Kira Clark
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | | | | | - Bryant Lin
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Igwe
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Sa Shen
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brototo Deb
- Georgetown University School of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Paul J. Wang
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
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Lan RH, Rice EN, Nunes JC, Shah R, Igwe J, Clark K, Periyakoil VS, Chen JH, Lin B, Awad C, Idris M, Cruz ER, Lewis EF, Johnson CB, Wang PJ. Disabilities Reporting in Cardiac Clinical Trials: How Are We Doing? J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029726. [PMID: 37949834 PMCID: PMC10727282 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy H. Lan
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Eli N. Rice
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | | | - Rushil Shah
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | | | - Kira Clark
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | | | | | - Bryant Lin
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul J. Wang
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
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Lewis EF. Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure - An Option to Defer Transplantation? N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1429-1430. [PMID: 37819960 DOI: 10.1056/nejme2309658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eldrin F Lewis
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Wang X, Jering KS, Cikes M, Tokmakova MP, Mehran R, Han Y, East C, Mody FV, Wang Y, Lewis EF, Claggett B, McMurray JJV, Granger CB, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Sex Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction With Low Ejection Fraction: Insights From PARADISE-MI. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e028942. [PMID: 37609931 PMCID: PMC10547323 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.028942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Studies demonstrated sex differences in outcomes following acute myocardial infarction, with women more likely to develop heart failure (HF). Sacubitril/valsartan has been shown to reduce cardiovascular death and HF hospitalizations in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction. Methods and Results A total of 5661 patients (1363 women [24%]) with acute myocardial infarction complicated by reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (≤40%), pulmonary congestion, or both and ≥1 of 8 risk-augmenting factors were randomized to receive sacubitril/valsartan or ramipril. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death or incident HF. Baseline characteristics, clinical outcomes, and safety events were compared according to sex, a prespecified subgroup. Female participants were older and had more comorbidities. After multivariable adjustment, women and men were at similar risks for cardiovascular death or all-cause death. Women were more likely to have first HF hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR], 1.34 [95% CI, 1.05-1.70]; P=0.02) and total HF hospitalizations (HR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.05-1.84]; P=0.02). Sex did not significantly modify the treatment effect of sacubitril/valsartan compared with ramipril on the primary outcome (P for interaction=0.11). Conclusions In contemporary patients who presented with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary congestion, or both, following acute myocardial infarction, women had a higher incidence of HF during follow-up. Sex did not modify the treatment effect of sacubitril/valsartan relative to ramipril. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02924727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- Brigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | | | - Maja Cikes
- University Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Mariya P. Tokmakova
- University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment Sv. Georgi Medical University PlovdivPlovdivBulgaria
| | | | - Yaling Han
- General Hospital of Northern Theater CommandShenyangChina
| | | | - Freny Vaghaiwalla Mody
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los AngelesVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCA
| | - Yi Wang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals CorporationEast HanoverNJ
| | | | - Brian Claggett
- Brigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - John J. V. McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowScotlandUnited Kingdom
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Butt JH, Claggett BL, Miao ZM, Jering KS, Sim D, van der Meer P, Ntsekhe M, Amir O, Cho MC, Carrillo-Calvillo J, Núñez JE, Cadena A, Kerkar P, Maggioni AP, Steg PG, Granger CB, Mann DL, Merkely B, Lewis EF, Solomon SD, Zhou Y, Køber L, Braunwald E, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA. Geographic differences in patients with acute myocardial infarction in the PARADISE-MI trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:1228-1242. [PMID: 37042062 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The globalization of clinical trials has highlighted geographic differences in patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. We examined these differences in PARADISE-MI. METHODS AND RESULTS Overall, 23.0% were randomized in Eastern Europe/Russia, 17.5% in Western Europe, 12.2% in Southern Europe, 10.1% in Northern Europe, 12.0% in Latin America (LA), 9.3% in North America (NA), 10.0% in East/South-East Asia and 5.8% in South Asia (SA). Those from Asia, particularly SA, were different from patients enrolled in the other regions, being younger and thinner. They also differed in terms of comorbidities (high prevalence of diabetes and low prevalence of atrial fibrillation), type of myocardial infarction (more often ST-elevation myocardial infarction), and treatment (low rate of primary percutaneous coronary intervention). By contrast, patients from LA did not differ meaningfully from those randomized in Europe or NA. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (34.8%) and beta-blockers (65.5%) was low in SA, whereas mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use was lowest in NA (22%) and highest in Eastern Europe/Russia (53%). Rates of the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death or incident heart failure varied two-fold among regions, with the lowest rate in SA (4.6/100 person-years) and the highest in LA (9.2/100 person-years). Rates of incident heart failure varied almost six-fold among regions, with the lowest rate in SA (1.0/100 person-years) and the highest in Northern Europe (5.9/100 person-years). The effect of sacubitril/valsartan was not modified by region. CONCLUSION In PARADISE-MI, there were substantial regional differences in patient characteristics, treatments and outcomes. Although the generalizability of these findings to a 'real-world' unselected population may be limited, these findings underscore the importance of considering both regional and within-region differences when designing global clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad H Butt
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian L Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zi M Miao
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karola S Jering
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Sim
- National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mpiko Ntsekhe
- Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town & Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Offer Amir
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Myeong-Chan Cho
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jorge Carrillo-Calvillo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Central 'Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto' San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Julio E Núñez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Prafulla Kerkar
- Department of Cardiology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Philippe G Steg
- Université de Paris, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials) and INSERM U-1148, Paris, France
| | | | - Douglas L Mann
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yinong Zhou
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Parfrey PS, Burke SK, Chertow GM, Eckardt KU, Jardine AG, Lewis EF, Luo W, Matsushita K, McCullough PA, Minga T, Winkelmayer WC. Safety Endpoints With Vadadustat Versus Darbepoetin Alfa in Patients With Non -Dialysis-Dependent CKD: A Post Hoc Regional Analysis of the PRO 2TECT Randomized Clinical Trial of ESA-Treated Patients. Kidney Med 2023; 5:100667. [PMID: 37427292 PMCID: PMC10329165 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2023.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective In the PRO2TECT trials, vadadustat was found to be noninferior to darbepoetin alfa in hematologic efficacy but not for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; all-cause death or nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke) in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD). We investigated the regional differences in MACE in the PRO2TECT trials. Study Design Phase 3, global, open-label, randomized, active-controlled clinical trial. Setting & Participants A total of 1,725 erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA)-treated patients with anemia and NDD-CKD. Intervention 1:1 randomization to receive vadadustat or darbepoetin alfa. Outcomes The primary safety end point was the time to first MACE. Results At baseline, patients in Europe (n=444) were primarily treated with darbepoetin alfa, showed higher proportions on low ESA doses (<90 U/kg/wk epoetin alfa equivalents) with a hemoglobin concentration of ≥10 g/dL compared with patients in the US (n=665) and non-US/non-Europe (n=614) regions. The MACE rates per 100 person-years in the 3 vadadustat groups across regions were 14.5 in the US, 11.6 in Europe, and 10.0 in the non-US/non-Europe groups, whereas event rates in the darbepoetin alfa group were considerably lower in Europe than in the US and non-US/non-Europe groups (6.7 vs 13.3 and 10.5, respectively). The overall hazard ratio for MACE for vadadustat vs darbepoetin alpha was 1.16; 95% CI, 0.93-1.45, but varied by geographical region, with a greater hazard ratio seen in Europe (US, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.78-1.46; Europe, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.24-3.39; non-US/non-Europe, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.60-1.37); interaction between study treatment and geographical region, P = 0.07). In Europe, ESA rescue was associated with a higher risk of MACE in both groups. Limitations Several analyses are exploratory. Conclusions In this trial, there was a low risk of MACE in the darbepoetin alfa group in Europe. Patients in Europe were generally on low doses of ESA, with hemoglobin already within target range. The low risk of MACE may have been related to a limited need to switch and titrate darbepoetin alfa compared with the non-US/non-Europe group. Funding Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02680574.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Parfrey
- Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | | | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan G. Jardine
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Wenli Luo
- Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Todd Minga
- Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA
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Winkelmayer WC, Arnold S, Burke SK, Chertow GM, Eckardt KU, Jardine AG, Lewis EF, Luo W, Matsushita K, McCullough PA, Minga T, Parfrey PS. Safety Endpoints With Vadadustat Versus Darbepoetin Alfa in Patients With Non-Dialysis-Dependent CKD: A Post Hoc Regional Analysis of the PRO 2TECT Randomized Clinical Trial of ESA-Naïve Patients. Kidney Med 2023; 5:100666. [PMID: 37427293 PMCID: PMC10329162 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2023.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Prespecified analyses of the PRO2TECT trials comparing the safety of the oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor vadadustat with darbepoetin alfa in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) found no difference in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; death from any cause or nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke) among US patients and a higher risk among patients treated with vadadustat outside the United States. We investigated regional differences in MACE in the PRO2TECT trial that enrolled 1,751 patients previously untreated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Study Design Phase 3, global, open-label, randomized, active-controlled clinical trial. Setting and Participants Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-untreated patients with anemia and NDD-CKD. Intervention Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to receive vadadustat or darbepoetin alfa. Outcomes The primary safety end point was time to first MACE. Secondary safety end points included time to first expanded MACE (MACE plus hospitalization for heart failure or thromboembolic event, excluding vascular access thrombosis). Results In the non-US/non-Europe region, there was a higher proportion of patients with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level of ≤10 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the vadadustat group [96 (34.7%)] than in the darbepoetin alfa group [66 (24.0%)]. In this region, there were 21 excess MACEs reported in the vadadustat group [78 events (n=276)] versus the darbepoetin alfa [57 events (n=275)], including 13 excess noncardiovascular deaths, largely from kidney failure. Noncardiovascular deaths were concentrated in Brazil and South Africa, which enrolled higher proportions of patients with an eGFR of ≤10 mL/min/1.73 m2 and who may not have had access to dialysis. Limitations Different regional treatment patterns of patients with NDD-CKD. Conclusions The higher MACE rate in the non-US/non-Europe vadadustat group may have been partly because of imbalances in the baseline eGFR level in countries where dialysis was not uniformly available resulting in many kidney-related deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Arnold
- Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, South Africa
| | | | - Glenn M. Chertow
- Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan G. Jardine
- Department of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eldrin F. Lewis
- Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Wenli Luo
- Akebia Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Patrick S. Parfrey
- Division of Nephrology, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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15
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Jering KS, Claggett BL, Pfeffer MA, Granger CB, Køber L, Lewis EF, Maggioni AP, Mann DL, McMurray JJV, Prescott MF, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Steg PG, von Lewinski D, Braunwald E. Prognostic Importance of NT-proBNP (N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide) Following High-Risk Myocardial Infarction in the PARADISE-MI Trial. Circ Heart Fail 2023; 16:e010259. [PMID: 37125529 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) is a potent predictor of death and heart failure (HF) across multiple populations. We evaluated the prognostic importance of NT-proBNP in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by left ventricular systolic dysfunction, pulmonary congestion, or both and ≥1 of 8 risk-augmenting factors enrolled in the PARADISE-MI trial (Prospective ARNI vs ACE Inhibitor Trial to Determine Superiority in Reducing Heart Failure Events After Myocardial Infarction). METHODS Patients were randomized to sacubitril/valsartan 200 mg or ramipril 5 mg twice daily within 0.5 to 7 days of a MI. Patients with prior HF were excluded. NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT (high-sensitivity troponin T) were collected at randomization in a prespecified substudy of 1129 patients. The primary end point of PARADISE-MI was a composite of cardiovascular death or incident HF (hospitalization or outpatient symptomatic HF), analyzed as time-to-first event; additional end points included all-cause death and the composite of fatal or nonfatal MI or stroke. RESULTS Median NT-proBNP was 1757 ng/L (25th-75th percentiles, 896-3462 ng/L) at randomization (4.0±1.8 days after the index MI). Patients in the highest quartile of NT-proBNP were older, more commonly women and had more hypertension, atrial fibrillation, renal dysfunction, and pulmonary congestion on presentation (all P<0.001). NT-proBNP was strongly associated with the primary end point (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.45 per doubling of NT-proBNP; [95% CI, 1.23-1.70]), adjusted for clinical variables and baseline hs-cTnT. NT-proBNP was also independently associated with all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.38-2.21]) and fatal or nonfatal MI or stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.05-1.45]). NT-proBNP did not significantly modify the neutral treatment effect of sacubitril/valsartan relative to ramipril (P interaction=0.46). CONCLUSIONS Within the first week of a high-risk MI NT-proBNP is associated with incident HF, death and atherosclerotic events. This prognostic information is independent of hs-cTnT. REGISTRATION URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov; Unique identifier: NCT02924727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karola S Jering
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (K.S.J., B.L.C., M.A.P., S.D.S., E.B.)
