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Martin J, Petryayeva E, Khan WI. Autoantibodies in Common Connective Tissue Diseases: A Primer for Laboratory Professionals. J Appl Lab Med 2022; 7:114-136. [DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Autoimmune connective tissue disorders are a significant health concern throughout the world with an estimated prevalence of 3% to 5%. They are associated with a variety of autoantibodies that play roles in their diagnosis, risk stratification, prognostication, and/or management. While some autoantibodies have been well-characterized for use in clinical laboratories, many more are in the research stage. Rapid transition from research to clinical practice, lack of clinical guidelines, and harmonization across a rapidly growing number of commercially available tests create numerous challenges to clinicians and laboratories.
Content
This article briefly discusses common connective tissue disorders and their association with well-known autoantibodies, describes current methods used in clinical laboratories, and outlines their advantages and limitations in the context of these diseases.
Summary
Understanding the role of specific autoantibodies and various methodologies for autoantibody testing are important for laboratory professionals who may be introducing/repatriating new tests, updating existing tests, or advising clinicians/patients about testing options/results. Collaboration between laboratory professional staff and clinicians, around the advantages and limitations of each methodology, is also important in their appropriate clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Martin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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2
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Taher J, Randell EW, Arnoldo S, Bailey D, De Guire V, Kaur S, Knauer M, Petryayeva E, Poutanen SM, Shaw JLV, Uddayasankar U, White-Al Habeeb N, Konforte D. Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists (CSCC) consensus guidance for testing, selection and quality management of SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care tests. Clin Biochem 2021; 95:1-12. [PMID: 34048776 PMCID: PMC8144094 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A consensus guidance is provided for testing, utility and verification of SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care test (POCT) performance and implementation of a quality management program, focusing on nucleic acid and antigen targeted technologies. DESIGN AND METHODS The recommendations are based on current literature and expert opinion from the members of Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists (CSCC), and are intended for use inside or outside of healthcare settings that have varied levels of expertise and experience with POCT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Here we discuss sampling requirements, biosafety, SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care testing methodologies (with focus on Health Canada approved tests), test performance and limitations, test selection, testing utility, development and implementation of quality management systems, quality improvement, and medical and scientific oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Taher
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edward W Randell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Saranya Arnoldo
- University of Toronto, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada; William Osler Health System, Brampton, Canada
| | | | - Vincent De Guire
- Clinical Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Optilab-CHUM Laboratory Network, Montreal, Canada; Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Fraser Health Authority, Vancouver, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Knauer
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Center, London, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Susan M Poutanen
- University of Toronto, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Medicine, Toronto, Canada; University Health Network/Sinai Health Department of Microbiology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie L V Shaw
- Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Kim H, Tran MV, Petryayeva E, Solodova O, Susumu K, Oh E, Medintz IL, Algar WR. Affinity Immobilization of Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Metal Nanoparticles on Cellulose Paper Substrates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:53462-53474. [PMID: 33180467 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), metal nanoparticles, and cellulose paper are materials with numerous applications in bioanalysis and beyond. The functional properties of QDs and metal NPs are substantially different than those of cellulose, such that their integration with cellulose paper is potentially enabling for many applications. Here, we characterize and evaluate multiple chemistries that modify cellulose paper substrates for the affinity-based immobilization of QDs, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), and platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). These chemistries include grafting of cellulose fibers with imidazole and dithiol groups, as well as the aminosilanization of cellulose fibers (both with and without subsequent grafting with dithiol groups). Cellulose modifications and nanoparticle immobilization are characterized by multiple techniques, including, but not limited to, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical imaging, extinction, and fluorescence measurements. We demonstrate the on-paper immobilization of color-tuned mixtures of QDs, on-paper patterning of QDs by microcontact printing, and post-immobilization enhancement of energy transfer and model assays of protease activity. The robustness of QD photoluminescence is also evaluated between immobilization chemistries. Paper-immobilized Au NPs and Pt NPs are evaluated as potential substrates for SERS and as supported catalysts for a model decolorization reaction. Our cumulative results indicate that there may not be a one-size-fits-all immobilization chemistry. Instead, the immobilization chemistry should be tailored and optimized for the downstream application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael V Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Olga Solodova
