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Tichy ED, Lee JH, Li G, Estep KN, Brad Johnson F, Mourkioti F. Impacts of radiation exposure, hindlimb unloading, and recovery on murine skeletal muscle cell telomere length. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:76. [PMID: 37714858 PMCID: PMC10504369 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Astronauts are exposed to harsh conditions, including cosmic radiation and microgravity. Spaceflight elongates human telomeres in peripheral blood, which shorten upon return to Earth and approach baseline levels during postflight recovery. Astronauts also encounter muscle atrophy, losing up to 20% loss of muscle mass on spaceflights. Telomere length changes in muscle cells of astronauts remain unexplored. This study investigates telomere alterations in grounded mice experiencing radiation exposure and muscle atrophy, via a hindlimb unloading spaceflight mimicking model. We find telomere lengthening is present in muscle stem cells and in myofiber nuclei, but not in muscle-resident endothelial cells. We further assessed telomere length in the model following hindlimb unloading recovery. We find that telomere length failed to return to baseline values. Our results suggest a role for telomeres in muscle acclimatization, which is relevant for the well-being of astronauts in space, and upon their return to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ji-Hyung Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Grant Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katrina N Estep
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Bautista CA, Srikumar A, Tichy ED, Qian G, Jiang X, Qin L, Mourkioti F, Dyment NA. CD206+ tendon resident macrophages and their potential crosstalk with fibroblasts and the ECM during tendon growth and maturation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122348. [PMID: 36909235 PMCID: PMC9992419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Resident macrophages exist in a variety of tissues, including tendon, and play context-specific roles in their tissue of residence. In this study, we define the spatiotemporal distribution and phenotypic profile of tendon resident macrophages and their crosstalk with neighboring tendon fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix (ECM) during murine tendon development, growth, and homeostasis. Fluorescent imaging of cryosections revealed that F4/80+ tendon resident macrophages reside adjacent to Col1a1-CFP+ Scx-GFP+ fibroblasts within the tendon fascicle from embryonic development (E15.5) into adulthood (P56). Through flow cytometry and qPCR, we found that these tendon resident macrophages express several well-known macrophage markers, including Adgre1 (F4/80), Mrc1 (CD206), Lyve1, and Folr2, but not Ly-6C, and express the Csf1r-EGFP ("MacGreen") reporter. The proportion of Csf1r-EGFP+ resident macrophages in relation to the total cell number increases markedly during early postnatal growth, while the density of macrophages per mm2 remains constant during this same time frame. Interestingly, proliferation of resident macrophages is higher than adjacent fibroblasts, which likely contributes to this increase in macrophage proportion. The expression profile of tendon resident macrophages also changes with age, with increased pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in P56 compared to P14 macrophages. In addition, the expression profile of limb tendon resident macrophages diverges from that of tail tendon resident macrophages, suggesting differential phenotypes across anatomically and functionally different tendons. As macrophages are known to communicate with adjacent fibroblasts in other tissues, we conducted ligand-receptor analysis and found potential two-way signaling between tendon fibroblasts and resident macrophages. Tendon fibroblasts express high levels of Csf1, which encodes macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) that acts on the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) on macrophages. Importantly, Csf1r-expressing resident macrophages preferentially localize to Csf1-expressing fibroblasts, supporting the "nurturing scaffold" model for tendon macrophage patterning. Lastly, we found that tendon resident macrophages express high levels of ECM-related genes, including Mrc1 (mannose receptor), Lyve1 (hyaluronan receptor), Lair1 (type I collagen receptor), Ctss (elastase), and Mmp13 (collagenase), and internalize DQ Collagen in explant cultures. Overall, our study provides insights into the potential roles of tendon resident macrophages in regulating fibroblast phenotype and the ECM during tendon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Bautista
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anjana Srikumar
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elisia D. Tichy
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Grace Qian
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xi Jiang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ling Qin
