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Briend E, Ferguson GJ, Mori M, Damera G, Stephenson K, Karp NA, Sethi S, Ward CK, Sleeman MA, Erjefält JS, Finch DK. IL-18 associated with lung lymphoid aggregates drives IFNγ production in severe COPD. Respir Res 2017; 18:159. [PMID: 28830544 PMCID: PMC5568255 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased interferon gamma (IFNγ) release occurs in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) lungs. IFNγ supports optimal viral clearance, but if dysregulated could increase lung tissue destruction. Methods The present study investigates which mediators most closely correlate with IFNγ in sputum in stable and exacerbating disease, and seeks to shed light on the spatial requirements for innate production of IFNγ, as reported in mouse lymph nodes, to observe whether such microenvironmental cellular organisation is relevant to IFNγ production in COPD lung. Results We show tertiary follicle formation in severe disease alters the dominant mechanistic drivers of IFNγ production, because cells producing interleukin-18, a key regulator of IFNγ, are highly associated with such structures. Interleukin-1 family cytokines correlated with IFNγ in COPD sputum. We observed that the primary source of IL-18 in COPD lungs was myeloid cells within lymphoid aggregates and IL-18 was increased in severe disease. IL-18 released from infected epithelium or from activated myeloid cells, was more dominant in driving IFNγ when IL-18-producing and responder cells were in close proximity. Conclusions Unlike tight regulation to control infection spread in lymphoid organs, this local interface between IL-18-expressing and responder cell is increasingly supported in lung as disease progresses, increasing its potential to increase tissue damage via IFNγ. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0641-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Briend
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Present address: Agenus Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Michiko Mori
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gautam Damera
- MedImmune LLC, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Katherine Stephenson
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Present address: University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Quantitative Biology IMED, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay Sethi
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Christine K Ward
- MedImmune LLC, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Present address: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew A Sleeman
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Present address: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jonas S Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Donna K Finch
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
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Cohen ES, Dobson CL, Käck H, Wang B, Sims DA, Lloyd CO, England E, Rees DG, Guo H, Karagiannis SN, O'Brien S, Persdotter S, Ekdahl H, Butler R, Keyes F, Oakley S, Carlsson M, Briend E, Wilkinson T, Anderson IK, Monk PD, von Wachenfeldt K, Eriksson POF, Gould HJ, Vaughan TJ, May RD. A novel IgE-neutralizing antibody for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. MAbs 2014; 6:756-64. [PMID: 24583620 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role played by IgE in allergic asthma is well-documented and clinically precedented, but some patients in whom IgE neutralization may still offer clinical benefit are excluded from treatment with the existing anti-IgE therapy, omalizumab, due to high total IgE levels or body mass. In this study, we sought to generate a novel high affinity anti-IgE antibody (MEDI4212) with potential to treat a broad severe asthma patient population. Analysis of body mass, total and allergen-specific IgE levels in a cohort of severe asthmatics was used to support the rationale for development of a high affinity IgE-targeted antibody therapeutic. Phage display technology was used to generate a human IgG1 lead antibody, MEDI4212, which was characterized in vitro using binding, signaling and functional assay systems. Protein crystallography was used to determine the details of the interaction between MEDI4212 and IgE. MEDI4212 bound human IgE with an affinity of 1.95 pM and was shown to target critical residues in the IgE Cε3 domain critical for interaction with FcεRI. MEDI4212 potently inhibited responses through FcεRI and also prevented the binding of IgE to CD23. When used ex vivo at identical concentration, MEDI4212 depleted free-IgE from human sera to levels ~1 log lower than omalizumab. Our results thus indicate that MEDI4212 is a novel, high affinity antibody that binds specifically to IgE and prevents IgE binding to its receptors. MEDI4212 effectively depleted free-IgE from human sera ex vivo to a level (1 IU/mL) anticipated to provide optimal IgE suppression in severe asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- 5 Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; King's College London School of Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; Guy's Hospital; King's College London; London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Phillip D Monk