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Kavsak PA, Petryayeva E, Clark L. Analytical Variation and Abbott Diagnostics High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Risk Categories in Asymptomatic Individuals. Can J Cardiol 2019; 35:1605.e7-1605.e8. [PMID: 31590986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Sangtani A, Petryayeva E, Susumu K, Oh E, Huston AL, Lasarte-Aragones G, Medintz IL, Algar WR, Delehanty JB. Nanoparticle–Peptide–Drug Bioconjugates for Unassisted Defeat of Multidrug Resistance in a Model Cancer Cell Line. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:525-530. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajmeeta Sangtani
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | - Eunkeu Oh
- KeyW Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | | | | | | | - W. Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Sangtani A, Petryayeva E, Wu M, Susumu K, Oh E, Huston AL, Lasarte-Aragones G, Medintz IL, Algar WR, Delehanty JB. Intracellularly Actuated Quantum Dot–Peptide–Doxorubicin Nanobioconjugates for Controlled Drug Delivery via the Endocytic Pathway. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:136-148. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajmeeta Sangtani
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Miao Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z1
| | | | - Eunkeu Oh
- KeyW Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | | | | | | | - W. Russ Algar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z1
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Petryayeva E, Jeen T, Algar WR. Optimization and Changes in the Mode of Proteolytic Turnover of Quantum Dot-Peptide Substrate Conjugates through Moderation of Interfacial Adsorption. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:30359-30372. [PMID: 28846381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have many important roles in biology and industry, and proteases are one of the most important classes of enzymes. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are attractive materials for developing protease activity probes because of their advantageous physical and optical properties; however, interactions between a protease and a QD conjugated with its substrate can affect the turnover of that substrate. Here, we study the turnover of multivalent QD-peptide substrate conjugates as a function of multiple parameters: (i) the ligand coating on the QD, including dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), glutathione (GSH), DHLA-poly(ethylene glycol) (DHLA-PEG), and DHLA-zwitterionic sulfobetaine (DHLA-SB); (ii) the identity of the protease, including trypsin, thrombin, and plasmin; and (iii) the number of substrate and nonsubstrate biomacromolecules conjugated per QD. We show that limiting protease adsorption on QDs is critical for optimizing the turnover of conjugated peptide substrates. Protease adsorption is inhibitory, and very strong adsorption leads to an apparent "scooting" mode of activity with limited turnover. In contrast, with weaker adsorption, enhancements in the turnover rate likely result from a "hopping" mode of activity. The putative hopping mode is thought to feature processive turnover of all substrates in multivalent conjugates with a rate-limiting step of diffusion between individual conjugates, and the magnitude of such enhancements increases with decreases in adsorption. Although it was possible to passivate DHLA- and GSH-coated QDs with high densities of conjugated biomacromolecules, the most effective strategy for reducing adsorption was the substitution of these ligands. Whereas passivation incrementally increased turnover, DHLA-PEG and DHLA-SB ligands converted the mode of turnover with plasmin from scooting to hopping and the DHLA-SB enhanced the turnover rates with thrombin and trypsin by approximately an order of magnitude relative to GSH ligands. The new insights from the broad scope of this study provide an important framework for designing optimized QD conjugates as probes and sensors for enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Tiffany Jeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Petryayeva E, Algar WR. A job for quantum dots: use of a smartphone and 3D-printed accessory for all-in-one excitation and imaging of photoluminescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2913-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The development of nanoparticle-based bioassays is an active and promising area of research, where point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are one of many prospective applications. Unfortunately, the majority of nanoparticle-based assays that have been developed to date have failed to address two important considerations for POC applications: use of instrumentation amenable to POC settings, and measurement of analytes in