| | - Brian L Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (K.S.J., B.L.C., M.A.P., S.D.S., E.B.)
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (K.S.J., B.L.C., M.A.P., S.D.S., E.B.)
| | | | - Lars Køber
- Heart Centre, Ringshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (L.K.)
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L.)
| | - Aldo P Maggioni
- ANMCO Research Center, Heart Care Foundation, Florence, Italy (A.P.M.)
| | - Douglas L Mann
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO (D.L.M.)
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland (J.J.V.M.)
| | | | - Jean L Rouleau
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, QB, Canada (J.L.R.)
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (K.S.J., B.L.C., M.A.P., S.D.S., E.B.)
| | - Phillippe Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris-Cité, Institut Universitaire de France, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials) and INSERM U-1148, Paris, France (P.G.S.)
| | - Dirk von Lewinski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (D.v.L.)
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (K.S.J., B.L.C., M.A.P., S.D.S., E.B.)
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Witting C, Zheng J, Tisdale RL, Shannon E, Kohsaka S, Lewis EF, Heidenreich P, Sandhu A. Treatment Differences in Medical Therapy for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Between Sociodemographic Groups. JACC Heart Fail 2023; 11:161-172. [PMID: 36647925 PMCID: PMC10069379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are sociodemographic disparities in outcomes of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), but disparities in guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) remain poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyze GDMT treatment rates in eligible patients with recently diagnosed HFrEF, and to determine how rates vary by sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with HFrEF at Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals from 2013 to 2019. The authors analyzed GDMT treatment rates and doses, excluding patients with contraindications. Therapies of interest were evidence-based beta-blockers (BBs), renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs), angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), and mineralocorticoid antagonists (MRAs). The authors compared adjusted treatment rates by race and ethnicity, neighborhood social vulnerability, rurality, distance to medical care, and sex. RESULTS The cohort comprised 126,670 VA patients with recently diagnosed HFrEF. The study found that racial and ethnic minorities had similar or higher treatment rates than White patients. Patients residing in socially vulnerable neighborhoods had 3.4% lower ARNI (95% CI: 1.9%-5.0%) treatment rates. Patients residing farther from specialty care had similar rates of GDMT therapy overall, but were less likely to be taking at least 50% of the target doses of either BBs (4.0% less likely; 95% CI: 3.1%-5.0%) or RASIs (5.0% less likely; 95% CI: 4.1%-6.0%) compared with those closer to care. CONCLUSIONS Among VA patients with recently diagnosed HFrEF, the authors did not find that racial and ethnic minority patients were less likely to receive GDMT. However, appropriate dose up-titration may occur less frequently in more remote patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Witting
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jimmy Zheng
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rebecca L Tisdale
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Evan Shannon
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul Heidenreich
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Alexander Sandhu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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Lee MMY, Campbell RT, Claggett BL, Lewis EF, Docherty KF, Lindner M, Liu J, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Platz E. Health-related quality of life in acute heart failure: association between patient-reported symptoms and markers of congestion. Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:54-60. [PMID: 36161429 PMCID: PMC9892176 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the association between patient-reported symptoms and the extent of pulmonary congestion in acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS AND RESULTS In this prospective, observational study, patient-reported symptoms were assessed at baseline using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score (KCCQ-TSS) (range 0-100; 0 worst) in patients hospitalized for AHF. In a subset, patient-reported dyspnoea at rest and on exertion was examined (range 0-10; 10 worst) at baseline. In addition, 4-zone lung ultrasound (LUS) was performed at baseline at the time of echocardiography. B-lines were quantified offline, blinded to clinical findings, by a core laboratory. Chest X-ray (CXR) and physical examination findings were collected from the medical records. Among 322 patients (mean age 72, 60% men, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 39%) with AHF, the median KCCQ-TSS score was 33 (interquartile range 18-48). Worse KCCQ-TSS was associated with worse New York Heart Association class, dyspnoea at rest and on exertion, and peripheral oedema (p trend <0.001 for all). However, KCCQ-TSS was not associated with the extent of pulmonary congestion, as assessed by the number of B-lines on LUS, or findings on CXR, or physical examination (p trend >0.25 for all). Similarly, KCCQ-TSS was not significantly associated with echocardiographic markers of left ventricular filling pressure, pulmonary pressure or with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level. CONCLUSIONS Among patients hospitalized for AHF, at baseline, KCCQ-TSS was not associated with pulmonary congestion assessed by LUS, CXR, or physical examination. These findings suggest that the profound reduction in KCCQ-TSS in patients with AHF may not be solely explained by pulmonary congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Y Lee
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ross T Campbell
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian L Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Cardiovascular Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kieran F Docherty
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jiankang Liu
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elke Platz
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Mehran R, Steg PG, Pfeffer MA, Jering K, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Granger C, Køber L, Maggioni A, Mann DL, McMurray JJV, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Ducrocq G, Berwanger O, De Pasquale CG, Landmesser U, Petrie M, Leng DSK, van der Meer P, Lefkowitz M, Zhou Y, Braunwald E. The Effects of Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition on Major Coronary Events in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights From the PARADISE-MI Trial. Circulation 2022; 146:1749-1757. [PMID: 36321459 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients who survive an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors decrease the risk of subsequent major cardiovascular events. Whether angiotensin-receptor blockade and neprilysin inhibition with sacubitril/valsartan reduce major coronary events more effectively than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in high-risk patients with recent AMI remains unknown. We aimed to compare the effects of sacubitril/valsartan on coronary outcomes in patients with AMI. METHODS We conducted a prespecified analysis of the PARADISE-MI trial (Prospective ARNI vs ACE Inhibitors Trial to Determine Superiority in Reducing Heart Failure Events After MI), which compared sacubitril/valsartan (97/103 mg twice daily) with ramipril (5 mg twice daily) for reducing heart failure events after myocardial infarction in 5661 patients with AMI complicated by left ventricular systolic dysfunction, pulmonary congestion, or both. In the present analysis, the prespecified composite coronary outcome was the first occurrence of death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for angina, or postrandomization coronary revascularization. RESULTS Patients were randomly assigned at a median of 4.4 [3.0-5.8] days after index AMI (ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction 76%, non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction 24%), by which time 89% of patients had undergone coronary reperfusion. Compared with ramipril, sacubitril/valsartan decreased the risk of coronary outcomes (hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.74-0.99], P=0.04) over a median follow-up of 22 months. Rates of the components of the composite outcomes were lower in patients on sacubitril/valsartan but were not individually significantly different. CONCLUSIONS In survivors of an AMI with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and pulmonary congestion, sacubitril/valsartan-compared with ramipril-reduced the risk of a prespecified major coronary composite outcome. Dedicated studies are necessary to confirm this finding and elucidate its mechanism. REGISTRATION URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov; Unique identifier: NCT02924727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Mehran
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.)
| | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris-Cité, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials) and INSERM U-1148, France (P.G.S.)
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A.P., K.J., B.C., S.D.S., E.B.)
| | - Karola Jering
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A.P., K.J., B.C., S.D.S., E.B.)
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A.P., K.J., B.C., S.D.S., E.B.)
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (E.F.L.)
| | | | - Lars Køber
- Professor of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.)
| | - Aldo Maggioni
- ANMCO Research Center, Heart Care Foundation, Florence, Italy (A.M.)
| | - Douglas L Mann
- Washington University Medical Center, St Louis, MO (D.L.M.)