- Synairgen Research Ltd; Southampton General Hospital; Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology; MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; King's College London; London, UK
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3
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Ferguson J, Sleeman M, Briend E, Finch D. Understanding the effects of IL-18 and IL-1β in a complex pro-inflammatory milieu. (44.11). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.44.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Disease association studies suggest that the cytokines IL1 and IL18 play a role in exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. A classical role of IL18 is to stimulate NK and T-Cells to produce IFNγ, a cytokine associated with viral exacerbations of COPD. IL1β, which is processed by the same mechanism as IL18, can have a similar effect on IFNγ. We sought to understand their respective role in IFNγ secretion in situations where they both could be released. Treatment of PBMCs with IL18 or IL1β (in the presence of IL12) was able to induce IFNγ release. This response was most sensitive to IL1β but IL18 was able to stimulate a greater maximal response. When LPS was used as a trigger of IFNγ release, a large amount of IL1β (11ng/mL) and a low amount of IL18 (27pg/mL) could be detected in the supernatant. Co-incubation with an IL18 neutralizing antibody, or the IL1 receptor antagonist anakinra, was able to inhibit the IFNγ response by 50% in both cases. In a second system, relevant to COPD exacerbations, the infection of bronchial epithelial cells with a human Rhinovirus induced the release of both IL18 (2.5ng/mL) and IL1β (435pg/mL). Transfer of the supernatant to PBMCs or NK cells induced IFNγ production which was largely IL1-dependent; inhibition of IL18 only had a small effect on IFNγ. This data showed that while they could induce IFNγ following an inflammatory stimulus, it is the context of their release that defines a predominant role for either IL18 or IL1β.
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4
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Stallwood Y, Briend E, Ray KM, Ward GA, Smith BJ, Nye E, Champion BR, McKenzie GJ. Small Interfering RNA-Mediated Knockdown of Notch Ligands in Primary CD4+ T Cells and Dendritic Cells Enhances Cytokine Production. J Immunol 2006; 177:885-95. [PMID: 16818743 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The key interaction in the adaptive immune system's response to pathogenic challenge occurs at the interface between APCs and T cells. Families of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules function in association with the cytokine microenvironment to orchestrate appropriate T cell activation programs. Recent data have demonstrated that the Notch receptor and its ligands also function at the APC:T interface. In this study, we describe synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences targeting the human Notch ligands Delta1, Jagged1 and Jagged2. Transfection of these siRNAs into human primary CD4(+) T cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells leads to knockdown of endogenous Notch ligand message. Knockdown of any one of these three Notch ligands in dendritic cells enhanced IFN-gamma production from allogeneic CD4(+) T cells in MLR. In contrast, Delta1 knockdown in CD4(+) T cells selectively enhanced production of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-5 in response to polyclonal stimulation, while Jagged1 or Jagged2 knockdown had no effect. Strikingly, blockade of Notch cleavage with a gamma secretase inhibitor failed to affect cytokine production in this system, implying that Delta1 can influence cytokine production via a Notch cleavage-independent mechanism. These data show for the first time that the Notch pathway can be targeted by siRNA, and that its antagonism may be a unique therapeutic opportunity for immune enhancement.