biological sample matrices such as serum and whole blood. To address these considerations, we present design criteria and demonstrate proof-of-concept for a semiconductor quantum dot (QD)-based assay format that utilizes smartphone readout for the single-step, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based detection of hydrolase activity in serum and whole blood, using thrombin as a model analyte. Important design criteria for assay development included (i) the size and emission wavelength of the QDs, which had to balance brightness for smartphone imaging, optical transmission through blood samples, and FRET efficiency for signaling; (ii) the wavelength of a light-emitting diode (LED) excitation source, which had to balance transmission through blood and the efficiency of excitation of QDs; and (iii) the use of an array of paper-in-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-on-glass sample chips to reproducibly limit the optical path length through blood to ca. 250 μm and permit multiplexing. Ultimately, CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs with peak emission at 630 nm were conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647-labeled peptide substrates for thrombin and immobilized on paper test strips inside the sample cells. This FRET system was sensitive to thrombin activity, where the recovery of QD emission with hydrolytic loss of FRET permitted kinetic assays in buffer, serum and whole blood. Quantitative results were obtained in less than 30 min with a limit of detection 18 NIH units mL(-1) of activity in 12 μL of whole blood. Proof-of-concept for a competitive binding assay was also demonstrated with the same platform. Overall, this work demonstrates that the integration of QDs with smartphones and other consumer electronics can potentiate bioassays that are highly amenable to future point-of-care diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
A review of the role that nanoparticles can play in point-of-care diagnostics that utilize consumer electronic devices such as cell phones and smartphones for readout, including an overview of important concepts and examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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11
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Wu M, Petryayeva E, Algar WR. Quantum dot-based concentric FRET configuration for the parallel detection of protease activity and concentration. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11181-8. [PMID: 25361050 DOI: 10.1021/ac502600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease expression, activity, and inhibition play crucial roles in a multitude of biological processes; however, these three aspects of their function are difficult for any one bioanalytical probe to measure. To help address this challenge, we report a multifunctional concentric Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) configuration that combines two modes of biorecognition using aptamers and peptide substrates coassembled to a central semiconductor quantum dot (QD). The aptamer is sensitive to the concentration of protease and the peptide is sensitive to its hydrolytic activity. The role of the QD is to serve as a nanoscale scaffold and initial donor for energy transfer with both Cyanine 3 (Cy3) and Alexa Fluor 647 (A647) fluorescent dyes associated with the aptamer and peptide, respectively. Using thrombin as a model protease, we show that a ratiometric analysis of the emission from the QD, Cy3, and A647 permits discrimination between thrombin and thrombin-like activity, and distinguishes between active, reversibly inhibited, and irreversibly inhibited thrombin. Reliable quantitative results were obtained from a kinetic analysis of the changes in FRET. This concentric FRET format, which capitalizes on both the physical and optical properties of QDs, should be adaptable to other protease targets for which both peptide substrates and binding aptamers are known. It is thus expected to become valuable a tool for the real-time analysis of protease activity and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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12
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Fedoryshin LL, Tavares AJ, Petryayeva E, Doughan S, Krull UJ. Near-infrared-triggered anticancer drug release from upconverting nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:13600-6. [PMID: 25090028 DOI: 10.1021/am503039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery using functional nanoparticles has provided new strategies for improving therapeutic efficacy while concurrently minimizing toxicity. Photodynamic therapy is an approach that offers control of drug delivery by use of an external photon source to allow active therapeutic release to a target area. Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have potential to operate as integral components of photodynamic therapeutic platforms based on the resonant absorption of near-infrared (NIR) radiation and emission at shorter wavelengths. NIR radiation is minimally absorbed and scattered by biological tissues, and the NIR excitation of UCNPs can generate anti-Stokes emission in the ultraviolet-visible wavelength range at intensities that can be used to trigger cleavage of bonds linking therapeutics at the nanoparticle interface. Herein, we describe an investigation of photocleavage at the surface of UCNPs to release the chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Core-shell UCNPs composed of a β-NaYF4: 4.95% Yb, 0.08% Tm core and a β-NaYF4 shell were coated with o-phosphorylethanolamine ligands and coupled to an o-nitrobenzyl (ONB) derivative of 5-FU. NIR excitation of the UCNPs resulted in photoluminescence (PL) emission bands centered at 365, 455, and 485 nm. The UV-blue PL was in resonance with the absorption band of the ONB-FU derivative resulting in photocleavage and subsequent release of the 5-FU drug from the UCNPs for these in vitro studies. The release of 5-FU was complete in <14 min using a NIR laser source centered at 980 nm that operated at a power of <100 mW. The efficiency of triggered release was as high as 77% of the total ONB-FU conjugate, while the rate of drug release could be tuned with the laser power output. This work provides an important first step in the development of a UCNP platform capable of targeted chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Fedoryshin
