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Hänschke D, Danilewsky A, Helfen L, Hamann E, Baumbach T. Correlated Three-Dimensional Imaging of Dislocations: Insights into the Onset of Thermal Slip in Semiconductor Wafers. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:215504. [PMID: 29219418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.215504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Correlated x-ray diffraction imaging and light microscopy provide a conclusive picture of three-dimensional dislocation arrangements on the micrometer scale. The characterization includes bulk crystallographic properties like Burgers vectors and determines links to structural features at the surface. Based on this approach, we study here the thermally induced slip-band formation at prior mechanical damage in Si wafers. Mobilization and multiplication of preexisting dislocations are identified as dominating mechanisms, and undisturbed long-range emission from regenerative sources is discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hänschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Danilewsky
- Kristallographie, Institut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Helfen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - E Hamann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - T Baumbach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hamann E, Tegetmeyer HE, Riedel D, Littmann S, Ahmerkamp S, Chen J, Hach PF, Strous M. Syntrophic linkage between predatory Carpediemonas and specific prokaryotic populations. ISME J 2017; 11:1205-1217. [PMID: 28211847 PMCID: PMC5437931 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most anoxic environments are populated by small (<10 μm) heterotrophic eukaryotes that prey on different microbial community members. How predatory eukaryotes engage in beneficial interactions with other microbes has rarely been investigated so far. Here, we studied an example of such an interaction by cultivating the anerobic marine flagellate, Carpediemonas frisia sp. nov. (supergroup Excavata), with parts of its naturally associated microbiome. This microbiome consisted of so far uncultivated members of the Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia and Nanoarchaeota. Using genome and transcriptome informed metabolic network modeling, we showed that Carpediemonas stimulated prokaryotic growth through the release of predigested biomolecules such as proteins, sugars, organic acids and hydrogen. Transcriptional gene activities suggested niche separation between biopolymer degrading Bacteroidetes, monomer utilizing Firmicutes and Nanoarchaeota and hydrogen oxidizing Deltaproteobacteria. An efficient metabolite exchange between the different community members appeared to be promoted by the formation of multispecies aggregates. Physiological experiments showed that Carpediemonas could also benefit from an association to these aggregates, as it facilitated the removal of inhibiting metabolites and increased the availability of prey bacteria. Taken together, our results provide a framework to understand how predatory microbial eukaryotes engage, across trophic levels, in beneficial interactions with specific prokaryotic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmo Hamann
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Halina E Tegetmeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sten Littmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Philipp F Hach
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marc Strous
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Cecilia A, Baecker A, Hamann E, Rack A, van de Kamp T, Gruhl FJ, Hofmann R, Moosmann J, Hahn S, Kashef J, Bauer S, Farago T, Helfen L, Baumbach T. Optimizing structural and mechanical properties of cryogel scaffolds for use in prostate cancer cell culturing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 71:465-472. [PMID: 27987733 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) currently is the second most diagnosed cancer in men and the second most cause of cancer death after lung cancer in Western societies. This sets the necessity of modelling prostatic disorders to optimize a therapy against them. The conventional approach to investigating prostatic diseases is based on two-dimensional (2D) cell culturing. This method, however, does not provide a three-dimensional (3D) environment, therefore impeding a satisfying simulation of the prostate gland in which the PCa cells proliferate. Cryogel scaffolds represent a valid alternative to 2D culturing systems for studying the normal and pathological behavior of the prostate cells thanks to their 3D pore architecture that reflects more closely the physiological environment in which PCa cells develop. In this work the 3D morphology of three potential scaffolds for PCa cell culturing was investigated by means of synchrotron X-ray computed micro tomography (SXCμT) fitting the according requirements of high spatial resolution, 3D imaging capability and low dose requirements very well. In combination with mechanical tests, the results allowed identifying an optimal cryogel architecture, meeting the needs for a well-suited scaffold to be used for 3D PCa cell culture applications. The selected cryogel was then used for culturing prostatic lymph node metastasis (LNCaP) cells and subsequently, the presence of multi-cellular tumor spheroids inside the matrix was demonstrated again by using SXCμT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cecilia
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Baecker
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Bldg 329, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe D-76344, Germany
| | - E Hamann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T van de Kamp
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F J Gruhl
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Bldg 329, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe D-76344, Germany
| | - R Hofmann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Moosmann