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland (J.J.V.M., M.P.)
| | | | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A.P., K.J., B.C., S.D.S., E.B.)
| | - Gregory Ducrocq
- Département de Cardiologie, Hôpital Bichat Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris. France (G.D.)
| | - Otavio Berwanger
- Academic Research Organization (ARO), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo-SP, Brazil (O.B.)
| | - Carmine G De Pasquale
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia (C.G.D.P.)
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (U.L.)
| | - Mark Petrie
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland (J.J.V.M., M.P.)
| | | | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands (P.v.d.M.)
| | - Martin Lefkowitz
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z.)
| | - Yinong Zhou
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z.)
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A.P., K.J., B.C., S.D.S., E.B.)
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19
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Chandra A, Polanczyk CA, Claggett BL, Vaduganathan M, Packer M, Lefkowitz MP, Rouleau JL, Liu J, Shi VC, Schwende H, Zile MR, Desai AS, Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Lewis EF. Health-related quality of life outcomes in PARAGON-HF. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:2264-2274. [PMID: 36394533 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Heart failure (HF) is associated with poor health-related quality of life (HRQL). Patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have similar HRQL impairment as those with reduced ejection fraction. This study describes the impact of sacubitril/valsartan on HRQL in patients with HFpEF enrolled in the PARAGON-HF trial. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients completed the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) and EuroQol (EQ-5D) at randomization, 4, 8 months, and annually thereafter. Changes in HRQL scores were evaluated using repeated measures models adjusted for treatment, baseline values and region. The pre-specified principal efficacy assessment was at 8 months at which time patients randomized to sacubitril/valsartan had borderline higher KCCQ clinical summary score (CSS) with least squares mean (LSM) adjusted difference of 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0, 2.1; p = 0.051). Including all visits up to 36 months, the LSM difference in KCCQ-CSS favoured sacubitril/valsartan with average adjusted difference of 1.1 (95% CI 0.1, 2.0; p = 0.034). Patients treated with sacubitril/valsartan had greater odds of clinically meaningful improvement (≥5-point increase) in KCCQ-CSS (odds ratio 1.31; 95% CI 1.06, 1.61) at 8 months. At 8 months, there was no significant difference in the EQ visual analogue scale between the treatment arms, but sacubitril/valsartan was associated with higher EQ-5D utility score (US-based) with LSM adjusted difference of 0.01 (95% CI 0.00, 0.02; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Compared with valsartan, sacubitril/valsartan had a borderline benefit on KCCQ-CSS at 8 months in patients with HFpEF. This benefit became more significant when data from all visits up to 36 months were included. This modest overall benefit was also supported by greater odds of patients reporting a clinically meaningful improvement in HRQL with sacubitril/valsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Chandra
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Jean L Rouleau
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montreal, Université de Montreal Canada, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Michael R Zile
- RHJ Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Cardiovascular Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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20
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Butler J, Usman MS, Anstrom KJ, Blaustein RO, Bonaca MP, Ezekowitz JA, Freitas C, Lam CSP, Lewis EF, Lindenfeld J, McMullan CJ, Mentz RJ, O'Connor C, Rosano GMC, Saldarriaga CI, Senni M, Udelson J, Voors AA, Zannad F. Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction across the risk spectrum. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:2029-2036. [PMID: 36250238 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have a high residual risk of adverse outcomes, even when treated with optimal guideline-directed medical therapy and in a clinically stable state. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators have the potential to lower this risk by modifying the nitric oxide-sGC-cyclic guanosine monophosphate cascade - a pathophysiological pathway that has been targeted with limited success in HFrEF previously. Vericiguat, an sGC stimulator, was shown to improve outcomes in patients with HFrEF in the VICTORIA (Vericiguat Global Study in Subjects with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) trial. However, this trial included patients with recently worsening disease. In this brief review, we discuss the rationale of evaluating sGC stimulators in lower-risk HFrEF patients. First, all key HFrEF medications have been evaluated in both higher- and lower-risk populations, and the treatment effect is not always consistent across the risk spectrum. Second, pre-clinical studies and post-hoc studies of the VICTORIA trial have suggested that sGC stimulators may have cardioprotective effects - these effects may be more apparent when the medication is initiated earlier in the disease process. Third, the effect of vericiguat on cardiovascular mortality remains uncertain and a trial with a longer follow-up in a lower-risk population may allow better assessment of its effect on cardiovascular mortality. Therefore, there is a pertinent need to investigate the effects of vericiguat in optimally treated, low-risk HFrEF patients (i.e. those without recently worsening heart failure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin J Anstrom
- Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Marc P Bonaca
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cecilia Freitas
- Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore and Duke National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - JoAnn Lindenfeld
- Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Robert J Mentz
- Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher O'Connor
- Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.,Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Michele Senni
- Cardiologia 1, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - James Udelson
- Division of Cardiology and the CardioVascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm INI-CRCT, CHRU, Nancy, France
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21
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Jering K, Claggett B, Pfeffer MA, Granger C, Kober L, Lewis EF, Maggioni AP, Mann DL, McMurray JJV, Prescott MF, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Steg PG, Von Lewinski D, Braunwald E. Prognostic importance of NT-proBNP following high-risk myocardial infarction in the PARADISE-MI Trial. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Introduction
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a marker of ventricular wall stress and a potent predictor of death and heart failure (HF) across multiple populations (from healthy insurance applicants to various disease entities).
Purpose
To evaluate the prognostic importance of NT-proBNP in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by left ventricular systolic dysfunction, pulmonary congestion, or both and ≥1 of 8 predefined risk-augmenting factors (age ≥70 years, diabetes, previous MI, eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, atrial fibrillation, LVEF <30%, Killip class III/IV, or ST elevation MI without reperfusion) enrolled in PARADISE-MI.
Methods
Patients were randomized to sacubitril/valsartan 200mg or ramipril 5mg twice daily within 0.5 to 7 days of presenting with an AMI. Patients with prior HF were excluded. NT-proBNP and high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) were collected at randomization in a prespecified sub-study of 1129 patients. The primary endpoint of PARADISE-MI was a time-to-first composite of cardiovascular (CV) death or incident HF (hospitalization or outpatient symptomatic HF); secondary endpoints included all-cause death and the composite of fatal or non-fatal MI or stroke.
Results
Median NT-proBNP was 1757 pg/ml [interquartile range, 896–3462 pg/ml] at randomization (4.0±1.8 days after presentation with the index MI). Patients with higher NT-proBNP levels at baseline were older, more commonly women and more frequently had hypertension, atrial fibrillation, renal dysfunction, and pulmonary congestion at randomization (all p<0.001). NT-proBNP concentrations were only weakly correlated with levels of hsTnT at randomization (r=0.38, p<0.001). NT-proBNP at baseline was strongly associated with the primary composite endpoint (adjusted HR 1.45 per doubling NT-proBNP; 95% CI, 1.23–1.70), independent of clinical variables as well as hsTnT (Figure). NT-proBNP was also independently associated with all-cause death (aHR 1.74; 95% CI, 1.38–2.21) and fatal or non-fatal MI or stroke (aHR 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05–1.45). The relative effect of sacubitril/valsartan versus ramipril on the primary composite endpoint was not statistically different across the spectrum of NT-proBNP (p-interaction = 0.46).