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Tichy ED. Specialized Circuitry of Embryonic Stem Cells Promotes Genomic Integrity. Crit Rev Oncog 2023; 27:1-15. [PMID: 36734869 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2022042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) give rise to all cell types of the organism. Given the importance of these cells in this process, ESCs must employ robust mechanisms to protect genomic integrity or risk catastrophic propagation of mutations throughout the organism. Should such an event occur in daughter cells that will eventually contribute to the germline, the overall species health could dramatically decline. This review describes several key mechanisms employed by ESCs that are unique to these cells, in order to maintain their genomic integrity. Additionally, the contributions of cell cycle regulators in modulating ESC differentiation, after DNA damage exposure, are also examined. Where data are available, findings reported in ESCs are extended to include observations described in induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 371 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
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Ma N, Chen D, Lee JH, Kuri P, Hernandez EB, Kocan J, Mahmood H, Tichy ED, Rompolas P, Mourkioti F. Piezo1 regulates the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles via orchestration of stem cell morphological states. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn0485. [PMID: 35302846 PMCID: PMC8932657 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for tissue homeostasis and regeneration, but the potential contribution of MuSC morphology to in vivo function remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that quiescent MuSCs are morphologically heterogeneous and exhibit different patterns of cellular protrusions. We classified quiescent MuSCs into three functionally distinct stem cell states: responsive, intermediate, and sensory. We demonstrate that the shift between different stem cell states promotes regeneration and is regulated by the sensing protein Piezo1. Pharmacological activation of Piezo1 is sufficient to prime MuSCs toward more responsive cells. Piezo1 deletion in MuSCs shifts the distribution toward less responsive cells, mimicking the disease phenotype we find in dystrophic muscles. We further demonstrate that Piezo1 reactivation ameliorates the MuSC morphological and regenerative defects of dystrophic muscles. These findings advance our fundamental understanding of how stem cells respond to injury and identify Piezo1 as a key regulator for adjusting stem cell states essential for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoying Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delia Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ji-Hyung Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paola Kuri
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward Blake Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob Kocan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hamd Mahmood
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elisia D. Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Measurements of telomere length in skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs), a rare cell population within muscles, provide insights into cellular dysfunction in diseased conditions. Here, we describe a protocol (cryosection muscle quantitative fluorescent in situhybridization) using skeletal muscle cryosections for assessments of telomere length in MuSCs, in their native environment. Using a free software, telomere length measurements are assessed on a single-cell level. We also provide methodology to perform data analyses in several ways. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tichy et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Regeneration Program, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yao L, Tichy ED, Zhong L, Mohanty S, Wang L, Ai E, Yang S, Mourkioti F, Qin L. Gli1 Defines a Subset of Fibro-adipogenic Progenitors that Promote Skeletal Muscle Regeneration With Less Fat Accumulation. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1159-1173. [PMID: 33529374 PMCID: PMC8633884 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has remarkable regenerative ability after injury. Mesenchymal fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are necessary, active participants during this repair process, but the molecular signatures of these cells and their functional relevance remain largely unexplored. Here, using a lineage tracing mouse model (Gli1-CreER Tomato), we demonstrate that Gli1 marks a small subset of muscle-resident FAPs with elevated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Upon notexin muscle injury, these cells preferentially and rapidly expanded within FAPs. Ablation of Gli1+ cells using a DTA mouse model drastically reduced fibroblastic colony-forming unit (CFU-F) colonies generated by muscle cells and impaired muscle repair at 28 days. Pharmacologic manipulation revealed that Gli1+ FAPs rely on Hh signaling to increase the size of regenerating myofiber. Sorted Gli1+ FAPs displayed superior clonogenicity and reduced adipogenic differentiation ability in culture compared to sorted Gli1- FAPs. In a glycerol injury model, Gli1+ FAPs were less likely to give rise to muscle adipocytes compared to other FAPs. Further cell ablation and Hh activator/inhibitor treatments demonstrated their dual actions in enhancing myogenesis and reducing adipogenesis after injury. Examining single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset of FAPs from normal mice indicated that Gli1+ FAPs with increased Hh signaling provide trophic signals to myogenic cells while restrict their own adipogenic differentiation. Collectively, our findings identified a subpopulation of FAPs that play an essential role in skeletal muscle repair. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leilei Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarthak Mohanty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily Ai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Tichy ED, Ma N, Sidibe D, Loro E, Kocan J, Chen DZ, Khurana TS, Hasty P, Mourkioti F. Persistent NF-κB activation in muscle stem cells induces proliferation-independent telomere shortening. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109098. [PMID: 33979621 PMCID: PMC8183356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the repeated cycles of damage and repair in many muscle disorders, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the muscle stem cell (MuSC) pool becomes less efficient at responding to and repairing damage. The underlying mechanism of such stem cell dysfunction is not fully known. Here, we demonstrate that the distinct early telomere shortening of diseased MuSCs in both mice and young DMD patients is associated with aberrant NF-κB activation. We find that prolonged NF-κB activation in MuSCs in chronic injuries leads to shortened telomeres and Ku80 dysregulation and results in severe skeletal muscle defects. Our studies provide evidence of a role for NF-κB in regulating stem-cell-specific telomere length, independently of cell replication, and could be a congruent mechanism that is applicable to additional tissues and/or diseases characterized by systemic chronic inflammation. Tichy et al. reveal a role for NF-κB signaling in regulating telomere length in muscle stem cells (MuSCs) after chronic injuries. Persistent activation of NF-κB leads to shortened telomeres, Ku80 dysregulation, and muscle defects. The findings link stem cell dysfunction and NF-κB-dependent telomere shortening in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nuoying Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Sidibe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob Kocan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delia Z Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul Hasty
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Regeneration Program, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Tichy ED, Sidibe DK, Greer CD, Oyster NM, Rompolas P, Rosenthal NA, Blau HM, Mourkioti F. A robust Pax7EGFP mouse that enables the visualization of dynamic behaviors of muscle stem cells. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:27. [PMID: 30139374 PMCID: PMC6107960 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pax7 is a transcription factor involved in the specification and maintenance of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Upon injury, MuSCs leave their quiescent state, downregulate Pax7 and differentiate, contributing to skeletal muscle regeneration. In the majority of regeneration studies, MuSCs are isolated by fluorescence-activated sorting (FACS), based on cell surface markers. It is known that MuSCs are a heterogeneous population and only a small percentage of isolated cells are true stem cells that are able to self-renew. A strong Pax7 reporter line would be valuable to study the in vivo behavior of Pax7-expressing stem cells. Methods We generated and characterized the muscle properties of a new transgenic Pax7EGFP mouse. Utilizing traditional immunofluorescence assays, we analyzed whole embryos and muscle sections by fluorescence microscopy, in addition to whole skeletal muscles by 2-photon microscopy, to detect the specificity of EGFP expression. Skeletal muscles from Pax7EGFP mice were also evaluated in steady state and under injury conditions. Finally, MuSCs-derived from Pax7EGFP and control mice were sorted and analyzed by FACS and their myogenic activity was comparatively examined. Results Our studies provide a new Pax7 reporter line with robust EGFP expression, detectable by both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Pax7EGFP-derived MuSCs have identical properties to that of wild-type MuSCs, both in vitro and in vivo, excluding any positional effect due to the transgene insertion. Furthermore, we demonstrated high specificity of EGFP to label MuSCs in a temporal manner that recapitulates the reported Pax7 expression pattern. Interestingly, immunofluorescence analysis showed that the robust expression of EGFP marks cells in the satellite cell position of adult muscles in fixed and live tissues. Conclusions This mouse could be an invaluable tool for the study of a variety of questions related to MuSC biology, including but not limited to population heterogeneity, polarity, aging, regeneration, and motility, either by itself or in combination with mice harboring additional genetic alterations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0169-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David K Sidibe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher D Greer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Oyster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Regeneration Program, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Regeneration Program, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Institute of Regenerative Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 112A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA.