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5
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Mckenzie G, Ward G, Stallwood Y, Briend E, Papadia S, Lennard A, Turner M, Champion B, Hardingham GE. Cellular Notch responsiveness is defined by phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent signals. BMC Cell Biol 2006; 7:10. [PMID: 16507111 PMCID: PMC1403772 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Notch plays a wide-ranging role in controlling cell fate, differentiation and development. The PI3K-Akt pathway is a similarly conserved signalling pathway which regulates processes such as differentiation, proliferation and survival. Mice with disrupted Notch and PI3K signalling show phenotypic similarities during haematopoietic cell development, suggesting functional interaction between these pathways. Results We show that cellular responsiveness to Notch signals depends on the activity of the PI3K-Akt pathway in cells as diverse as CHO cells, primary T-cells and hippocampal neurons. Induction of the endogenous PI3K-Akt pathway in CHO cells (by the insulin pathway), in T-cells (via TCR activation) or in neurons (via TrKB activation) potentiates Notch-dependent responses. We propose that the PI3K-Akt pathway exerts its influence on Notch primarily via inhibition of GSK3-beta, a kinase known to phosphorylate and regulate Notch signals. Conclusion The PI3K-Akt pathway acts as a "gain control" for Notch signal responses. Since physiological levels of intracellular Notch are often low, coincidence with PI3K-activation may be crucial for induction of Notch-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grahame Mckenzie
- Lorantis Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
- Inion Ltd, Unit 9B, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0FG, UK
| | - George Ward
- Lorantis Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Yvette Stallwood
- Lorantis Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Emmanuel Briend
- Lorantis Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Sofia Papadia
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Andrew Lennard
- Lorantis Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Martin Turner
- The Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB2 4AT, UK
| | - Brian Champion
- Lorantis Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH, UK
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6
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Abstract
Under normal circumstances, the adaptive immune response to either self or harmless antigens is kept under tight control by a combination of deletion mechanisms in the central immune system, and by a system of regulatory cells in the periphery. Together, these control mechanisms enforce a state referred to as immunological tolerance. Breakdown of these mechanisms lead to a variety of immunological disease states involving persistent immune-mediated pathologies. Whereas the processes inducing central tolerance in the immune system are well documented, the mechanisms by which peripheral regulatory cells function are still unclear. Recent publications have reported an unexpected role for the Notch pathway, itself a classical regulator of cell fate, in the development of regulatory T cells. These exciting data demonstrate that Notch signals modulate events downstream of the T cell receptor, diverting T cell differentiation into alternative fates which regulate immune responses in an antigen-specific manner. The Notch pathway is, therefore, uniquely positioned in the developmental pathways leading to regulatory T cells. In this review, the authors discuss the data surrounding the role of Notch in the peripheral immune system, and discuss how this pathway might be manipulated for the treatment of immunological disorders.
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7
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Briend E, Young LL, McKenzie GJ, Tugal T, Ragno S, Champion BR. Modulation of the notch pathway for immunotherapy. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2005; 7:56-61. [PMID: 15732530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Since its initial description as a neurogenic locus in Drosophila, the Notch pathway has been shown to play a central role in cell fate decisions across species, including vertebrates, guiding the differentiation of multiple cell types. In the immune system, its function was first demonstrated during lymphopoiesis, but in recent years this pathway has been shown to still be active in peripheral T-cells. Therapeutic opportunities that could arise from the manipulation of Notch signaling in immune disorders such as autoimmunity, allergy and in cancer immunotherapy and transplantation are discussed.
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8
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Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway plays a highly-conserved role in regulating the cellular differentiation and proliferation events that characterise pattern formation in the embryo. As cells in the embryo respond to environmental signals, similarly T-cells in the peripheral immune system must monitor their environment for antigens and respond accordingly by entering one of several potential differentiation pathways. Recent studies have identified a role for the Notch pathway in regulating the responses of T-cells in the periphery. In this review, we discuss these findings in the context of the Notch signalling pathway's role as an orchestrator of cellular differentiation, and propose a central role for Notch as a regulator of immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grahame J Mckenzie
- Lorantis Ltd, 307 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK.