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Max-Planck-Str. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - S Hahn
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Kashef
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Bauer
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - T Farago
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L Helfen
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hamann E, Gruber-Vodicka H, Kleiner M, Tegetmeyer HE, Riedel D, Littmann S, Chen J, Milucka J, Viehweger B, Becker KW, Dong X, Stairs CW, Hinrichs KU, Brown MW, Roger AJ, Strous M. Environmental Breviatea harbour mutualistic Arcobacter epibionts. Nature 2016; 534:254-8. [PMID: 27279223 PMCID: PMC4900452 DOI: 10.1038/nature18297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Breviatea form a lineage of free living, unicellular protists, distantly related to animals and fungi. This lineage emerged almost one billion years ago, when the oceanic oxygen content was low, and extant Breviatea have evolved or retained an anaerobic lifestyle. Here we report the cultivation of Lenisia limosa, gen. et sp. nov., a newly discovered breviate colonized by relatives of animal-associated Arcobacter. Physiological experiments show that the association of L. limosa with Arcobacter is driven by the transfer of hydrogen and is mutualistic, providing benefits to both partners. With whole-genome sequencing and differential proteomics, we show that an experimentally observed fitness gain of L. limosa could be explained by the activity of a so far unknown type of NAD(P)H-accepting hydrogenase, which is expressed in the presence, but not in the absence, of Arcobacter. Differential proteomics further reveal that the presence of Lenisia stimulates expression of known 'virulence' factors by Arcobacter. These proteins typically enable colonization of animal cells during infection, but may in the present case act for mutual benefit. Finally, re-investigation of two currently available transcriptomic data sets of other Breviatea reveals the presence and activity of related hydrogen-consuming Arcobacter, indicating that mutualistic interaction between these two groups of microbes might be pervasive. Our results support the notion that molecular mechanisms involved in virulence can also support mutualism, as shown here for Arcobacter and Breviatea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmo Hamann
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Harald Gruber-Vodicka
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Halina E Tegetmeyer
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 3615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sten Littmann
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jana Milucka
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Viehweger
- MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bibliothekstraße 1, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kevin W Becker
- MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bibliothekstraße 1, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Courtney W Stairs
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6299 South Street, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bibliothekstraße 1, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthew W Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6299 South Street, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marc Strous
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 3615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Vagovič P, Korytár D, Cecilia A, Hamann E, Baumbach T, Pelliccia D. Laboratory-based multi-modal X-ray microscopy and micro-CT with Bragg magnifiers. Opt Express 2015; 23:18391-18400. [PMID: 26191897 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.018391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the successful demonstration of X-ray phase contrast microscopy and micro computed tomography (CT) with a Bragg magnifier microscope (BMM) in a laboratory setup. The Bragg magnifiers, constituted by two channel-cut crystals in asymmetric diffraction, produced a 15X magnification of the X-ray beam, thus enabling high resolution imaging to be attained. The angular sensitivity of the crystals was used to implement analyzer-based phase contrast imaging: acquiring images at different angular positions and the three parametric images (apparent absorption, differential phase and scattering) have been obtained. Micro-CT, with resolution of about 5 μm is demonstrated with the same system. The main limitations, as well as the ways to mitigate them, are discussed with the aid of the experimental data. The technique demonstrated herein extends high-resolution, multi-modal, x-ray imaging and micro-CT to compact laboratory setups, with the potential of broadening the reach of these techniques outside the community of synchrotron users.
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Vagovič P, Svéda L, Cecilia A, Hamann E, Pelliccia D, Gimenez EN, Korytár D, Pavlov KM, Zápražný Z, Zuber M, Koenig T, Olbinado M, Yashiro W, Momose A, Fiederle M, Baumbach T. X-ray Bragg magnifier microscope as a linear shift invariant imaging system: image formation and phase retrieval. Opt Express 2014; 22:21508-21520. [PMID: 25321529 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the theoretical description of the image formation with the in-line germanium Bragg Magnifier Microscope (BMM) and the first successful phase retrieval of X-ray holograms recorded with this imaging system. The conditions under which the BMM acts as a linear shift invariant system are theoretically explained and supported by the experiment. Such an approach simplifies the mathematical treatment of the image formation and reconstruction as complicated propagation of the wavefront onto inclined planes can be avoided. Quantitative phase retrieval is demonstrated using a test sample and a proof of concept phase imaging of a spider leg is also presented.