Conclusions
When assessed within the first week of a high risk AMI NT-proBNP is not only associated with incident HF and death but also with atherosclerotic events and provides prognostic information that is independent of hsTnT in this post AMI population.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jering
- Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , United States of America
| | - B Claggett
- Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , United States of America
| | - M A Pfeffer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , United States of America
| | - C Granger
- Duke Clinical Research Institute , Durham , United States of America
| | - L Kober
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - E F Lewis
- Stanford University , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | | | - D L Mann
- Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , United States of America
| | | | - M F Prescott
- Novartis , East Hanover , United States of America
| | - J L Rouleau
- Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal , Canada
| | - S D Solomon
- Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , United States of America
| | - P G Steg
- Inserm U1148 and SANOFI , Paris , France
| | | | - E Braunwald
- Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , United States of America
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22
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Johannessen Ø, Myhre PL, Claggett B, Lindner M, Lewis EF, Rivero J, Cheng S, Platz E. Left atrial inflow propagation velocity derived by color M-mode Doppler in acute heart failure. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 38:2155-2165. [PMID: 37726456 PMCID: PMC10247843 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-022-02614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Left atrial (LA) inflow propagation velocity from the pulmonary vein (LAIF-PV) has been proposed as a novel measure of LA reservoir function and is associated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in critically ill patients. However, data on LAIF-PV in acute heart failure (AHF) are lacking. We sought to examine the feasibility of measuring LAIF-PV and evaluate clinical and echocardiographic correlates of LAIF-PV in AHF. In a prospective cohort study of adults hospitalized for AHF, we used color M-mode Doppler of the pulmonary veins to obtain LAIF-PV in systole. Among 142 patients with appropriate images and no more than moderate mitral regurgitation, LAIF-PV measures were feasible in 76 patients (54%) aged 71 ± 14 years, including 68% men with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 38% ± 13. Mean LAIF-PV was 24.2 ± 5.9 cm/s. In multivariable regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, body mass index, New York Heart Association class, LA volume and LVEF, the only independent echocardiographic predictors of LAIF-PV were right ventricular (RV) S' [ß 0.46 cm/s per cm/s (95% CI 0.01-0.91), p = 0.045] and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) [ß 0.28 cm/s per mm (95% CI 0.02-0.54), p = 0.039]. Notably, LAIF-PV was not significantly correlated with measures of LV function, LA function or E/e'. In conclusion, LAIF-PV was measurable in 54% of patients with AHF, and lower values were associated with measures of impaired RV systolic function but not LV or LA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Johannessen
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peder L Myhre
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Cardiovascular Division, Stanford University, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jose Rivero
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Elke Platz
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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23
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Lamas GA, Anstrom KJ, Navas-Acien A, Boineau R, Kim H, Rosenberg Y, Stylianou M, Jones TLZ, Joubert BR, Santella RM, Escolar E, Aude YW, Fonseca V, Elliott T, Lewis EF, Farkouh ME, Nathan DM, Mon AC, Gosnell L, Newman JD, Mark DB. The trial to assess chelation therapy 2 (TACT2): Rationale and design. Am Heart J 2022; 252:1-11. [PMID: 35598636 PMCID: PMC9434822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous edetate disodium-based infusions reduced cardiovascular events in a prior clinical trial. The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy 2 (TACT2) will replicate the initial study design. METHODS TACT2 is an NIH-sponsored, randomized, 2x2 factorial, double masked, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial testing 40 weekly infusions of a multi-component edetate disodium (disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, or Na2EDTA)-based chelation solution and twice daily oral, high-dose multivitamin and mineral supplements in patients with diabetes and a prior myocardial infarction (MI). TACT2 completed enrollment of 1000 subjects in December 2020, and infusions in December 2021. Subjects are followed for 2.5 to 5 years. The primary endpoint is time to first occurrence of all-cause mortality, MI, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina. The trial has >;85% power to detect a 30% relative reduction in the primary endpoint. TACT2 also includes a Trace Metals and Biorepository Core Lab, to test whether benefits of treatment, if present, are due to chelation of lead and cadmium from patients. Design features of TACT2 were chosen to replicate selected features of the first TACT, which demonstrated a significant reduction in cardiovascular outcomes in the EDTA chelation arm compared with placebo among patients with a prior MI, with the largest effect in patients with diabetes. RESULTS Results are expected in 2024. CONCLUSION TACT2 may provide definitive evidence of the benefit of edetate disodiumbased chelation on cardiovascular outcomes, as well as the clinical importance of longitudinal changes in toxic metal levels of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervasio A Lamas
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Kevin J Anstrom
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin Boineau
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hwasoon Kim
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yves Rosenberg
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Stylianou
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Teresa L Z Jones
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bonnie R Joubert
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esteban Escolar
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Y Wady Aude
- Heart and Vascular Specialists of South Texas, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Vivian Fonseca
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - David M Nathan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana C Mon
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Leigh Gosnell
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Daniel B Mark
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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24
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Lewis EF, Beatty C, Boltze J, Breathett K, Clair WK, de las Fuentes L, Essien UR, Goodell H, Hinson HE, Kershaw KN, Knowles JW, Mazimba S, Mujahid M, Okafor HE, Park KW, Schultz J. Creation of the American Heart Association Journals' Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Editorial Board: The Next Step to Achieving the 2024 Impact Goal. Circulation 2022; 146:721-723. [PMID: 35862071 PMCID: PMC10351219 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eldrin F. Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | - Johannes Boltze
- The University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - Khadijah Breathett
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Walter K. Clair
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lisa de las Fuentes
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Utibe R. Essien
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | - Joshua W. Knowles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Sula Mazimba
- University of Virginia Health System, Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mahasin Mujahid
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA
| | - Henry E. Okafor
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kyung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Vasudeva R, Challa A, Al Rifai M, Polana T, Duran B, Vindhyal M, Lewis EF. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in COVID-19 related mortality in the United States. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 74:122-126. [PMID: 36279944 PMCID: PMC9585886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and sequelae have been associated with COVID-19. Little is known about the distribution of CVD conditions in COVID-19 related deaths in the US population. METHODS The public-use dataset by CDC, "Conditions Contributing to COVID-19 Deaths, by State and Age, Provisional 2020-2021", was abstracted as of August 1, 2021. A descriptive analysis was conducted to explore the overall and age-specific prevalence of various CVD and risk factors grouped by pre-specified ICD-10 codes amongst COVID-19 patient deaths. Respective trends over the duration of the pandemic were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall method, including time-periods before and after the introduction of vaccines in January 2021. All time-related analysis was conducted between March 2020 and June 2021. RESULTS A total of 600,241 COVID-19 related deaths were reported between March 2020 and June 2021. Hypertensive diseases were the most prevalent (19.6%), followed by diabetes (15.9%), ischemic heart disease (IHD;10.9%), heart failure (7.7%), cardiac arrhythmias (7.5%), other diseases of the circulatory system (6.6%), cerebrovascular diseases (5%), and obesity (4.1%). While a significant downward trend was noted for hypertensive diseases over the course of the pandemic, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), obesity, and other circulatory system diseases demonstrated a significant upward trend. Since the introduction of vaccines, the trends for heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias remained steady while having demonstrated a significant rise in the pre-vaccination time-period. While obesity and other diseases of the circulatory system predominated (>50%) amongst the CVD burden in the younger population (0-24 years and 25-34 years), the percentage occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, hypertensive diseases, HF, and IHD increased with age. CONCLUSION Hypertensive diseases, diabetes, and IHD were the most prevalent cardiovascular conditions amongst COVID-19 related deaths. These patterns varied by age. While the trend for hypertensive diseases declined over the course of the pandemic, cardiac arrhythmias, HF, obesity, and other diseases of the circulatory system demonstrated an upward trend. An important limitation is the source of the data being limited to death certificates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhythm Vasudeva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, KS, USA.
| | - Abhiram Challa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Mahmoud Al Rifai
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tejasri Polana
- School of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, India
| | - Brent Duran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Mohinder Vindhyal
- Department of Cardiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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26
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Berwanger O, Pfeffer M, Claggett B, Jering KS, Maggioni AP, Steg PG, Mehran R, Lewis EF, Zhou Y, van der Meer P, De Pasquale C, Merkely B, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Solomon SD, Braunwald E. SACUBITRIL/VALSARTAN VERSUS RAMIPRIL FOR PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION:
WIN‐RATIO
ANALYSIS OF THE
PARADISE‐MI
TRIAL. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:1918-1927. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Berwanger
- Academic Research Organization (ARO), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Marc Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Karola S. Jering
- Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | | | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris‐Cité, Institut Universitaire de France, AP‐HP (Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris), FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials) and INSERM U‐1148 Paris France
| | - Roxana Mehran
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Eldrin F. Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Palo Alto CA
| | - Yinong Zhou
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation East Hanover NJ USA
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Carmine De Pasquale
- Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network South Australia
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, Athens University Hospital Attikon National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Greece
| | - John J.V. McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Glasgow Scotland
| | | | - Scott D. Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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Brittain EL, Thenappan T, Huston JH, Agrawal V, Lai YC, Dixon D, Ryan JJ, Lewis EF, Redfield MM, Shah SJ, Maron BA. Elucidating the Clinical Implications and Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Call to Action: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2022; 146:e73-e88. [PMID: 35862198 PMCID: PMC9901193 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This science advisory focuses on the need to better understand the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This clinical phenotype is important because it is common, is strongly associated with adverse outcomes, and lacks evidence-based therapies. Our goal is to clarify key knowledge gaps in pulmonary hypertension attributable to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and to suggest specific, actionable scientific directions for addressing such gaps. Areas in need of additional investigation include refined disease definitions and interpretation of hemodynamics, as well as greater insights into noncardiac contributors to pulmonary hypertension risk, optimized animal models, and further molecular studies in patients with combined precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension. We highlight translational approaches that may provide important biological insight into pathophysiology and reveal new therapeutic targets. Last, we discuss the current and future landscape of potential therapies for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary vascular dysfunction, including considerations of precision medicine, novel trial design, and device-based therapies, among other considerations. This science advisory provides a synthesis of important knowledge gaps, culminating in a collection of specific research priorities that we argue warrant investment from the scientific community.
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Bozkurt B, Das SR, Addison D, Gupta A, Jneid H, Khan SS, Koromia GA, Kulkarni PA, LaPoint K, Lewis EF, Michos ED, Peterson PN, Turagam MK, Wang TY, Yancy CW. 2022 AHA/ACC Key Data Elements and Definitions for Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Complications of COVID-19: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 80:388-465. [PMID: 35753858 PMCID: PMC9222652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.03.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lewis EF. Machine Learning and Social Determinants of Health-An Opportunity to Move Beyond Race for Inpatient Risk Prediction in Patients With Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol 2022; 7:854-855. [PMID: 35793074 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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Bozkurt B, Das SR, Addison D, Gupta A, Jneid H, Khan SS, Koromia GA, Kulkarni PA, LaPoint K, Lewis EF, Michos ED, Peterson PN, Turagam MK, Wang TY, Yancy CW. 2022 AHA/ACC Key Data Elements and Definitions for Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Complications of COVID-19: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2022; 15:e000111. [PMID: 35737748 PMCID: PMC9297692 DOI: 10.1161/hcq.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Denfeld QE, Turrise S, MacLaughlin EJ, Chang PS, Clair WK, Lewis EF, Forman DE, Goodlin SJ. Preventing and Managing Falls in Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2022; 15:e000108. [PMID: 35587567 DOI: 10.1161/hcq.0000000000000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Falls and fear of falling are a major health issue and associated with high injury rates, high medical care costs, and significant negative impact on quality of life. Adults with cardiovascular disease are at high risk of falling. However, the prevalence and specific risks for falls among adults with cardiovascular disease are not well understood, and falls are likely underestimated in clinical practice. Data from surveys of patient-reported and medical record-based analyses identify falls or risks for falling in 40% to 60% of adults with cardiovascular disease. Increased fall risk is associated with medications, structural heart disease, orthostatic hypotension, and arrhythmias, as well as with abnormal gait and balance, physical frailty, sensory impairment, and environmental hazards. These risks are particularly important among the growing population of older adults with cardiovascular disease. All clinicians who care for patients with cardiovascular disease have the opportunity to recognize falls and to mitigate risks for falling. This scientific statement provides consensus on the interdisciplinary evaluation, prevention, and management of falls among adults with cardiac disease and the management of cardiovascular care when patients are at risk of falling. We outline research that is needed to clarify prevalence and factors associated with falls and to identify interventions that will prevent falls among adults with cardiovascular disease.
