1
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Yu D, Richardson NE, Green CL, Spicer AB, Murphy ME, Flores V, Jang C, Kasza I, Nikodemova M, Wakai MH, Tomasiewicz JL, Yang SE, Miller BR, Pak HH, Brinkman JA, Rojas JM, Quinn WJ, Cheng EP, Konon EN, Haider LR, Finke M, Sonsalla M, Alexander CM, Rabinowitz JD, Baur JA, Malecki KC, Lamming DW. The adverse metabolic effects of branched-chain amino acids are mediated by isoleucine and valine. Cell Metab 2021; 33:905-922.e6. [PMID: 33887198 PMCID: PMC8102360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-protein diets promote metabolic health in rodents and humans, and the benefits of low-protein diets are recapitulated by specifically reducing dietary levels of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Here, we demonstrate that each BCAA has distinct metabolic effects. A low isoleucine diet reprograms liver and adipose metabolism, increasing hepatic insulin sensitivity and ketogenesis and increasing energy expenditure, activating the FGF21-UCP1 axis. Reducing valine induces similar but more modest metabolic effects, whereas these effects are absent with low leucine. Reducing isoleucine or valine rapidly restores metabolic health to diet-induced obese mice. Finally, we demonstrate that variation in dietary isoleucine levels helps explain body mass index differences in humans. Our results reveal isoleucine as a key regulator of metabolic health and the adverse metabolic response to dietary BCAAs and suggest reducing dietary isoleucine as a new approach to treating and preventing obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Yu
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cara L Green
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alexandra B Spicer
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Michaela E Murphy
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Victoria Flores
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Maria Nikodemova
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Matthew H Wakai
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jay L Tomasiewicz
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Shany E Yang
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Blake R Miller
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Heidi H Pak
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Brinkman
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer M Rojas
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William J Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eunhae P Cheng
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Konon
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lexington R Haider
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Megan Finke
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michelle Sonsalla
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen C Malecki
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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2
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Richardson NE, Konon EN, Schuster HS, Mitchell AT, Boyle C, Rodgers AC, Finke M, Haider LR, Yu D, Flores V, Pak HH, Ahmad S, Ahmed S, Radcliff A, Wu J, Williams EM, Abdi L, Sherman DS, Hacker T, Lamming DW. Lifelong restriction of dietary branched-chain amino acids has sex-specific benefits for frailty and lifespan in mice. Nat Aging 2021; 1:73-86. [PMID: 33796866 PMCID: PMC8009080 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-020-00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein restricted (PR) diets promote health and longevity in many species. While the precise components of a PR diet that mediate the beneficial effects to longevity have not been defined, we recently showed that many metabolic effects of PR can be attributed to reduced dietary levels of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Here, we demonstrate that restricting dietary BCAAs increases the survival of two different progeroid mouse models, delays frailty and promotes the metabolic health of wild-type C57BL/6J mice when started in midlife, and leads to a 30% increase in lifespan and a reduction in frailty in male, but not female, wild-type mice when fed lifelong. Our results demonstrate that restricting dietary BCAAs can increase healthspan and longevity in mice, and suggest that reducing dietary BCAAs may hold potential as a translatable intervention to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Richardson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Konon
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Haley S. Schuster
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Alexis T. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Colin Boyle
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | | | - Megan Finke
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Lexington R. Haider
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Deyang Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Victoria Flores
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heidi H. Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soha Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Sareyah Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Abigail Radcliff
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Jessica Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Elizabeth M. Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Lovina Abdi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Dawn S. Sherman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Timothy Hacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Pak HH, Cummings NE, Green CL, Brinkman JA, Yu D, Tomasiewicz JL, Yang SE, Boyle C, Konon EN, Ong IM, Lamming DW. The Metabolic Response to a Low Amino Acid Diet is Independent of Diet-Induced Shifts in the Composition of the Gut Microbiome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:67. [PMID: 30635612 PMCID: PMC6329753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are increasing in prevalence around the world, and there is a clear need for new and effective strategies to promote metabolic health. A low protein (LP) diet improves metabolic health in both rodents and humans, but the mechanisms that underlie this effect remain unknown. The gut microbiome has recently emerged as a potent regulator of host metabolism and the response to diet. Here, we demonstrate that a LP diet significantly alters the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome at the phylum level, altering the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. Transcriptional profiling suggested that any impact of the microbiome on liver metabolism was likely independent of the microbiome-farnesoid X receptor (FXR) axis. We therefore tested the ability of a LP diet to improve metabolic health following antibiotic ablation of the gut microbiota. We found that a LP diet promotes leanness, increases energy expenditure, and improves glycemic control equally well in mice treated with antibiotics as in untreated control animals. Our results demonstrate that the beneficial effects of a LP diet on glucose homeostasis, energy balance, and body composition are unlikely to be mediated by diet-induced changes in the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi H Pak