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Tichy ED, Sidibe DK, Tierney MT, Stec MJ, Sharifi-Sanjani M, Hosalkar H, Mubarak S, Johnson FB, Sacco A, Mourkioti F. Single Stem Cell Imaging and Analysis Reveals Telomere Length Differences in Diseased Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscles. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1328-1341. [PMID: 28890163 PMCID: PMC5639167 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) contribute to muscle regeneration following injury. In many muscle disorders, the repeated cycles of damage and repair lead to stem cell dysfunction. While telomere attrition may contribute to aberrant stem cell functions, methods to accurately measure telomere length in stem cells from skeletal muscles have not been demonstrated. Here, we have optimized and validated such a method, named MuQ-FISH, for analyzing telomere length in MuSCs from either mice or humans. Our analysis showed no differences in telomere length between young and aged MuSCs from uninjured wild-type mice, but MuSCs isolated from young dystrophic mice exhibited significantly shortened telomeres. In corroboration, we demonstrated that telomere attrition is present in human dystrophic MuSCs, which underscores its importance in diseased regenerative failure. The robust technique described herein provides analysis at a single-cell resolution and may be utilized for other cell types, especially rare populations of cells. MuQ-FISH is a telomere analysis assay of mouse and human muscle stem cells Highly sensitive telomere analysis on small numbers of cells Detection of both telomere length and number of telomere foci with MuQ-FISH assay Telomere analysis is now possible in quiescent and/or cycling stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - David K Sidibe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - Matthew T Tierney
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael J Stec
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maryam Sharifi-Sanjani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - Harish Hosalkar
- Joint Preservation Center, Tricity Medical Center, Joint Preservation & Deformity Correction Center & Traumatic Brain Injury Program, Paradise Valley Hospital, National City, CA 91950, USA
| | - Scott Mubarak
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessandra Sacco
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Sharifi-Sanjani M, Oyster NM, Tichy ED, Bedi KC, Harel O, Margulies KB, Mourkioti F. Cardiomyocyte-Specific Telomere Shortening is a Distinct Signature of Heart Failure in Humans. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005086. [PMID: 28882819 PMCID: PMC5634248 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Telomere defects are thought to play a role in cardiomyopathies, but the specific cell type affected by the disease in human hearts is not yet identified. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the cell type specificity of telomere shortening in patients with heart failure in relation to their cardiac disease, age, and sex. Methods and Results We studied cardiac tissues from patients with heart failure by utilizing telomere quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, a highly sensitive method with single‐cell resolution. In this study, total of 63 human left ventricular samples, including 37 diseased and 26 nonfailing donor hearts, were stained for telomeres in combination with cardiomyocyte‐ or α‐smooth muscle cell‐specific markers, cardiac troponin T, and smooth muscle actin, respectively, and assessed for telomere length. Patients with heart failure demonstrate shorter cardiomyocyte telomeres compared with nonfailing donors, which is specific only to cardiomyocytes within diseased human hearts and is associated with cardiomyocyte DNA damage. Our data further reveal that hypertrophic hearts with reduced ejection fraction exhibit the shortest telomeres. In contrast to other reported cell types, no difference in cardiomyocyte telomere length is evident with age. However, under the disease state, telomere attrition manifests in both young and older patients with cardiac hypertrophy. Finally, we demonstrate that cardiomyocyte‐telomere length is better sustained in women than men under diseased conditions. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of cardiomyocyte‐specific telomere shortening in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas M Oyster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Kenneth C Bedi
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Ofer Harel
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | | | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT .,Cardiovascular Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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11
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Tichy ED, Mourkioti F. A new method of genotyping MDX 4CV mice by PCR-RFLP analysis. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:522-524. [PMID: 28063157 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mdx4cv mouse is a common model to study Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The most used methodology to identify the genotype of these mice is Sanger DNA sequencing. METHODS Here, we provide a simple, cost-effective alternative approach to identify the wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous/hemizygous genotypes of these mice, using commonly available laboratory equipment and reagents. RESULTS Our technique exploits a restriction fragment length polymorphism that is generated by the point mutation found in exon 53 of mdx4cv mice. CONCLUSIONS This technique can benefit laboratories that require complex breeding strategies involving mdx4cv mice. Muscle Nerve 56: 522-524, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Frederick DW, Loro E, Liu L, Davila A, Chellappa K, Silverman IM, Quinn WJ, Gosai SJ, Tichy ED, Davis JG, Mourkioti F, Gregory BD, Dellinger RW, Redpath P, Migaud ME, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Rabinowitz JD, Khurana TS, Baur JA. Loss of NAD Homeostasis Leads to Progressive and Reversible Degeneration of Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metab 2016; 24:269-82. [PMID: 27508874 PMCID: PMC4985182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NAD is an obligate co-factor for the catabolism of metabolic fuels in all cell types. However, the availability of NAD in several tissues can become limited during genotoxic stress and the course of natural aging. The point at which NAD restriction imposes functional limitations on tissue physiology remains unknown. We examined this question in murine skeletal muscle by specifically depleting Nampt, an essential enzyme in the NAD salvage pathway. Knockout mice exhibited a dramatic 85% decline in intramuscular NAD content, accompanied by fiber degeneration and progressive loss of both muscle strength and treadmill endurance. Administration of the NAD precursor nicotinamide riboside rapidly ameliorated functional deficits and restored muscle mass despite having only a modest effect on the intramuscular NAD pool. Additionally, lifelong overexpression of Nampt preserved muscle NAD levels and exercise capacity in aged mice, supporting a critical role for tissue-autonomous NAD homeostasis in maintaining muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Frederick
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Antonio Davila
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian M Silverman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William J Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sager J Gosai
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James G Davis
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Philip Redpath
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marie E Migaud
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Tichy ED, Stephan ZA, Osterburg A, Noel G, Stambrook PJ. Mouse embryonic stem cells undergo charontosis, a novel programmed cell death pathway dependent upon cathepsins, p53, and EndoG, in response to etoposide treatment. Stem Cell Res 2013; 10:428-41. [PMID: 23500643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are hypersensitive to many DNA damaging agents and can rapidly undergo cell death or cell differentiation following exposure. Treatment of mouse ESCs (mESCs) with etoposide (ETO), a topoisomerase II poison, followed by a recovery period resulted in massive cell death with characteristics of a programmed cell death pathway (PCD). While cell death was both caspase- and necroptosis-independent, it was partially dependent on the activity of lysosomal proteases. A role for autophagy in the cell death process was eliminated, suggesting that ETO induces a novel PCD pathway in mESCs. Inhibition of p53 either as a transcription factor by pifithrin α or in its mitochondrial role by pifithrin μ significantly reduced ESC death levels. Finally, EndoG was newly identified as a protease participating in the DNA fragmentation observed during ETO-induced PCD. We coined the term charontosis after Charon, the ferryman of the dead in Greek mythology, to refer to the PCD signaling events induced by ETO in mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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14
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Tichy ED, Pillai R, Deng L, Tischfield JA, Hexley P, Babcock GF, Stambrook PJ. The abundance of Rad51 protein in mouse embryonic stem cells is regulated at multiple levels. Stem Cell Res 2012; 9:124-34. [PMID: 22705496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in embryonic stem (ES) cells are repaired primarily by homologous recombination (HR). The mechanism by which HR is regulated in these cells, however, remains enigmatic. To gain insight into such regulatory mechanisms, we have asked how protein levels of Rad51, a key component of HR, are controlled in mouse ES cells and mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). The Rad51 protein level is about 15-fold higher in ES cells than in MEFs. The level of Rad51 mRNA, however, is only ~2-fold higher, indicating that the differences in mRNA levels due to rates of transcription or mRNA stability are not sufficient to account for the large difference in the abundance of Rad51 protein. Comparison of Rad51 half-lives between ES cells and MEFs also did not explain the elevated level of Rad51 protein in the ES cells. A comparative assessment of the Rad51 translation level demonstrated that it is translated with much greater efficacy in ES cells than in MEFs. To determine whether this high level of translation in ES cells is a general phenomenon in these cells or whether it is a characteristic of specific proteins, such as those involved with recombination and cell cycle progression, we compared mechanisms that regulate the level of Pcna in ES cells with those that regulate Rad51. The half-life of Pcna and its rate of synthesis were considerably different from those of Rad51 in ES cells, demonstrating that regulation of Rad51 abundance cannot be generalized to other ES cell proteins and not to proteins involved in DNA replication and cell cycle control. Finally, we show that only a small proportion of the abundant Rad51 protein population is activated under basal conditions in ES cells and recruited to DNA DSBs and/or stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45267, USA.