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Barkoudah E, Claggett BL, Lewis EF, O'Meara E, Clausell N, Diaz R, Fleg JL, Pitt B, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Pfeffer MA, Desai AS. Prognostic Impact of Cardiovascular versus Noncardiovascular Hospitalizations in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Insights from TOPCAT. J Card Fail 2022; 28:1390-1397. [PMID: 35636727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are commonly admitted to the hospital for both cardiovascular (CV) and noncardiovascular (non-CV) reasons. The prognostic implications of non-CV hospitalizations in this population are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to examine the prognostic implications of hospitalizations due to CV and non-CV reasons in a HFpEF population. METHODS AND RESULTS The Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist trial (TOPCAT) randomized 3,445 stable outpatients with chronic HF with left ventricular ejection fraction >=45% and either prior hospitalization for HF or elevated natriuretic peptides to treatment with spironolactone or placebo. Hospitalizations for any cause were reported by investigators during study follow-up and characterized according to prespecified category causes. This analysis focused on the subset of TOPCAT participants enrolled in the Americas (N=1,767), in which 2,973 hospitalizations were observed in 1,062 subjects (60%) over a mean follow-up of 3.3 years of study follow-up, of which 1,474 (49%) were ascribed to CV causes. Among 1,056 first hospitalizations, 478 (45%) were for CV reasons and 578 (55%) for non-CV reasons. Mortality rates were lowest for participants not hospitalized during the trial (3.2 per 100 patient-years (PY)), but similarly elevated following first hospitalization for CV and non-CV reasons (11.0 per 100 PY vs. 12.6 per 100 PY, respectively, p=0.24). Among those hospitalized for CV reasons, mortality rates were similar following hospitalization for HF and non-CV related reasons (15.2 per 100 PY vs. 12.6 per 100 PY, p=0.23). Recurrent hospitalization, whether due to CV or non-CV causes, was associated with heightened risk for subsequent mortality, with similar death rates following hospitalization twice for CV reasons (18.5 per 100 PY), twice for non-CV reasons (21.6 per 100 PY), or once each for CV and non-CV reasons (18.4 per 100 PY). CONCLUSION Among patients with HFpEF, hospitalization for any cause is associated with heightened risk for post-discharge mortality, with even higher risk associated with recurrent hospitalization. Given the high burden of non-CV hospitalizations in this population, targeted management of comorbid medical illness may be critical to reducing morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Barkoudah
- Cardiovascular Division; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Eileen O'Meara
- Montreal Heart Institute Department of Medicine and Research Centre, and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nadine Clausell
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Diaz
- Estudios Cardiológicos Latinoamérica, Instituto Cardiovascular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jerome L Fleg
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bertram Pitt
- Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jean L Rouleau
- Montreal Heart Institute Department of Medicine and Research Centre, and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Zhao YY, Wang R, Gleason KJ, Lewis EF, Quan SF, Toth CM, Song Y, Morrical M, Rueschman M, Mittleman MA, Redline S. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on ambulatory blood pressures in high-risk sleep apnea patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18:1899-1907. [PMID: 35459446 PMCID: PMC9340589 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on 24-hour blood pressure (BP) in high-risk patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is uncertain. We aimed to determine the effect of CPAP treatment on ambulatory BP in individuals with moderate or severe OSA and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or multiple CVD risk factors without severe sleepiness. METHODS In this randomized, controlled, parallel group study, 169 participants were randomly assigned to CPAP treatment or the control group. The primary outcome was the change in mean 24-hour systolic BP between groups from baseline to the average of 6 and 12 month measurements using mixed effect linear regression models. RESULTS The 24-hour systolic BP did not significantly differ by group, although there was a trend of decrease in the CPAP group (treatment effect -2.7 mm Hg [95% confidence interval -5.9 to 0.6]; P=0.105) compared with control. CPAP had the greatest effect on nighttime systolic BP (treatment effect -5.9 mm Hg [95% confidence interval -9.9 to -1.9]; P=0.004). Similar improvements in other nocturnal BP indices were observed. CONCLUSIONS In high risk patients with moderate-severe OSA without severe sleepiness, CPAP resulted in modest BP improvements over 6 to 12 months of follow-up, with possibly larger effects for nocturnal BP. Use of office blood pressure may under-estimate the effect of CPAP on BP profile in patients with OSA. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Title: Sleep Apnea Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease Reduction; Identifier: NCT01261390; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01261390.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Y Zhao
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Joseph Brant Hospital, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Wang
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin J Gleason
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Stuart F Quan
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Claudia M Toth
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yue Song
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Morrical
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Rueschman
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Granger BB, Kaltenbach LA, Fonarow GC, Allen LA, Lanfear DE, Albert NM, Al-Khalidi HR, Butler J, Cooper LB, DeWald T, Felker GM, Heidenreich P, Kottam A, Lewis EF, Piña IL, Yancy CW, Granger CB, Hernandez AF, DeVore AD. Health System-Level Performance in Prescribing Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy for Patients with HFrEF: Results from the CONNECT-HF Trial. J Card Fail 2022; 28:1355-1361. [PMID: 35462033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.03.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health system-level interventions to improve use of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) often fail in the acute care setting. We sought to identify factors associated with high performance in adoption of GDMT among health systems in CONNECT-HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Site-level composite quality scores were calculated at discharge and last follow-up. Site performance was defined as the average change in score from baseline to last follow-up and analyzed by performance tertile using a mixed-effects model with baseline performance as a fixed effect and site as a random effect. Among 150 randomized sites, mean 12-month improvement in GDMT was 1.8% (-26.4% to 60.0%). Achievement of ≥50% target dose for angiotensin-converting enzymes/angiotensin receptor blockers/angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors and beta blockers at 12 months was modest, even at the highest performing sites (median 29.6% [23%, 41%] and 41.2% [29%, 50%]). Sites achieving higher GDMT scores had care teams that included social workers and pharmacists and patients able to afford medications and access medication lists in the electronic health record. CONCLUSIONS Substantial gaps in site-level use of GDMT were found even among highest performing sites. Failure of hospital-level interventions to improve quality metrics suggests that a team-based approach to care and improved patient access to medications are needed for post-discharge success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradi B Granger
- Duke Clinical Research Institute; Duke University School of Nursing; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - Larry A Allen
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Javed Butler
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Tracy DeWald
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Michael Felker
- Duke Clinical Research Institute; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Anupama Kottam
- Wayne State University and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Ileana L Piña
- Wayne State University and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Christopher B Granger
- Duke Clinical Research Institute; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adrian F Hernandez
- Duke Clinical Research Institute; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adam D DeVore
- Duke Clinical Research Institute; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Wolsk E, Claggett B, Diaz R, Dickstein K, Gerstein HC, Køber L, Lewis EF, Maggioni AP, McMurray JJV, Probstfield JL, Riddle MC, Solomon SD, Tardif JC, Pfeffer MA. Risk Estimates of Imminent Cardiovascular Death and Heart Failure Hospitalization Are Improved Using Serial Natriuretic Peptide Measurements in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e021327. [PMID: 35383463 PMCID: PMC9238457 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Baseline and temporal changes in natriuretic peptide (NP) concentrations have strong prognostic value with regard to long‐term cardiovascular risk stratification. To increase the clinical utility of NP sampling for patient management, we wanted to assess the incremental predictive value of 2 serial NP measurements compared with a single measurement and provide absolute risk estimates for cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (HFH) within 6 months based on 2 serial NP measurements. Methods and Results Consecutive NP samples obtained from 5393 patients with a recent coronary event and type 2 diabetes enrolled in the ELIXA (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes After Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Lixisenatide) trial were used to construct best logistic regression models with outcome of cardiovascular death or HFH (136 events). Absolute risk estimates of cardiovascular death or HFH within 6 months using either BNP (B‐type natriuretic peptide) or NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐BNP) serial measurements were depicted based on the concentrations of 2 serial NP measurements. During the 6‐month follow‐up periods, the incidence rate (±95% CIs) of cardiovascular death or HFH for patients was 14.0 (11.8‒16.6) per 1000 patient‐years. Risk prediction depended on NP concentrations from both prior and current sampling. NP sampling 6 months apart improved the predictive value and reclassification of patients compared with a single sample (AUROC [Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve]: BNP, P=0.003. NT‐proBNP, P<0.0001), with a majority of moderate‐risk patients (6‐month risk between 1% and 10%) being reclassified on the basis of the second NP sample. Conclusions Serial NP measurements improved prediction of imminent cardiovascular death or HFH in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes. The absolute risk estimates provided may aid clinicians in decision‐making and help patients understand their short‐term risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Wolsk
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Department of Cardiology Herlev-Gentofte Hospital Herlev Denmark
| | - Brian Claggett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Rafael Diaz
- Estudios Clínicos Latinoamérica Rosario Argentina
| | | | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA
| | - Aldo P Maggioni
- Research Center of the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists Florence Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research Cotignola RA Italy
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew C Riddle
- Division of Endocrinology Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | | | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
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Dimond M, Fiuzat M, Psotka MA, O’Connor CM, Consortium HFCAR, Abraham WT, Ahmad T, Anker SD, Felker MG, Filippatos G, Kitzman DW, Leifer E, Lewis EF, Lindenfeld J, Mentz RJ, Nkulikiyinka R, Schaber D, Sharma A, Solomon SD, Stockbridge N, Teerlink JR, Whellan DJ, Wittes JT. FUNCTIONAL AND SYMPTOMATIC CLINICAL ENDPOINTS IN HEART FAILURE RESEARCH: INSIGHTS FROM THE HEART FAILURE COLLABORATORY (HFC) - ACADEMIC RESEARCH CONSORTIUM (ARC) SCIENTIFIC EXPERT PANEL. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(22)01247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Granger CB, Køber L, Maggioni AP, Mann DL, McMurray JJ, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Steg PG, Berwanger O, Cikes M, De Pasquale CG, Fernandez A, Filippatos G, Jering K, Landmesser U, Menon V, Merkely B, Petrie MC, Petrov I, Schou M, Senni M, Kheng Leng DS, van der Meer P, Lefkowitz M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Braunwald E. Impact of Sacubitril/Valsartan Versus Ramipril on Total Heart Failure Events in the PARADISE-MI Trial. Circulation 2022; 145:87-89. [PMID: 34797725 PMCID: PMC8716414 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eldrin F. Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Lars Køber
- Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - John J.V. McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Scott D. Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Université de Paris, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials) and INSERM U-1148, Paris, France
| | - Otavio Berwanger
- Otavio Berwanger, Academic Research Organization (ARO) – Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Maja Cikes
- Maja Cikes, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine and University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carmine G. De Pasquale
- Carmine G. De Pasquale, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alberto Fernandez
- Alberto Fernandez, Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Gerasimos Filippatos M.D., Director of the HF Unit at the Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Karola Jering
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Ulf Landmesser, Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Venugopal Menon
- Venugopal Menon, M.D., Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Béla Merkely
- Béla Merkely, Semmelweis University, Heart and Vascular Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark C. Petrie
- Mark C. Petrie, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Petrov
- Ivo Petrov, Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Morten Schou
- Morten Schou, Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele Senni
- Michele Senni, Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Peter van der Meer
- Peter van der Meer, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yinong Zhou
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Ferreira JP, Shah AM, Claggett BL, Pitt B, Lewis EF, Solomon SD, Zannad F. Cardiac structure and function and quality of life associations in HFpEF: An analysis from TOPCAT-Americas. Int J Cardiol 2022; 352:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Piña IL, Jimenez S, Lewis EF, Morris AA, Onwuanyi A, Tam E, Ventura HO. Race and Ethnicity in Heart Failure: JACC Focus Seminar 8/9. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:2589-2598. [PMID: 34887145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) affects >6 million Americans, with variations in incidence, prevalence, and clinical outcomes by race/ethnicity. Black adults have the highest risk for HF, with earlier age of onset and the highest risk of death and hospitalizations. The risk of hospitalizations for Hispanic patients is higher than White patients. Data on HF in Asian individuals are more limited. However, the higher burden of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, particularly among South Asian adults, is associated with increased risk of HF. The role of environmental, socioeconomic, and other social determinants of health, more likely for Black and Hispanic patients, are increasingly recognized as independent risk factors for HF and worse outcomes. Structural racism and implicit bias are drivers of health care disparities in the United States. This paper will review the clinical, physiological, and social determinants of HF risk, unique for race/ethnic minorities, and offer solutions to address systems of inequality that need to be recognized and dismantled/eradicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alanna A Morris
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. https://twitter.com/morrismd
| | | | - Edlira Tam
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Nunes JC, Rice EN, Stafford RS, Lewis EF, Wang PJ. Underrepresentation of Ethnic and Racial Minorities in Atrial Fibrillation Clinical Trials. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2021; 14:e010452. [PMID: 34789014 DOI: 10.1161/circep.121.010452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Nunes
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford University, CA. (J.C.N., E.N.R.)
