1
|
Hametner C, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Grube M. New insights into diversity and selectivity of trentepohlialean lichen photobionts from the extratropics. Symbiosis 2014; 63:31-40. [PMID: 25076805 PMCID: PMC4110408 DOI: 10.1007/s13199-014-0285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aerial green algae of Trentepohliaceae can form conspicuous free-living colonies, be parasites of plants or photobionts of lichen-forming ascomycetes. So far, their diversity in temperate regions is still poorly known as it has been mostly studied by phenotypic approaches only. We present new insights in the phylogenetic relationships of lichenized representatives from temperate and Mediterranean parts of Europe by analysis of 18S rRNA and rbcL gene fragments, and nuclear ITS sequence data. For this purpose we isolated the trentepohlialean photobionts from lichens representing different genera. Algal cultures from lichenized and free-living Trentepohliaceae were used to design new primers for amplification of the marker loci. We constructed a phylogenetic hypothesis to reveal the phylogenetic placements of lichenized lineages with 18S rRNA and rbcL sequences. ITS variation among the clades was substantial and did not allow including them in the general phylogenetic assessment, yet ITS appears to be a promising marker for DNA-barcoding approaches. Specific algae were found in particular lichen but the overall diversity of photobionts was limited. The multilocus tree does not support the current morphological classification of genera in Trentepohliaceae, suggesting that morphology is more variable than previously thought in this group of algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hametner
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Martin Grube
- Department of Plant Science, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stocker-Wörgötter E. Polyketides and Pks genes in lichen-forming fungi: The impact of algal transfer metabolites (polyols and glucose) on the production of “lichen substances”. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
Cordeiro LMC, Reis RA, Cruz LM, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Iacomini M. Molecular studies of photobionts of selected lichens from the coastal vegetation of Brazil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2005; 54:381-90. [PMID: 16332336 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A light microscopic and molecular analysis of photobionts in Ramalina and Cladonia from coastal habitats of Brazil is presented. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequences suggests a Trebouxia lineage which is preferentially tropical in geographic distribution. This highly diverse clade also includes the morphological similar species Trebouxia higginsiae and galapagensis. Within the predominantly tropical clade of Trebouxia we distinguish several subclades, three of which are represented in our samples of Ramalina species. Since sexuality has not been recognized in coccal lichenised photobionts until recently, we cannot apply a biological species concept, but when compared with the sequence diversity between known species we conclude that several new species need to be described in this clade. The mutually exclusive presence of other Trebouxia lineages in temperate samples of Ramalina suggests an evolution towards higher selectivity in this genus. A strictly tropical lineage is not conspicuous in the photobionts of the genus Asterochloris sampled from Cladonia so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, CEP 85819-110, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carbonero ER, Cordeiro LMC, Mellinger CG, Sassaki GL, Stocker-Wörgötter E, J Gorin PA, Iacomini M. Galactomannans with novel structures from the lichen Roccella decipiens Darb. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:1699-705. [PMID: 15936004 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two homogeneous galactomannan fractions were isolated from the lichen, Roccella decipiens, one (FP) containing Man and Gal in an 81:19 molar ratio and the other (RFS), having Man, Gal, and Glc in a 43:56:1 molar ratio. FP consisted of a main chain with (1-->4)-linked alpha-D-Manp units, most of which were substituted at O-2 with side chains consisting of nonreducing end-, 2-O- and 6-O-substituted alpha-Manp units. The latter appeared to be substituted by single-unit beta-D-Galf nonreducing ends. RFS contained a similar alpha-D-Manp core structure, but with side chains containing nonreducing end, 5-O-, 6-O-, and 5,6-di-O-substituted beta-D-Galf units. Such polysaccharide structures have not been previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine R Carbonero
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cordeiro LMC, Carbonero ER, Sassaki GL, Reis RA, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M. A fungus-type beta-galactofuranan in the cultivated Trebouxia photobiont of the lichen Ramalina gracilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 244:193-8. [PMID: 15727840 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Revised: 01/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A structural characterization of polysaccharides extracted from the aposymbiotically cultured photobiont of the lichen Ramalina gracilis was carried out in order to compare them with those previously found in the symbiotic thallus. The photobiont was isolated from thallus fragments, following the method of Yamamoto, and cultivated in a liquid nutrient medium. Freeze-dried cells were defatted, and the polysaccharides extracted successively with water and aq. 10% KOH, each at 100 degrees C. After purification, the soluble fractions provided a polysaccharide containing a (1-->5)-linked beta-galactofuranosyl backbone, substituted in a small proportion at O-6 by beta-Galf units. Amylose was also found, as insoluble material obtained on freeze-thawing of the alkaline extract. These polysaccharides have not been found in the symbiotic thallus of Ramalina gracilis, which contained only water-soluble (isolichenan) and insoluble glucans (nigeran and laminaran), and galactomannan. Surprisingly, the galactofuranan has similarities with those found in some fungal cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná-UNIOESTE, CEP 85819-110, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cordeiro LMC, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M. Elucidation of polysaccharide origin in Ramalina peruviana symbiosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 238:79-84. [PMID: 15336406 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A structural elucidation of polysaccharides extracted from the aposymbiotically cultured mycobiont of the lichen Ramalina peruviana was carried out in order to determine whether the polysaccharides found previously in the symbiotic thalli are produced by the mycobiont or photobiont or both. The mycobiont isolate was cultivated on a solid malt-yeast extract-medium and the freeze-dried colonies were defatted and the polysaccharides extracted successively with hot water and aq. 2% KOH, each at 100 degrees C. The alkaline extract was obtained in much higher yield (31.5%) and submitted to a freeze-thawing treatment, giving rise to a precipitate (PK2) of a mixture of (1-->3),(1-->4)-alpha-glucan (1.2:1 ratio, nigeran) and a (1-->3)-beta-glucan (laminaran). The mother liquor was treated with Fehling solution to give a precipitate (galactomannan). This had a (1-->6)-linked alpha-d-mannopyranosyl main chain, substituted at O-4 and in small proportion at O-2,4 by beta-Galp units. All three polysaccharides have previously been found in the symbiotic thalli of R. peruviana, showing that these are produced by the fungus, without the participation of the Trebouxia photobiont. Surprisingly, isolichenan, a cold-water soluble (1-->3),(1-->4)-alpha-linked-glucan (3:1 ratio) was not found in the isolated mycobiont, despite being the main polysaccharide found in the thalli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná--UNIOESTE, CEP 85819-110, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cordeiro LMC, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M. Comparative studies of the polysaccharides from species of the genus Ramalina-lichenized fungi-of three distinct habitats. Phytochemistry 2003; 63:967-975. [PMID: 12895548 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several structurally different glucans (alpha- and beta-) and galactomannans were characterized as components of four species of the genus Ramalina, namely R. dendriscoides, R. fraxinea, R. gracilis and R. peruviana. Freeze-thawing treatment of hot aqueous extracts furnished as precipitates (PW) linear alpha-D-glucans of the nigeran type, with regularly distributed (1-->3)- and (1-->4)-linkages in a 1:1 ratio. The supernatants (SW) contained alpha-D-glucans with (1-->3)- and (1-->4)-linkages in a molar ratio of 3:1. The lichen residues were then extracted with 2% aq. KOH, and the resulting extracts submitted to the freeze-thawing treatment, giving rise to precipitates (PK2) of a mixture of alpha-glucan (nigeran) and beta-glucan, which were suspended in aqueous 0.5% NaOH at 50 degrees C, dissolving preferentially the beta-glucan. These were linear with (1-->3)-linkages (laminaran). The mother liquor of the KOH extractions (2% and 10% aq. KOH) was treated with Fehling's solution to give precipitates (galactomannans). The galactomannans are related, having (1-->6)-linked alpha-D-mannopyranosyl main chains, substituted at O-4 and in a small proportion at O-2,4 by beta-D-galactopyranosyl units. Despite the different habitats of these lichenized fungi, all species studied in this investigation have a similar pool of polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioqui;mica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-990, PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stenroos S, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Yoshimura I, Myllys L, Thell A, Hyvönen J. Culture experiments and DNA sequence data confirm the identity of Lobaria photomorphs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/b03-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lichens consist of a fungal component that associates with either a green alga or cynobacterium, resulting in diverse morphologies. Resynthesis experiments of isolated myco- and photobionts, as well as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA phylogenies, suggest that the notoriously dissimilar photomorphs of Lobaria fendleri (Tuck. ex Mont.) Lindau and Lobaria amplissima (Scop.) Forss. both have a single mycobiont, which can simultaneously lichenize two unrelated photobionts, a eukaryote and a prokaryote. In the phylogenetic analyses, the genera Sticta and Durietzia appear monophyletic; whereas Lobaria and Pseudocyphellaria are both nonmonophyletic. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships of Durietzia, Lobarina, and Sticta relative to Lobaria and Pseudocyphellaria are in need of re-evaluation.Key words: internal transcribed spacer (ITS), photosymbiodeme, phylogeny, lichen-forming fungi, Lobaria amplissima, Lobaria fendleri, Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta.
Collapse
|
9
|
Molina MC, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Turk R, Bajon C, Vicente C. Secreted, glycosylated arginase from Xanthoria parietina thallus induces loss of cytoplasmic material from Xanthoria photobionts. Cell Adhes Commun 1999; 6:481-90. [PMID: 9929741 DOI: 10.3109/15419069809010796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A secreted, glycosylated arginase (lectin) from Xanthoria parietina thallus binds to the cell wall of Xanthoria photobiont when cell wall urease has previously been induced. The uptake of this secreted arginase by the algal cell without cell wall ligand for the lectin increases the concentration of algal putrescine and it is followed by an apparent loss of chlorophyll. However, neither chlorophyllase activity has been detected nor chlorophyllide concentration increases after loading the cells with putrescine. The loss of chlorophyll can be explained by the loss of algal protoplast resulting from the action of a putrescine-activated glucanase and the split of their membrane in an hypoosmotic medium. The loss and split of protoplasts have been shown by light and transmission electron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Molina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|