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Russo NJ, Davies AB, Blakey RV, Ordway EM, Smith TB. Feedback loops between 3D vegetation structure and ecological functions of animals. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1597-1613. [PMID: 37419868 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems function in a series of feedback loops that can change or maintain vegetation structure. Vegetation structure influences the ecological niche space available to animals, shaping many aspects of behaviour and reproduction. In turn, animals perform ecological functions that shape vegetation structure. However, most studies concerning three-dimensional vegetation structure and animal ecology consider only a single direction of this relationship. Here, we review these separate lines of research and integrate them into a unified concept that describes a feedback mechanism. We also show how remote sensing and animal tracking technologies are now available at the global scale to describe feedback loops and their consequences for ecosystem functioning. An improved understanding of how animals interact with vegetation structure in feedback loops is needed to conserve ecosystems that face major disruptions in response to climate and land-use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Russo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew B Davies
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel V Blakey
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Elsa M Ordway
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas B Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Vinod N, Slot M, McGregor IR, Ordway EM, Smith MN, Taylor TC, Sack L, Buckley TN, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Thermal sensitivity across forest vertical profiles: patterns, mechanisms, and ecological implications. New Phytol 2023; 237:22-47. [PMID: 36239086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures are influencing forests on many scales, with potentially strong variation vertically across forest strata. Using published research and new analyses, we evaluate how microclimate and leaf temperatures, traits, and gas exchange vary vertically in forests, shaping tree, and ecosystem ecology. In closed-canopy forests, upper canopy leaves are exposed to the highest solar radiation and evaporative demand, which can elevate leaf temperature (Tleaf ), particularly when transpirational cooling is curtailed by limited stomatal conductance. However, foliar traits also vary across height or light gradients, partially mitigating and protecting against the elevation of upper canopy Tleaf . Leaf metabolism generally increases with height across the vertical gradient, yet differences in thermal sensitivity across the gradient appear modest. Scaling from leaves to trees, canopy trees have higher absolute metabolic capacity and growth, yet are more vulnerable to drought and damaging Tleaf than their smaller counterparts, particularly under climate change. By contrast, understory trees experience fewer extreme high Tleaf 's but have fewer cooling mechanisms and thus may be strongly impacted by warming under some conditions, particularly when exposed to a harsher microenvironment through canopy disturbance. As the climate changes, integrating the patterns and mechanisms reviewed here into models will be critical to forecasting forest-climate feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Vinod
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ian R McGregor
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Elsa M Ordway
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
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Ordway EM, Elmore AJ, Kolstoe S, Quinn JE, Swanwick R, Cattau M, Taillie D, Guinn SM, Chadwick KD, Atkins JW, Blake RE, Chapman M, Cobourn K, Goulden T, Helmus MR, Hondula K, Hritz C, Jensen J, Julian JP, Kuwayama Y, Lulla V, O’Leary D, Nelson DR, Ocón JP, Pau S, Ponce‐Campos GE, Portillo‐Quintero C, Pricope NG, Rivero RG, Schneider L, Steele M, Tulbure MG, Williamson MA, Wilson C. Leveraging the NEON Airborne Observation Platform for socio‐environmental systems research. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Ordway EM, Naylor RL, Nkongho RN, Lambin EF. Author Correction: Oil palm expansion and deforestation in Southwest Cameroon associated with proliferation of informal mills. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2270. [PMID: 33837192 PMCID: PMC8035194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa M Ordway
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States. .,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States.
| | - Rosamond L Naylor
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, 616 Serra Street C100, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Raymond N Nkongho
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, 616 Serra Street C100, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Department of Agronomic and Applied Molecular Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric F Lambin
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Georges Lemaître Earth and Climate Research Centre, Earth & Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 3, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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Ordway EM, Naylor RL, Nkongho RN, Lambin EF. Oil palm expansion and deforestation in Southwest Cameroon associated with proliferation of informal mills. Nat Commun 2019; 10:114. [PMID: 30631076 PMCID: PMC6328567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm expansion resulted in 2 million hectares (Mha) of forest loss globally in 2000–2010. Despite accounting for 24% (4.5 Mha) of the world’s total oil palm cultivated area, expansion dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa have been overlooked. We show that in Southwest Cameroon, a top producing region of Africa, 67% of oil palm expansion from 2000–2015 occurred at the expense of forest. Contrary to the publicized narrative of industrial-scale expansion, most oil palm expansion and associated deforestation is occurring outside large agro-industrial concessions. Expansion and deforestation carried out by non-industrial producers is occurring near low-efficiency informal mills, unconstrained by the location of high-efficiency company-owned mills. These results highlight the key role of a booming informal economic sector in driving rapid land use change. High per capita consumption and rising palm oil demands in sub-Saharan Africa spotlight the need to consider informal economies when identifying regionally relevant sustainability pathways. Deforestation for palm oil production is often attributed to large-scale, agro-industrial expansion. Here, Ordway et al. show that much recent expansion in Southwest Cameroon can be attributed to an informal sector of non-industrial producers establishing near informal, non-industrial palm oil mills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa M Ordway
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States. .,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States.
| | - Rosamond L Naylor
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, 616 Serra Street C100, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Raymond N Nkongho
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, 616 Serra Street C100, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Department of Agronomic and Applied Molecular Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric F Lambin
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.,Georges Lemaître Earth and Climate Research Centre, Earth & Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 3, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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Marlier ME, DeFries R, Pennington D, Nelson E, Ordway EM, Lewis J, Koplitz SN, Mickley LJ. Future fire emissions associated with projected land use change in Sumatra. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:345-62. [PMID: 25044917 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Indonesia has experienced rapid land use change over the last few decades as forests and peatswamps have been cleared for more intensively managed land uses, including oil palm and timber plantations. Fires are the predominant method of clearing and managing land for more intensive uses, and the related emissions affect public health by contributing to regional particulate matter and ozone concentrations and adding to global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Here, we examine emissions from fires associated with land use clearing and land management on the Indonesian island of Sumatra and the sensitivity of this fire activity to interannual meteorological variability. We find ~80% of 2005-2009 Sumatra emissions are associated with degradation or land use maintenance instead of immediate land use conversion, especially in dry years. We estimate Sumatra fire emissions from land use change and maintenance for the next two decades with five scenarios of land use change, the Global Fire Emissions Database Version 3, detailed 1-km2 land use change maps, and MODIS fire radiative power observations. Despite comprising only 16% of the original study area, we predict that 37-48% of future Sumatra emissions from land use change will occur in fuel-rich peatswamps unless this land cover type is protected effectively. This result means that the impact of fires on future air quality and climate in Equatorial Asia will be decided in part by the conservation status given to the remaining peatswamps on Sumatra. Results from this article will be implemented in an atmospheric transport model to quantify the public health impacts from the transport of fire emissions associated with future land use scenarios in Sumatra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Marlier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Ordway EM. [Drugs before the law]. Infirm Can 1967; 9:30-3. [PMID: 5181780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ordway EM. Drug protection for Canadians. Can Nurse 1967; 63:38-41. [PMID: 6023339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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