| | - Eli N Rice
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford University, CA. (J.C.N., E.N.R.)
| | | | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, CA. (E.F.L., P.J.W.)
| | - Paul J Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, CA. (E.F.L., P.J.W.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldrin F Lewis
- Cardiovascular Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Granger CB, Køber L, Maggioni AP, Mann DL, McMurray JJV, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Steg PG, Berwanger O, Cikes M, De Pasquale CG, East C, Fernandez A, Jering K, Landmesser U, Mehran R, Merkely B, Vaghaiwalla Mody F, Petrie MC, Petrov I, Schou M, Senni M, Sim D, van der Meer P, Lefkowitz M, Zhou Y, Gong J, Braunwald E. Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:1845-1855. [PMID: 34758252 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with symptomatic heart failure, sacubitril-valsartan has been found to reduce the risk of hospitalization and death from cardiovascular causes more effectively than an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor. Trials comparing the effects of these drugs in patients with acute myocardial infarction have been lacking. METHODS We randomly assigned patients with myocardial infarction complicated by a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary congestion, or both to receive either sacubitril-valsartan (97 mg of sacubitril and 103 mg of valsartan twice daily) or ramipril (5 mg twice daily) in addition to recommended therapy. The primary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or incident heart failure (outpatient symptomatic heart failure or heart failure leading to hospitalization), whichever occurred first. RESULTS A total of 5661 patients underwent randomization; 2830 were assigned to receive sacubitril-valsartan and 2831 to receive ramipril. Over a median of 22 months, a primary-outcome event occurred in 338 patients (11.9%) in the sacubitril-valsartan group and in 373 patients (13.2%) in the ramipril group (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78 to 1.04; P = 0.17). Death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure occurred in 308 patients (10.9%) in the sacubitril-valsartan group and in 335 patients (11.8%) in the ramipril group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.07); death from cardiovascular causes in 168 (5.9%) and 191 (6.7%), respectively (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.08); and death from any cause in 213 (7.5%) and 242 (8.5%), respectively (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.05). Treatment was discontinued because of an adverse event in 357 patients (12.6%) in the sacubitril-valsartan group and 379 patients (13.4%) in the ramipril group. CONCLUSIONS Sacubitril-valsartan was not associated with a significantly lower incidence of death from cardiovascular causes or incident heart failure than ramipril among patients with acute myocardial infarction. (Funded by Novartis; PARADISE-MI ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02924727.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Pfeffer
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Brian Claggett
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Christopher B Granger
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Lars Køber
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Aldo P Maggioni
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Douglas L Mann
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - John J V McMurray
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Jean-Lucien Rouleau
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Scott D Solomon
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Philippe G Steg
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Otavio Berwanger
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Maja Cikes
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Carmine G De Pasquale
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Cara East
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Alberto Fernandez
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Karola Jering
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Roxana Mehran
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Béla Merkely
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Freny Vaghaiwalla Mody
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Mark C Petrie
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Ivo Petrov
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Morten Schou
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Michele Senni
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - David Sim
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Peter van der Meer
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Martin Lefkowitz
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Yinong Zhou
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Jianjian Gong
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- From the Cardiovascular Division (M.A.P., B.C., S.D.S., K.J., E.B.) and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division (E.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (E.F.L.), and the Heart Failure and Preventive Cardiology Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (F.V.M.) - both in California; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, University of Copenhagen (L.K.), and the Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital (M. Schou) - both in Copenhagen; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.), and the Cardiovascular Department, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (M. Senni) - both in Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (D.L.M.); British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.J.V.M., M.C.P.); Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal (J.-L.R.); Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo (O.B.); the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia (M.C.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C.G.D.P.); Baylor Soltero CV Research Center, Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas (C.E.); Cardiology Service, Sanatorio Modelo Quilmes, Quilmes, Argentina (A.F.); the Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (U.L.); Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.M.); the Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (B.M.); Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.P.); National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.); the Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (P.M.); and Novartis, East Hanover, NJ (M.L., Y.Z., J.G.)
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Sandhu AT, Kohsaka S, Turakhia MP, Lewis EF, Heidenreich PA. Evaluation of Quality of Care for US Veterans With Recent-Onset Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 7:130-139. [PMID: 34757380 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Importance Multiple guideline-recommended therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are available and promoted by performance measures. However, contemporary data on the use of these therapies are limited. Objective To evaluate trends in guideline-directed medical therapy, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) use, and risk-adjusted mortality among patients with recent-onset HFrEF. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study analyzed claims and electronic health record data of patients with recent-onset HFrEF diagnosed at US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system facilities from July 1, 2013, through June 30, 2019. Veterans who had a history of heart transplant or used a ventricular assist device were among the patients who were excluded. Exposures Guideline-directed medical therapy (any β-blocker, guideline-recommended β-blocker [bisoprolol, carvedilol, or metoprolol succinate], angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and hydralazine plus nitrate) and ICD. Main Outcomes and Measures Treatment rates for guideline-directed medical therapies and ICDs were calculated within 6 months of the index HFrEF date using medication fills, procedural codes for implantation and monitoring, and diagnosis codes. Risk-adjusted mortality was calculated after adjusting for baseline patient characteristics. For both treatment rates and risk-adjusted mortality, we evaluated the change over 3 periods (period 1: July 1, 2013, to June 30, 2015; period 2: July 1, 2015, to June 30, 2017; and period 3: July 1, 2017, to June 30, 2019) and variation across VA facilities. Results The final cohort comprised 144 074 eligible patients with incident HFrEF that was diagnosed between July 1, 2013, and June 30, 2019. The cohort had a mean (SD) age of 71.0 (11.4) years and was mostly composed of men (140 765 [97.7%]). Overall, changes in medical therapy rates were minimal over time, with the use of a guideline-recommended β-blocker increasing from 64.2% in 2013 to 72.0% in 2019. Rates for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy increased from 23.9% in 2013 to 26.9% in 2019, and rates for hydralazine plus nitrate therapy remained stable at 24.2% over the study period. Rates for angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor therapy increased since its introduction in 2015 but only to 22.6% in 2019. Among patients with an ICD indication, early use rates decreased over time. Substantial variation in medical therapy rates persisted across VA facilities. Risk-adjusted mortality decreased over the study period from 19.9% (95% CI, 19.6%-20.2%) in July 1, 2013, to June 30, 2015, to 18.4% (95% CI, 18.0%-18.7%) in July 1, 2017, to June 30, 2019 (OR, 0.96 per additional year; 95% CI, 0.96-0.97). Conclusions and Relevance This study found only marginal improvement between 2013 and 2019 in the guideline-recommended therapy and mortality rates among patients with recent-onset HFrEF. New approaches to increase the uptake of evidence-based HFrEF treatment are urgently needed and could lead to larger reductions in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Sandhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mintu P Turakhia
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Center for Digital Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Associate Editor, JAMA Cardiology
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Paul A Heidenreich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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Minamisawa M, Claggett B, Suzuki K, Hegde SM, Shah AM, Desai AS, Lewis EF, Shah SJ, Sweitzer NK, Fang JC, Anand IS, O'Meara E, Rouleau JL, Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Association of Hyper-Polypharmacy With Clinical Outcomes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2021; 14:e008293. [PMID: 34674539 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.008293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypharmacy is associated with a poor prognosis in the elderly, however, information on the association of polypharmacy with cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is sparse. This study sought to investigate the relationship between polypharmacy and adverse cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. METHODS Baseline total number of medications was determined in 1758 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction enrolled in the Americas regions of the TOPCAT trial (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist), by 3 categories: nonpolypharmacy (<5 medications), polypharmacy (5-9), and hyper-polypharmacy (≥10). We examined the relationship of polypharmacy status with the primary outcome (cardiovascular death, HF hospitalization, or aborted cardiac arrest), hospitalizations for any reason, and serious adverse events. RESULTS The proportion of patients taking 5 or more medications was 92.5% (inclusive of polypharmacy [38.7%] and hyper-polypharmacy [53.8%]). Over a 2.9-year median follow-up, compared with patients with polypharmacy, hyper-polypharmacy was associated with an increased risk for the primary outcome, hospitalization for any reason and any serious adverse events in the univariable analysis, but not significantly associated with mortality. After multivariable adjustment for demographic and comorbidities, hyper-polypharmacy remained significantly associated with an increased risk for hospitalization for any reason (hazard ratio, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.05-1.41]; P=0.009) and any serious adverse events (hazard ratio, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.07-1.42]; P=0.005), whereas the primary outcome was no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Hyper-polypharmacy was common and associated with an elevated risk of hospitalization for any reason and any serious adverse events in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. There were no significant associations between polypharmacy status and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Minamisawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M., B.C., K.S., S.M.H., A.M.S., A.S.D., M.A.P., S.D.S.).,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M., B.C., K.S., S.M.H., A.M.S., A.S.D., M.A.P., S.D.S.)