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicole E Cummings
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cara L Green
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Brinkman
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Deyang Yu
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Shany E Yang
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Colin Boyle
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Konon
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Lamming DW, Cummings NE, Pak H, Williams EM, Konon EN, Walter MM, Barnes ME, Yu D. Decreased consumption of specific dietary macronutrients restores metabolic health to diet‐induced obese mice. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.812.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dudley W. Lamming
- MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWI
| | - Nicole E. Cummings
- MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWI
| | - Heidi Pak
- MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWI
| | - Elizabeth M. Williams
- MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWI
| | - Elizabeth N. Konon
- MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWI
| | - Madalyn M. Walter
- MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWI
| | - Macy E. Barnes
- MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWI
| | - Deyang Yu
- MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWI
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5
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Cummings NE, Williams EM, Kasza I, Konon EN, Schaid MD, Schmidt BA, Poudel C, Sherman DS, Yu D, Arriola Apelo SI, Cottrell SE, Geiger G, Barnes ME, Wisinski JA, Fenske RJ, Matkowskyj KA, Kimple ME, Alexander CM, Merrins MJ, Lamming DW. Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids. J Physiol 2017; 596:623-645. [PMID: 29266268 DOI: 10.1113/jp275075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We recently found that feeding healthy mice a diet with reduced levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which are associated with insulin resistance in both humans and rodents, modestly improves glucose tolerance and slows fat mass gain. In the present study, we show that a reduced BCAA diet promotes rapid fat mass loss without calorie restriction in obese mice. Selective reduction of dietary BCAAs also restores glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity to obese mice, even as they continue to consume a high-fat, high-sugar diet. A low BCAA diet transiently induces FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21) and increases energy expenditure. We suggest that dietary protein quality (i.e. the precise macronutrient composition of dietary protein) may impact the effectiveness of weight loss diets. ABSTRACT Obesity and diabetes are increasing problems around the world, and although even moderate weight loss can improve metabolic health, reduced calorie diets are notoriously difficult to sustain. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; leucine, isoleucine and valine) are elevated in the blood of obese, insulin-resistant humans and rodents. We recently demonstrated that specifically reducing dietary levels of BCAAs has beneficial effects on the metabolic health of young, growing mice, improving glucose tolerance and modestly slowing fat mass gain. In the present study, we examine the hypothesis that reducing dietary BCAAs will promote weight loss, reduce adiposity, and improve blood glucose control in diet-induced obese mice with pre-existing metabolic syndrome. We find that specifically reducing dietary BCAAs rapidly reverses diet-induced obesity and improves glucoregulatory control in diet-induced obese mice. Most dramatically, mice eating an otherwise unhealthy high-calorie, high-sugar Western diet with reduced levels of BCAAs lost weight and fat mass rapidly until regaining a normal weight. Importantly, this normalization of weight was mediated not by caloric restriction or increased activity, but by increased energy expenditure, and was accompanied by a transient induction of the energy balance regulating hormone FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21). Consumption of a Western diet reduced in BCAAs was also accompanied by a dramatic improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Our results link dietary BCAAs with the regulation of metabolic health and energy balance in obese animals, and suggest that specifically reducing dietary BCAAs may represent a highly translatable option for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Cummings
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Konon
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael D Schaid
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brian A Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dawn S Sherman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Deyang Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sebastian I Arriola Apelo
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sara E Cottrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Rural and Urban Scholars in Community Health Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriella Geiger
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Macy E Barnes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Wisinski
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rachel J Fenske
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle E Kimple
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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