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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Noor MO, Petryayeva E, Tavares AJ, Uddayasankar U, Algar WR, Krull UJ. Building from the “Ground” Up: Developing interfacial chemistry for solid-phase nucleic acid hybridization assays based on quantum dots and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Blanco-Canosa JB, Wu M, Susumu K, Petryayeva E, Jennings TL, Dawson PE, Algar WR, Medintz IL. Recent progress in the bioconjugation of quantum dots. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W. Russ Algar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Wu M, Petryayeva E, Medintz IL, Algar WR. Quantitative measurement of proteolytic rates with quantum dot-peptide substrate conjugates and Förster resonance energy transfer. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1199:215-239. [PMID: 25103812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1280-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An important challenge in biology is the development of probes for visualizing and quantitatively tracking enzyme activity. Proteases are an important class of enzyme with value as both diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we describe the preparation of quantum dot (QD)-peptide substrate conjugates as probes for measuring proteolytic activity. QDs have several highly advantageous optical properties that make these materials especially well suited for applications in bioanalysis and bioimaging. Further, peptide substrates for proteases can be controllably self-assembled to QDs and this capability, in combination with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), enables the design of quantitative in vitro assays capable of directly reporting on proteolytic activity. We present a detailed method for the preparation, calibration, and application of such QD probes, along with methods of analysis to generate progress curves for the proteolytic digestion of substrate. Representative data are illustrated for two different proteases and two different QD-fluorescent dye FRET pairs. The general methodology is likely to be applicable with other hydrolytic enzymes in addition to proteases. Overall, the method is straightforward to implement with commercially available materials and does not require specialized expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W. Russ Algar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Petryayeva E, Algar WR, Medintz IL. Quantum dots in bioanalysis: a review of applications across various platforms for fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging. Appl Spectrosc 2013; 67:215-52. [PMID: 23452487 DOI: 10.1366/12-06948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are brightly luminescent nanoparticles that have found numerous applications in bioanalysis and bioimaging. In this review, we highlight recent developments in these areas in the context of specific methods for fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging. Following a primer on the structure, properties, and biofunctionalization of QDs, we describe select examples of how QDs have been used in combination with steady-state or time-resolved spectroscopic techniques to develop a variety of assays, bioprobes, and biosensors that function via changes in QD photoluminescence intensity, polarization, or lifetime. Some special attention is paid to the use of Förster resonance energy transfer-type methods in bioanalysis, including those based on bioluminescence and chemiluminescence. Direct chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, and charge transfer quenching are similarly discussed. We further describe the combination of QDs and flow cytometry, including traditional cellular analyses and spectrally encoded barcode-based assay technologies, before turning our attention to enhanced fluorescence techniques based on photonic crystals or plasmon coupling. Finally, we survey the use of QDs across different platforms for biological fluorescence imaging, including epifluorescence, confocal, and two-photon excitation microscopy; single particle tracking and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; super-resolution imaging; near-field scanning optical microscopy; and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. In each of the above-mentioned platforms, QDs provide the brightness needed for highly sensitive detection, the photostability needed for tracking dynamic processes, or the multiplexing capacity needed to elucidate complex systems. There is a clear synergy between advances in QD materials and spectroscopy and imaging techniques, as both must be applied in concert to achieve their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Petryayeva E, Algar WR, Krull UJ. Adapting fluorescence resonance energy transfer with quantum dot donors for solid-phase