| | - Kota Suzuki
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M., B.C., K.S., S.M.H., A.M.S., A.S.D., M.A.P., S.D.S.)
| | - Sheila M Hegde
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M., B.C., K.S., S.M.H., A.M.S., A.S.D., M.A.P., S.D.S.)
| | - Amil M Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M., B.C., K.S., S.M.H., A.M.S., A.S.D., M.A.P., S.D.S.)
| | - Akshay S Desai
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M., B.C., K.S., S.M.H., A.M.S., A.S.D., M.A.P., S.D.S.)
| | | | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S.)
| | | | - James C Fang
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J.C.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M., B.C., K.S., S.M.H., A.M.S., A.S.D., M.A.P., S.D.S.)
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.M., B.C., K.S., S.M.H., A.M.S., A.S.D., M.A.P., S.D.S.)
| | - Orly Vardeny
- Minneapolis VA Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research and University of Minnesota Medical School (O.V.)
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Lee M, Campbell RT, Claggett BL, Lewis EF, Groarke JD, Docherty KF, Lindner M, Liu J, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Platz E. Lung ultrasound in acute heart failure: association between quality of life, symptoms and B-lines. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Impaired health-related quality of life (HRQL) and pulmonary congestion are common and important findings among patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF). There are few data describing the association between HQRL, symptoms and pulmonary congestion in AHF.
Purpose
This study investigates whether worse HRQL and symptoms is associated with more pulmonary congestion. Pulmonary congestion measured by lung ultrasound (LUS) in patients with AHF is a marker of worse prognosis at baseline and pre-discharge.
Methods
In this 2-site, prospective, observational study, four-zone LUS was performed at baseline (LUS1) and within 72h of hospital discharge (LUS2) in patients hospitalized for AHF. B-lines were quantified off-line, blinded to clinical findings and outcomes, by a core laboratory. Clinicians managing the patients were blinded to LUS findings. HRQL was assessed at baseline using the patient-reported Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Total Symptom Score (KCCQ-TSS). Physician assessment of functional limitation at baseline was reported using the NYHA classification. In a subset of participants, patient-reported dyspnea at rest was also examined, at baseline and pre-discharge, using a numeric ranking scale (range 0–10; 10 worst). Dyspnea on exertion was also examined at baseline.
Results
Among 322 patients (mean age 72, 60% men, mean LVEF 39%) the median [interquartile range] KCCQ-TSS score was 33 [18–48]. Those with worse KCCQ-TSS scores, analyzed in tertiles, were younger, more likely to be obese and have diabetes mellitus and asthma/COPD, more likely to be on diuretics and report worse dyspnea at rest. At baseline, worse KCCQ-TSS was associated with worse NYHA class (Spearman's rho = −0.33, p<0.0001), dyspnea at rest (Spearman's rho = −0.41, p<0.0001) and dyspnea on exertion (Spearman's rho = −0.44, p<0.0001). A higher number of B-lines on LUS1 was weakly associated with worse NYHA class (Spearman's rho = 0.15, p=0.007) (Figure 1) but was not significantly associated with KCCQ-TSS (p=0.91), dyspnea at rest (p=0.74) or dyspnea on exertion (p=0.96). Among 118 patients with LUS2 performed within 72h of hospital discharge, pre-discharge dyspnea at rest was not significantly associated with B-lines (p=0.98).
Conclusion
Among patients hospitalized for AHF, at baseline, worse KCCQ-TSS was associated with worse NYHA class, dyspnea at rest and dyspnea on exertion but was not significantly associated with pulmonary congestion assessed by LUS. A higher number of B-lines at baseline was associated with worse NYHA class. Patient-reported breathlessness and HQRL measures, although important, may not consistently reflect the degree of pulmonary congestion in patients with AHF.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH/NHLBI) (K23HL123533 to E.P.) and the British Heart Foundation (PG/13/17/30050 to R.T.C. and J.J.V.M.) Association of LUS1 B-lines & NYHA class
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lee
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - B L Claggett
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - E F Lewis
- Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, United States of America
| | - J D Groarke
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - M Lindner
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - J Liu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - S D Solomon
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - E Platz
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
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Zhou W, Sun YP, Divakaran S, Bajaj NS, Gupta A, Chandra A, Morgan V, Barrett L, Martell L, Bibbo CF, Hainer J, Lewis EF, Taqueti VR, Dorbala S, Blankstein R, Slomka P, Shah PB, Kaneko T, Adler DS, O'Gara P, Di Carli MF. Association of Myocardial Blood Flow Reserve With Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients With Aortic Stenosis: The Microvascular Disease in Aortic Stenosis (MIDAS) Study. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 7:93-99. [PMID: 34524397 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Importance Impaired myocardial flow reserve (MFR) and stress myocardial blood flow (MBF) on positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging may identify adverse myocardial characteristics, including myocardial stress and injury in aortic stenosis (AS). Objective To investigate whether MFR and stress MBF are associated with LV structure and function derangements, and whether these parameters improve after aortic valve replacement (AVR). Design, Setting, and Participants In this single-center prospective observational study in Boston, Massachusetts, from 2018 to 2020, patients with predominantly moderate to severe AS underwent ammonia N13 PET myocardial perfusion imaging for myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantification, resting transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for assessment of myocardial structure and function, and measurement of circulating biomarkers for myocardial injury and wall stress. Evaluation of health status and functional capacity was also performed. A subset of patients underwent repeated assessment 6 months after AVR. A control group included patients without AS matched for age, sex, and summed stress score who underwent symptom-prompted ammonia N13 PET and TTE within 90 days. Exposures MBF and MFR quantified on ammonia N13 PET myocardial perfusion imaging. Main Outcomes and Measures LV structure and function parameters, including echocardiographic global longitudinal strain (GLS), circulating high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP), health status, and functional capacity. Results There were 34 patients with AS (1 mild, 9 moderate, and 24 severe) and 34 matched control individuals. MFR was independently associated with GLS and LV ejection fraction, (β,-0.31; P = .03; β, 0.41; P = .002, respectively). Stress MBF was associated with hs-cTnT (unadjusted β, -0.48; P = .005) and log NT-pro BNP (unadjusted β, -0.37; P = .045). The combination of low stress MBF and high hs-cTnT was associated with higher interventricular septal thickness in diastole, relative wall thickness, and worse GLS compared with high stress MBF and low hs-cTnT (12.4 mm vs 10.0 mm; P = .008; 0.62 vs 0.46; P = .02; and -13.47 vs -17.11; P = .006, respectively). In 9 patients studied 6 months after AVR, mean (SD) MFR improved from 1.73 (0.57) to 2.11 (0.50) (P = .008). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, in AS, MFR and stress MBF were associated with adverse myocardial characteristics, including markers of myocardial injury and wall stress, suggesting that MFR may be an early sensitive marker for myocardial decompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wunan Zhou
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yee-Ping Sun
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sanjay Divakaran
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Navkaranbir S Bajaj
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alvin Chandra
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Victoria Morgan
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leanne Barrett
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurel Martell
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney F Bibbo
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jon Hainer
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Viviany R Taqueti
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharmila Dorbala
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ron Blankstein
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Piotr Slomka
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pinak B Shah
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tsuyoshi Kaneko
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dale S Adler
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick O'Gara
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Deputy Managing Editor, JAMA Cardiology
| | - Marcelo F Di Carli
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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DeVore AD, Granger BB, Fonarow GC, Al-Khalidi HR, Albert NM, Lewis EF, Butler J, Piña IL, Allen LA, Yancy CW, Cooper LB, Felker GM, Kaltenbach LA, McRae AT, Lanfear DE, Harrison RW, Disch M, Ariely D, Miller JM, Granger CB, Hernandez AF. Effect of a Hospital and Postdischarge Quality Improvement Intervention on Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Care for Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: The CONNECT-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021; 326:314-323. [PMID: 34313687 PMCID: PMC8317015 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.8844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Adoption of guideline-directed medical therapy for patients with heart failure is variable. Interventions to improve guideline-directed medical therapy have failed to consistently achieve target metrics, and limited data exist to inform efforts to improve heart failure quality of care. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a hospital and postdischarge quality improvement intervention compared with usual care on heart failure outcomes and care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted at 161 US hospitals and included 5647 patients (2675 intervention vs 2972 usual care) followed up after a hospital discharge for acute heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The trial was performed from 2017 to 2020, and the date of final follow-up was August 31, 2020. INTERVENTIONS Hospitals (n = 82) randomized to a hospital and postdischarge quality improvement intervention received regular education of clinicians by a trained group of heart failure and quality improvement experts and audit and feedback on heart failure process measures (eg, use of guideline-directed medical therapy for HFrEF) and outcomes. Hospitals (n = 79) randomized to usual care received access to a generalized heart failure education website. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The coprimary outcomes were a composite of first heart failure rehospitalization or all-cause mortality and change in an opportunity-based composite score for heart failure quality (percentage of recommendations followed). RESULTS Among 5647 patients (mean age, 63 years; 33% women; 38% Black; 87% chronic heart failure; 49% recent heart failure hospitalization), vital status was known for 5636 (99.8%). Heart failure rehospitalization or all-cause mortality occurred in 38.6% in the intervention group vs 39.2% in usual care (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.81 to 1.05). The baseline quality-of-care score was 42.1% vs 45.5%, respectively, and the change from baseline to follow-up was 2.3% vs -1.0% (difference, 3.3% [95% CI, -0.8% to 7.3%]), with no significant difference between the 2 groups in the odds of achieving a higher composite quality score at last follow-up (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.93 to 1.21]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with HFrEF in hospitals randomized to a hospital and postdischarge quality improvement intervention vs usual care, there was no significant difference in time to first heart failure rehospitalization or death, or in change in a composite heart failure quality-of-care score. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03035474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. DeVore
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Gregg C. Fonarow
- Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Associate Section Editor, JAMA Cardiology
| | - Hussein R. Al-Khalidi
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nancy M. Albert
- Nursing Institute and Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eldrin F. Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Ileana L. Piña
