A Multidisciplinary Approach to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Since December 2019, humanity has faced an important global threat. Many studies have been published on the origin, structure, and mechanism of action of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the treatment of its disease. The priority of scientists all over the world has been to direct their time to research this subject. In this review, we highlight chemical studies and therapeutic approaches to overcome COVID-19 with seven different sections. These sections are the structure and mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2, immunotherapy and vaccine, computer-aided drug design, repurposing therapeutics for COVID-19, synthesis of new molecular structures against COVID-19, food safety/security and functional food components, and potential natural products against COVID-19. In this work, we aimed to screen all the newly synthesized compounds, repurposing chemicals covering antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiparasitic, anticancer, antipsychotic, and antihistamine compounds against COVID-19. We also highlight computer-aided approaches to develop an anti-COVID-19 molecule. We explain that some phytochemicals and dietary supplements have been identified as antiviral bioproducts, which have almost been successfully tested against COVID-19. In addition, we present immunotherapy types, targets, immunotherapy and inflammation/mutations of the virus, immune response, and vaccine issues.

Investigation of neutron and gamma radiation protective characteristics of synthesized quinoline derivatives

PURPOSE

Quinoline is formed by various natural compounds, such as alkaloids from the cinchona plant, which exhibit various biological activities, and is an important building material for the development of new drugs. Quinoline can be used in anti-radiation drug development but radiation interaction properties must be determined.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study, six types of synthesized quinoline derivatives were used. Fast neutron removal cross-section, mean free path, half value layer and transmission number were theoretically determined by using GEometry ANd Tracking 4 and FLUktuierende KAskade simulation codes for neutron shielding. Neutron dose absorption rates were determined using the ²⁴¹Am-Be fast neutron source and the Canberra NP series portable BF₃ gas proportional neutron detector. Gamma radiation shielding parameters were determined by using WinXCom and PSY-X/PSD software. Additionally, the genotoxic potentials of the derivatives were assessed by using the Ames/Salmonella bacterial reversion assay.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Neutron shielding parameters such as removal cross-section, mean free path, half value layer and transmission number were theoretically determined for fast neutrons. To determine neutron absorption capacity of quinoline derivatives, neutron absorption, experiments were conducted. In addition, gamma radiation shielding parameters were calculated such as the mean free path (MFP), mass attenuation coefficient (µt), half value thickness layer (HVL) and effective atomic number (Zeff) in the energy range of 0.015-15 MeV. The results of the all quinoline derivatives have excellent fast neutron shielding power compared to ordinary concrete. In addition, all quinoline derivatives have been found to have the capacity to attenuate gamma radiation. Moreover, they absorb well in both types of radiation, do not cause secondary radiation, and they are genotoxically safe at the tested concentrations. This study has demonstrated that these products can be used as active ingredients for a drug to be developed against radiation.

Three-component aza-Diels-Alder reactions using Yb(OTf)3 catalyst under conventional/ultrasonic techniques

The Yb(OTf)3 catalyzed formal aza-Diels-Alder (or Povarov) reaction of cyclopentadiene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene with in situ-generated N-arylimines under conventional/ultrasonic techniques is herein described. This kind of three-component Povarov reaction results in quinoline and phenanthridine derivatives, which are important biological compounds.

Link between aortic valve sclerosis and myocardial no-reflow in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE

The"no-reflow" phenomenon is associated with a worse prognosis at follow-up for patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Predicting and preventing no-reflow is therefore a crucial step in improving the prognosis of STEMI patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) and myocardial no-reflow in patients with STEMI.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with a first-time diagnosis of STEMI were enrolled consecutively. No-reflow was defined as a final TIMI 3 flow with a myocardial blush of grade < 2, temporary epicardial coronary no-reflow, and distal coronary occlusion. AVS was defined by echocardiography as thickening and calcification of the normal trileaflet aortic valve without obstruction to the left ventricular outflow.

RESULTS

No-reflow developed in 41 patients. In univariate analysis, age, male gender, smoking, culprit lesion Syntax score (SX score), and hypertension were significantly associated with no-reflow. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses demonstrated age [95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.024-1.096; p=0.001), AVS (95 % CI, 1.002-1.100; p=0.039], culprit lesion SX score (95 % CI, 1.08-1.021 p=0.008), and symptom-to-balloon time (95 % CI, 1.020-1.097; p=0.002) as independent determinants of myocardial no-reflow.

CONCLUSION

AVS was significantly and independently associated with myocardial no-reflow in STEMI patients.

1,3-Di-3-pyridyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazine

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(22)H(17)N(3)O, the oxazine ring has a half-chair conformation. The dihedral angles between the best least-squares plane through the pyridine rings and the planar part (O-C-C-C-N) of the oxazine ring are 72.14 (6) and 35.44 (7)°, the smaller angle involving the pyridine ring adjacent to the oxazine O atom. The mol-ecule has two stereogenic centers at the oxazine carbons, RS and SR. The crystal packing reveals that symmetry-related mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds to form chains parallel to the b axis.

Synthesis of new 1,3-disubstituted-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphth[1,2e][1,3]oxazines

1,3-Disubstituted-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazines were prepared through the ring-closure reactions of the aminobenzylnaphthols with substituted aryl- and heteroarylaldehydes.