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9
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Pajak B, De Smedt T, Moulin V, De Trez C, Maldonado-López R, Vansanten G, Briend E, Urbain J, Leo O, Moser M. Immunohistowax processing, a new fixation and embedding method for light microscopy, which preserves antigen immunoreactivity and morphological structures: visualisation of dendritic cells in peripheral organs. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53:518-24. [PMID: 10961175 PMCID: PMC1731227 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.53.7.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe a new fixation and embedding method for tissue samples, immunohistowax processing, which preserves both morphology and antigen immunoreactivity, and to use this technique to investigate the role of dendritic cells in the immune response in peripheral tissues. METHODS This technique was used to stain a population of specialised antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells) that have the unique capacity to sensitise naive T cells, and therefore to induce primary immune responses. The numbers of dendritic cells in peripheral organs of mice either untreated or injected with live Escherichia coli were compared. RESULTS Numbers of dendritic cells were greatly decreased in heart, kidney, and intestine after the inoculation of bacteria. The numbers of dendritic cells in the lung did not seem to be affected by the injection of E coli. However, staining of lung sections revealed that some monocyte like cells acquired morphological and phenotypic features of dendritic cells, and migrated into blood vessles. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that the injection of bacteria induces the activation of dendritic cells in peripheral organs, where they play the role of sentinels, and/or their movement into lymphoid organs, where T cell priming is likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pajak
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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10
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Briend E, Saklani-Jusforgues H, Fontan E. An endogenous human immunostimulant acting on mononuclear phagocytes: a study in laboratory mice. Res Immunol 1998; 149:703-9. [PMID: 9851528 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(99)80043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Briend
- Cantab Pharmaceutical Research Limited, Cambridge, Great Britain
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11
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Abstract
The ability of a purified human glycoprotein (HGP.92) to exert anti-tumor activity was investigated in a mouse model using long-term readout assays. In vitro, in the presence of inflammatory mouse macrophages incubated with HGP.92, the growth of the mouse Lewis-lung-tumor cells (3LL) was decreased. This effect was concentration-dependent and required direct contact between tumor targets and HGP.92-treated macrophages. In addition, if the macrophage monolayer was depleted of HGP.92 before addition of the target cells, no more cytostatic effect was observed. This anti-tumor activity of HGP.92-treated mouse macrophage was partially abrogated by addition of catalase in the culture medium, but not by superoxide dismutase or scavengers of the hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. Moreover, this tumor-cell growth reduction was not dependent on nitric oxide. In vivo, multiple i.v. injections of HGP.92 (5 times, 3 days apart) during the first week and a half exerted significant anti-tumor activity, as assessed by the reduction of both the number and the size of the lung nodules 3 weeks after i.v. inoculation of 3LL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fontan
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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12
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Bosque F, Belkaid Y, Briend E, Hevin B, Lebastard M, Soussi N, Milon G. The biology of macrophages. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1997; 45:103-109. [PMID: 9247031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The main properties of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) are summarized, focusing on their relevance within the framework of the steady-state and the inducible functions of the mammalian immune system, more specifically the immune system of the laboratory mouse, a reference vertebrate which remains the best studied. A peculiar attention is given to the rationale underlying the generation of so-called specific tools and reagents whose use is promoted to characterize this lineage, whatever the level under study, i.e. tissular, cellular, or subcellular levels. As one lineage among other lineages of the hemopoietic system, the MPS is characterizable by constitutive and inducible phenotypic and functional markers whose combination is unique for a given tissular micro-environment. Considering our present understanding of the innate and adaptive immune system functions, some of the properties of the MPS are discussed in relation with properties of another recently recognized hemopoietic lineage, namely the dendritic leukocyte system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bosque