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15
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Kavanaugh GM, Wise-Draper TM, Morreale RJ, Morrison MA, Gole B, Schwemberger S, Tichy ED, Lu L, Babcock GF, Wells JM, Drissi R, Bissler JJ, Stambrook PJ, Andreassen PR, Wiesmüller L, Wells SI. The human DEK oncogene regulates DNA damage response signaling and repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:7465-76. [PMID: 21653549 PMCID: PMC3177200 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human DEK gene is frequently overexpressed and sometimes amplified in human cancer. Consistent with oncogenic functions, Dek knockout mice are partially resistant to chemically induced papilloma formation. Additionally, DEK knockdown in vitro sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damaging agents and induces cell death via p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Here we report that DEK is important for DNA double-strand break repair. DEK depletion in human cancer cell lines and xenografts was sufficient to induce a DNA damage response as assessed by detection of γH2AX and FANCD2. Phosphorylation of H2AX was accompanied by contrasting activation and suppression, respectively, of the ATM and DNA-PK pathways. Similar DNA damage responses were observed in primary Dek knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), along with increased levels of DNA damage and exaggerated induction of senescence in response to genotoxic stress. Importantly, Dek knockout MEFs exhibited distinct defects in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) when compared to their wild-type counterparts. Taken together, the data demonstrate new molecular links between DEK and DNA damage response signaling pathways, and suggest that DEK contributes to DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Kavanaugh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Trisha M. Wise-Draper
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard J. Morreale
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Monique A. Morrison
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Boris Gole
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sandy Schwemberger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elisia D. Tichy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - George F. Babcock
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rachid Drissi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John J. Bissler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Peter J. Stambrook
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Paul R. Andreassen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Susanne I. Wells
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany, Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent, self-renewing cells that are isolated during the blastocyst stage of embryonic development. Whether these cells are derived from humans, mice or other organisms, all ESCs must employ mechanisms that prevent the propagation of mutations, generated as a consequence of DNA damage, to somatic cells produced by normal programmed differentiation. Thus, the prevention of mutations in ESCs is important not only for the health of the individual organism derived from these cells but also, in addition, for the continued survival and genetic viability of the species by preventing the accumulation of mutations in the germline. Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) are reprogrammed somatic cells that share several characteristics with ESCs, including a similar morphology in culture, the re-expression of pluripotency markers and the ability to differentiate into defined cell lineages. This review focuses on the mechanisms employed by murine ESCs, human ESCs and, where data are available, IPSCs to preserve genetic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA.
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Tichy ED, Liang L, Deng L, Tischfield J, Schwemberger S, Babcock G, Stambrook PJ. Mismatch and base excision repair proficiency in murine embryonic stem cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:445-51. [PMID: 21315663 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of mutations in embryonic stem (ES) cells would be detrimental to an embryo derived from these cells, and would adversely affect multiple organ systems and tissue types. ES cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to preserve genomic integrity that extend beyond those found in differentiated cell types. The present study queried whether mismatch repair (MMR) and base-excision repair (BER) may play a role in the maintenance of murine ES cell genomes. The MMR proteins Msh2 and Msh6 are highly elevated in mouse ES cells compared with mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), as are Pms2 and Mlh1, albeit to a lesser extent. Cells transfected with an MMR reporter plasmid showed that MMR repair capacity is low in MEFs, but highly active in wildtype ES cells. As expected, an ES cell line defective in MMR was several-fold less effective in repair level than wildtype ES cells. Like proteins that participate in MMR, the level of proteins involved in BER was elevated in ES cells compared with MEFs. When BER activity was examined biochemically using a uracil-containing oligonucleotide template, repair activity was higher in ES cells compared with MEFs. The data are consistent with the suggestion that ES cells have multiple mechanisms, including highly active MMR and BER that preserve genetic integrity and minimize the accumulation of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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18