- Wayne State University and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Larry A. Allen
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Clyde W. Yancy
- Division of Cardiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren B. Cooper
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantation, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - G. Michael Felker
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lisa A. Kaltenbach
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - David E. Lanfear
- Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Robert W. Harrison
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Dan Ariely
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Julie M. Miller
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher B. Granger
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adrian F. Hernandez
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Johannessen Ø, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Groarke JD, Swamy V, Lindner M, Solomon SD, Platz E. A-lines and B-lines in patients with acute heart failure. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2021; 10:909-917. [PMID: 34160009 DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lung ultrasound (LUS) relies on detecting artefacts, including A-lines and B-lines, when assessing dyspnoeic patients. A-lines are horizontal artefacts and characterize normal lung, whereas multiple vertical B-lines are associated with increased lung density. We sought to assess the prevalence of A-lines and B-lines in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) and examine their clinical correlates and their relationship with outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS In a prospective cohort study of adults with AHF, eight-zone LUS and echocardiography were performed early during the hospitalization and pre-discharge at an imaging depth of 18 cm. A- and B-lines were analysed separately off-line, blinded to clinical and outcome data. Of 164 patients [median age 71 years, 61% men, mean ejection fraction (EF) 40%], the sum of A-lines at baseline ranged from 0 to 19 and B-line number from 0 to 36. One hundred and fifty-six patients (95%) had co-existing A-lines and B-lines at baseline. Lower body mass index and lower chest wall thickness were associated with a higher number of A-lines (P trend < 0.001 for both). In contrast to B-lines, there was no significant change in the number of A-lines from baseline to discharge (median 6 vs. 5, P = 0.80). While B-lines were associated with 90-day HF readmission or death, A-lines were not [HR 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.51 vs. HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.65-1.43]. CONCLUSIONS A-lines and B-lines on LUS co-exist in the vast majority of hospitalized patients with AHF. In contrast to B-lines, A-lines were not associated with adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Johannessen
- Faculty of Medicine,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 360 Longwood Ave., 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - John D Groarke
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 360 Longwood Ave., 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Varsha Swamy
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 360 Longwood Ave., 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 360 Longwood Ave., 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elke Platz
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 360 Longwood Ave., 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Espersen C, Campbell RT, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Groarke JD, Docherty KF, Lee MM, Lindner M, Biering‐Sørensen T, Solomon SD, McMurray JJ, Platz E. Sex differences in congestive markers in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:1784-1795. [PMID: 33709520 PMCID: PMC8120385 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We sought to examine sex differences in congestion in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF). Understanding congestive patterns in women and men with AHF may provide insights into sex differences in the presentation and prognosis of AHF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS In a prospective, two-site study in adults hospitalized for AHF, four-zone lung ultrasound (LUS) was performed at the time of echocardiography at baseline (LUS1) and, in a subset, pre-discharge (LUS2). B-lines on LUS and echocardiographic images were analysed offline, blinded to clinical information and outcomes. Among 349 patients with LUS1 data (median age 74, 59% male, and 87% White), women had higher left ventricular ejection fraction (mean 43% vs. 36%, P < 0.001), higher tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (mean 17 vs. 15 mm, P = 0.021), and higher measures of filling pressures (median E/e' 20 vs. 16, P < 0.001). B-line number on LUS1 (median 6 vs. 6, P = 0.69) and admission N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (median 3932 vs. 3483 pg/mL, P = 0.77) were similar in women and men. In 121 patients with both LUS1 and LUS2 data, there was a similar and significant decrease in B-lines from baseline to discharge in both women and men. The risk of the composite 90 day outcome increased with higher B-line number on four-zone LUS2: unadjusted hazard ratio for each B-line tertile was 1.86 (95% confidence interval 1.08-3.20, P = 0.025) in women and 1.65 (95% confidence interval 1.03-2.64, P = 0.037) in men (interaction P = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with AHF, echocardiographic markers differed between women and men at baseline, whereas B-line number on LUS did not. The dynamic changes in B-lines during a hospitalization for AHF were similar in women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Espersen
- Cardiovascular Division/Department of Emergency MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ross T. Campbell
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Brian Claggett
- The Division of Cardiovascular MedicineStanford University Medical CenterCAUSA
| | - Eldrin F. Lewis
- The Division of Cardiovascular MedicineStanford University Medical CenterCAUSA
| | - John D. Groarke
- The Division of Cardiovascular MedicineStanford University Medical CenterCAUSA
| | - Kieran F. Docherty
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Matthew M.Y. Lee
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Moritz Lindner
- Cardiovascular Division/Department of Emergency MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Tor Biering‐Sørensen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Scott D. Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division/Department of Emergency MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - John J.V. McMurray
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Elke Platz
- Cardiovascular Division/Department of Emergency MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Chertow GM, Pergola PE, Farag YMK, Agarwal R, Arnold S, Bako G, Block GA, Burke S, Castillo FP, Jardine AG, Khawaja Z, Koury MJ, Lewis EF, Lin T, Luo W, Maroni BJ, Matsushita K, McCullough PA, Parfrey PS, Roy-Chaudhury P, Sarnak MJ, Sharma A, Spinowitz B, Tseng C, Tumlin J, Vargo DL, Walters KA, Winkelmayer WC, Wittes J, Eckardt KU. Vadadustat in Patients with Anemia and Non-Dialysis-Dependent CKD. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1589-1600. [PMID: 33913637 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2035938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, a class of drugs that stabilize HIF and stimulate erythropoietin and red-cell production. METHODS In two phase 3, randomized, open-label, active-controlled, noninferiority trials, we compared vadadustat with the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) darbepoetin alfa in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) not previously treated with an ESA who had a hemoglobin concentration of less than 10 g per deciliter and in patients with ESA-treated NDD-CKD and a hemoglobin concentration of 8 to 11 g per deciliter (in the United States) or 9 to 12 g per deciliter (in other countries). The primary safety end point, assessed in a time-to-event analysis, was the first major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; a composite of death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke), pooled across the two trials. Secondary safety end points included expanded MACE (MACE plus hospitalization for either heart failure or a thromboembolic event). The primary and key secondary efficacy end points in each trial were the mean change in hemoglobin concentration from baseline during two evaluation periods: weeks 24 through 36 and weeks 40 through 52. RESULTS A total of 1751 patients with ESA-untreated NDD-CKD and 1725 with ESA-treated NDD-CKD underwent randomization in the two trials. In the pooled analysis, in which 1739 patients received vadadustat and 1732 received darbepoetin alfa, the hazard ratio for MACE was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.36), which did not meet the prespecified noninferiority margin of 1.25. The mean between-group differences in the change in the hemoglobin concentration at weeks 24 through 36 were 0.05 g per deciliter (95% CI, -0.04 to 0.15) in the trial involving ESA-untreated patients and -0.01 g per deciliter (95% CI, -0.09 to 0.07) in the trial involving ESA-treated patients, which met the prespecified noninferiority margin of -0.75 g per deciliter. CONCLUSIONS Vadadustat, as compared with darbepoetin alfa, met the prespecified noninferiority criterion for hematologic efficacy but not the prespecified noninferiority criterion for cardiovascular safety in patients with NDD-CKD. (Funded by Akebia Therapeutics and Otsuka Pharmaceutical; PRO2TECT ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02648347 and NCT02680574.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Chertow
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Pablo E Pergola
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Youssef M K Farag
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Susan Arnold
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Gabriel Bako
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Geoffrey A Block
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Steven Burke
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Fausto P Castillo
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Alan G Jardine
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Zeeshan Khawaja
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Mark J Koury
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Eldrin F Lewis
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Tim Lin
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Wenli Luo
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Bradley J Maroni
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Peter A McCullough
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Patrick S Parfrey
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Mark J Sarnak
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Amit Sharma
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Bruce Spinowitz
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Carol Tseng
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - James Tumlin
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Dennis L Vargo
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Kimberly A Walters
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Wolfgang C Winkelmayer
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Janet Wittes
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (G.M.C., E.F.L.); Renal Associates, San Antonio (P.E.P.), U.S. Renal Care, Plano (G.A.B.), Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas (P.A.M.), and the Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (W.C.W.) - all in Texas; Akebia Therapeutics, Cambridge (Y.M.K.F., S.B., Z.K., W.L., B.J.M., A.S., D.L.V.), and the Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (M.J.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (R.A.); Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa (S.A.); Bihor County Hospital Oradea, Oradea, Romania (G.B.); Qway Research, Hialeah, FL (F.P.C.); the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.G.J.); the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (M.J.K.); Firma Clinical Research, Hunt Valley (T.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (K.M.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada (P.S.P.); the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, and the W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury - both in North Carolina (P.R.-C.); the Division of Nephrology, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing (B.S.); Firma Clinical Research, Chicago (C.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (J.T.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (K.A.W., J.W.); and the Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (K.-U.E.)
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