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Fontan E, Jusforgues-Saklani H, Briend E, Fauve RM. Purification of a 92 kDa human immunostimulating glycoprotein obtained from the Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. J Immunol Methods 1995; 187:81-4. [PMID: 7490460 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00169-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A purification method for a human urinary glycoprotein (HGP92) dissociated from Tamm Horsfall protein (THP) is described. Tamm-Horsfall protein, obtained by salt precipitations, was again precipitated in presence of monovalent ions. In these conditions, Tamm-Horsfall protein displayed a tendency to form a gel. After ultracentrifugation, HGP92, which was trapped in the gel, was dissociated from Tamm-Horsfall protein and found in the supernatant. The final step of purification of HGP92 was chromatography on a DEAE Affigel blue column. Injected intravenously, HGP92, but not THP, protected mice against a lethal inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes. This procedure has the advantage of being easy to perform, and enables preparation of large amounts of HGP92. These results suggest that the previously described 'immunostimulating' properties of Tamm-Horsfall protein were, in fact, a consequence of its contamination by HGP92.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fontan
- Unite d'Immunophysiologie Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Briend E, Colle JH, Fontan E, Saklani-Jusforgues H, Fauve RM. Human glycoprotein HGP92 induces cytokine synthesis in mouse mononuclear phagocytes. Int Immunol 1995; 7:1753-61. [PMID: 8580073 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/7.11.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
HGP92 has been shown to enhance in vitro and in vivo the bactericidal and tumoricidal activity of mouse macrophages. In this study we investigated the effect of HGP92 on the accumulation of cytokine mRNA in mouse inflammatory, peritoneal macrophages and the monocytic cell line J774. HGP92 significantly enhanced the level of cytokine mRNA for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF during the first 24 h of the incubation. This effect triggered by HGP92 was comparable to that obtained with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a strong cytokine inducer. This accumulation of cytokine mRNA in macrophages was correlated with secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in cell supernatant. The release of IL-6 was HGP92 concentration dependent over a range of 0.3-10 micrograms/ml with a maximum production obtained after a 24 h incubation of inflammatory macrophages with HGP92. This effect was shown not to be due to contamination of HGP92 by LPS since inflammatory macrophages from C57BL/6 mice were responsive to HGP92 pretreated with polymyxin B sulfate and unresponsive to heated HGP92. Stimulating activity of HGP92 was confirmed using macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice. These results suggest that HGP92 might modulate the immune responses by increasing cytokine production by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Briend
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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15
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Abstract
We purified to apparent homogeneity a human urinary glycoprotein of 92 kDa (HGP.92) that, administered intravenously at 250 micrograms/kg, fully protected mice against a lethal inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes. Since HGP.92 protected scid mice, which lack B and T lymphocytes, this increased resistance to Listeria did not appear to be lymphocyte mediated. Furthermore, inflammatory macrophages incubated with 6 nM HGP.92 inhibited the growth of Lewis carcinoma cells in vitro. These two activities appeared to depend on an oligosaccharide moiety, as they were lost after N-Glycanase treatment of HGP.92. Thus, the biological activity of HGP.92 was in some way related to a glycan moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fontan
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Koedam JA, Cramer EM, Briend E, Furie B, Furie BC, Wagner DD. P-selectin, a granule membrane protein of platelets and endothelial cells, follows the regulated secretory pathway in AtT-20 cells. J Cell Biol 1992; 116:617-25. [PMID: 1370497 PMCID: PMC2289315 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.116.3.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
P-selectin (PADGEM, GMP-140, CD62) is a transmembrane protein specific to alpha granules of platelets and Weibel-Palade bodies of endotheial cells. Upon stimulation of these cells, P-selectin is translocated to the plasma membrane where it functions as a receptor for monocytes and neutrophils. To investigate whether the mechanism of targeting of P- selectin to granules is specific for megakaryocytes and endothelial cells and/or dependent on von Willebrand factor, a soluble adhesive protein that is stored in the same granules, we have expressed the cDNA for P-selectin in AtT-20 cells. AtT-20 cells are a mouse pituitary cell line that can store proteins in a regulated fashion. By double-label immunofluorescence, P-selectin was visible as a punctate pattern at the tips of cell processes. This pattern closely resembled the localization of ACTH, the endogenous hormone produced and stored by the AtT-20 cells. Fractionation of the transfected cells resulted in the codistribution of P-selectin and ACTH in cellular compartments of the same density. Immunoelectron microscopy using a polyclonal anti-P- selectin antibody demonstrated immunogold localization in dense granules, morphologically indistinguishable from the ACTH granules. Binding experiments with radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to P-selectin indicated that there was also surface expression of P-selectin on the AtT-20 cells. After stimulation with the secretagogue 8-Bromo-cAMP the surface expression increased twofold, concomitant with the release of ACTH. In contrast, the surface expression of P-selectin transfected into CHO cells, which do not have a regulated pathway of secretion, did not change with 8-Br-cAMP treatment. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the regulated secretion of a transmembrane protein (P-selectin) in a heterologous cell line, which indicates that P-selectin contains an independent sorting signal directing it to storage granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Koedam
- Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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