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Tichy ED, Pillai R, Deng L, Liang L, Tischfield J, Schwemberger SJ, Babcock GF, Stambrook PJ. Mouse embryonic stem cells, but not somatic cells, predominantly use homologous recombination to repair double-strand DNA breaks. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1699-711. [PMID: 20446816 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells give rise to all cell types of an organism. Since mutations at this embryonic stage would affect all cells and be detrimental to the overall health of an organism, robust mechanisms must exist to ensure that genomic integrity is maintained. To test this proposition, we compared the capacity of murine ES cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks with that of differentiated cells. Of the 2 major pathways that repair double-strand breaks, error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) predominated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, whereas the high fidelity homologous recombinational repair (HRR) predominated in ES cells. Microhomology-mediated end joining, an emerging repair pathway, persisted at low levels in all cell types examined. The levels of proteins involved in HRR and microhomology-mediated end joining were highly elevated in ES cells compared with mouse embryonic fibroblasts, whereas those for NHEJ were quite variable, with DNA Ligase IV expression low in ES cells. The half-life of DNA Ligase IV protein was also low in ES cells. Attempts to increase the abundance of DNA Ligase IV protein by overexpression or inhibition of its degradation, and thereby elevate NHEJ in ES cells, were unsuccessful. When ES cells were induced to differentiate, however, the level of DNA Ligase IV protein increased, as did the capacity to repair by NHEJ. The data suggest that preferential use of HRR rather than NHEJ may lend ES cells an additional layer of genomic protection and that the limited levels of DNA Ligase IV may account for the low level of NHEJ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells and germ cells have the potential to give rise to an entire organism. A common requirement is that both must have very robust mechanisms to preserve the integrity of their genomes. This is particularly true since somatic cells have very high mutation frequencies approaching 10-4 in vivo that would lead to unacceptable levels of fetal lethality and congenital defects. Notably, between 70% and 80% of mutational events monitored at a heterozygous endogenous selectable marker were loss of heterozygosity due to mitotic recombination, a mechanism that affects multiple heterozygous loci between the reporter gene and the site of crossing over. This chapter examines three mechanisms by which mouse embryonic stem cells preserve their genomic integrity. The first entails suppression of mutation and recombination between chromosome homologues by two orders of magnitude when compared with isogenic mouse embryo fibroblasts which had a mutation frequency similar to that seen in adult somatic cells. The second renders mouse ES cells hypersensitive to environmental challenge and eliminates damaged cells from the self-renewing population. Mouse ES cells lack a G1 checkpoint so that cells damaged by exogenous insult such as ionizing radiation do not arrest at the G1/S phase checkpoint but progress into the S phase where the damaged DNA is replicated, the damage exacerbated and the cells driven to apoptosis. The third mechanism examines how mouse ES cells repair double strand DNA breaks. Somatic cells predominantly utilize error prone nonhomologous end joining which, from a teleological perspective, would be disadvantageous for ES cells since it would promote accumulation of mutations. When ES cells were tested for the preferred pathway of double strand DNA break repair, they predominantly utilized the high fidelity homology-mediated repair pathway, thereby minimizing the incurrence of mutations during the repair process. When mouse ES cells are induced to differentiate, the predominant repair pathway switches from homology-mediated repair to nonhomologous end joining that is characteristic of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Stambrook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0524, USA,
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20
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are rapidly proliferating, self-renewing cells that have the capacity to differentiate into all three germ layers to form the embryo proper. Since these cells are critical for embryo formation, they must have robust prophylactic mechanisms to ensure that their genomic integrity is preserved. Indeed, several studies have suggested that ES cells are hypersensitive to DNA damaging agents and readily undergo apoptosis to eliminate damaged cells from the population. Other evidence suggests that DNA damage can cause premature differentiation in these cells. Several laboratories have also begun to investigate the role of DNA repair in the maintenance of ES cell genomic integrity. It does appear that ES cells differ in their capacity to repair damaged DNA compared to differentiated cells. This minireview focuses on repair mechanisms ES cells may use to help preserve genomic integrity and compares available data regarding these mechanisms with those utilized by differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Tichy ED, Deng L, Liang L, Zhao X, Nguyen S, Maulion C, Tischfield JA, Schwemberger S, Babcock G, Stambrook P. DNA double‐strand break repair in mouse embryonic stem cells. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a230-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Cell BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati, Vontz Center3125 Eden Ave.CincinnatiOH45267
| | - Li Deng
- GeneticsRutgers UniversityLife Sciences Building, Room 136PiscatawayNJ08854
| | - Li Liang
- GeneticsRutgers UniversityLife Sciences Building, Room 136PiscatawayNJ08854
| | - Xin Zhao
- GeneticsRutgers UniversityLife Sciences Building, Room 136PiscatawayNJ08854
| | - Son Nguyen
- GeneticsRutgers UniversityLife Sciences Building, Room 136PiscatawayNJ08854
| | | | - Jay A Tischfield
- GeneticsRutgers UniversityLife Sciences Building, Room 136PiscatawayNJ08854
| | | | | | - Peter Stambrook
- Cell BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati, Vontz Center3125 Eden Ave.CincinnatiOH45267
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