hybridization assays in microtiter plate format. Langmuir 2013; 29:977-987. [PMID: 23298406 DOI: 10.1021/la304287v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Methods have been developed for the solid-phase detection of nucleic acids using mixed films of quantum dots (QDs) and oligonucleotide probes in microtiter plates. Polystyrene microwells were functionalized with multidentate imidazole ligands to immobilize QDs. Oligonucleotide hybridization was transduced using QDs as donors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). One detection channel paired green-emitting QD donors with Cy3 acceptors and served as an internal standard. A second detection channel paired red-emitting QDs with Alexa Fluor 647 acceptors and served as the primary detection channel. A selective assay for multiple targets was demonstrated using a 96-well plate format, which combined the advantages of two-plex QD-FRET with the high-throughput capability and convenience of microtiter plates. The assay had excellent resistance to the nonspecific adsorption of DNA and discriminated between fully complementary and single base-pair mismatched sequences with a contrast ratio >2. Under optimal conditions for a single color (green QD) assay format, the limit of detection (LOD) was 4 nM, and the dynamic range was from 20 to 300 nM. In a two-color assay, the detection channel (red QD) exhibited linear response between 4 and 100 nM and a LOD of 4 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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Petryayeva E, Krull UJ. Quantum dot and gold nanoparticle immobilization for biosensing applications using multidentate imidazole surface ligands. Langmuir 2012; 28:13943-13951. [PMID: 22992133 DOI: 10.1021/la302985x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A facile approach for modification of solid substrates with multidentate imidazole ligands was developed for immobilization of high densities of quantum dots (QDs) that were capped with hydrophilic thiol-based ligands, and for immobilization of noble metal nanoparticles. Imidazole polymer was synthesized using poly(acrylic acid) as a backbone, and grafted on amine functionalized substrate in a two-step approach. The polymer-modified surface was characterized using ellipsometry, water contact angle, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate nanoparticle immobilization. Homogeneous, high density (ca. 5 × 10(11) cm(-2)) QD films formed via self-assembly were obtained within 4-6 h. Similarly, the imidazole polymer was also shown to be effective for immobilization of gold nanoparticles as a uniform film. By making use of the pH-sensitive affinity of the imidazole rings to zinc on the surface of QDs, it was possible to achieve regeneration of functional ligands suitable for subsequent immobilization of new QDs. Immobilized QDs were used as a platform for bioconjugation with oligonucleotides and peptides. The transduction of nucleic acid hybridization and enzyme activity using QDs as energy donors in interfacial fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) indicated that the immobilization strategy preserved the functional properties of the QDs. The multidentate imidazole ligands used for QD immobilization offer the highest denticity of binding in comparison to the currently available approaches without compromise in their optical properties and ability to interact with biomolecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Petryayeva E, Krull UJ. Localized surface plasmon resonance: nanostructures, bioassays and biosensing--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:8-24. [PMID: 21995909 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is an optical phenomena generated by light when it interacts with conductive nanoparticles (NPs) that are smaller than the incident wavelength. As in surface plasmon resonance, the electric field of incident light can be deposited to collectively excite electrons of a conduction band, with the result being coherent localized plasmon oscillations with a resonant frequency that strongly depends on the composition, size, geometry, dielectric environment and separation distance of NPs. This review serves to describe the physical theory of LSPR formation at the surface of nanostructures, and the potential for this optical technology to serve as a basis for the development bioassays and biosensing of high sensitivity. The benefits and challenges associated with various experimental designs of nanoparticles and detection systems, as well as creative approaches that have been developed to improve sensitivity and limits of detection are highlighted using examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Tavares AJ, Chong L, Petryayeva E, Algar WR, Krull UJ. Quantum dots as contrast agents for in vivo tumor imaging: progress and issues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2331-42. [PMID: 20658228 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have shown promise as imaging agents in cancer, heart disease, and gene therapy research. This review focuses on the design of QDs, and modification using peptides and proteins for mediated targeting of tissues for fluorescence imaging of tumors in vivo. Recent examples from the literature are used to illustrate the potential of QDs as effective imaging agents. The distribution and ultimate fate of QDs in vivo is considered, and considerations of designs that minimize potential toxicity are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Tavares
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, ON, Canada
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