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Hanke A, Hamann E, Sharma R, Geelhoed JS, Hargesheimer T, Kraft B, Meyer V, Lenk S, Osmers H, Wu R, Makinwa K, Hettich RL, Banfield JF, Tegetmeyer HE, Strous M. Recoding of the stop codon UGA to glycine by a BD1-5/SN-2 bacterium and niche partitioning between Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria in a tidal sediment microbial community naturally selected in a laboratory chemostat. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:231. [PMID: 24904545 PMCID: PMC4032931 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandy coastal sediments are global hotspots for microbial mineralization of organic matter and denitrification. These sediments are characterized by advective porewater flow, tidal cycling and an active and complex microbial community. Metagenomic sequencing of microbial communities sampled from such sediments showed that potential sulfur oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria and members of the enigmatic BD1-5/SN-2 candidate phylum were abundant in situ (>10% and ~2% respectively). By mimicking the dynamic oxic/anoxic environmental conditions of the sediment in a laboratory chemostat, a simplified microbial community was selected from the more complex inoculum. Metagenomics, proteomics and fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that this simplified community contained both a potential sulfur oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria (at 24 ± 2% abundance) and a member of the BD1-5/SN-2 candidate phylum (at 7 ± 6% abundance). Despite the abundant supply of organic substrates to the chemostat, proteomic analysis suggested that the selected gammaproteobacterium grew partially autotrophically and performed hydrogen/formate oxidation. The enrichment of a member of the BD1-5/SN-2 candidate phylum enabled, for the first time, direct microscopic observation by fluorescent in situ hybridization and the experimental validation of the previously predicted translation of the stop codon UGA into glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hanke
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Emmo Hamann
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Ritin Sharma
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA ; Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeanine S Geelhoed
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Theresa Hargesheimer
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Beate Kraft
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Volker Meyer
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Sabine Lenk
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Harald Osmers
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Rong Wu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology Delft, Netherlands
| | - Kofi Makinwa
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology Delft, Netherlands
| | - Robert L Hettich
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA ; Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jillian F Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Halina E Tegetmeyer
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany ; Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marc Strous
- Microbial Fitness Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany ; Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld Bielefeld, Germany ; Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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Cecilia A, Jary V, Nikl M, Mihokova E, Hänschke D, Hamann E, Douissard PA, Rack A, Martin T, Krause B, Grigorievc D, Baumbach T, Fiederle M. Investigation of the luminescence, crystallographic and spatial resolution properties of LSO:Tb scintillating layers used for X-ray imaging applications. RADIAT MEAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Korytár D, Vagovič P, Végsö K, Siffalovič P, Dobročka E, Jark W, Ač V, Zápražný Z, Ferrari C, Cecilia A, Hamann E, Mikulík P, Baumbach T, Fiederle M, Jergel M. Potential use of V-channel Ge(220) monochromators in X-ray metrology and imaging. J Appl Crystallogr 2013; 46:945-952. [PMID: 24046503 PMCID: PMC3769071 DOI: 10.1107/s0021889813006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While channel-cut crystals, in which the diffracting surfaces in an asymmetric cut are kept parallel, can provide beam collimation and spectral beam shaping, they can in addition provide beam compression or expansion if the cut is V-shaped. The compression/expansion ratio depends in this case on the total asymmetry factor. If the Ge(220) diffraction planes and a total asymmetry factor in excess of 10 are used, the rocking curves of two diffractors will have a sufficient overlap only if the second diffractor is tuned slightly with respect to the first one. This study compares and analyses several ways of overcoming this mismatch, which is due to refraction, when the Cu Kα1 beam is compressed 21-fold in a V21 monochromator. A more than sixfold intensity increase was obtained if the matching was improved either by a compositional variation or by a thermal deformation. This provided an intensity gain compared with the use of a simple slit in a symmetrical channel-cut monochromator. The first attempt to overcome the mismatch by introducing different types of X-ray prisms for the required beam deflection is described as well. The performance of the V-shaped monochromators is demonstrated in two applications. A narrow collimated monochromatic beam obtained in the beam compressing mode was used for high-resolution grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering measurements of a silicon sample with corrupted surface. In addition, a two-dimensional Bragg magnifier, based on two crossed V15 channel monochromators in beam expansion mode and tuned by means of unequal asymmetries, was successfully applied to high-resolution imaging of test structures in combination with a Medipix detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Korytár
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kohfahl C, Hamann E, Pekdeger A. Estimating the effect of water table oscillations on acidification using a hydraulic model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/037174504225004466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Le HH, Ilisch S, Hamann E, Keller M, Radusch HJ. EFFECT OF CURING ADDITIVES ON THE DISPERSION KINETICS OF CARBON BLACK IN RUBBER COMPOUNDS). Rubber Chemistry and Technology 2011. [DOI: 10.5254/1.3592299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of curing additives on the dispersion kinetics of carbon black (CB) in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds was investigated by means of the method of the online measured electrical conductance. Addition of curing additives such as stearic acid and diphenylguanidine (DPG) accelerates the CB dispersion process significantly. The viscosity of the rubber matrix was not changed after their addition. The addition of stearic acid and DPG may alter the filler–filler interaction that consequently leads to faster dispersion processes. The obtained difference in morphologies of SBR mixtures containing stearic acid and DPG, respectively, are caused by their different infiltration behavior, which may lead to different dispersion mechanisms. Addition of ZnO could not improve the dispersion process of CB because of its limited interaction with CB. Sulfur and N-cyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide decelerate the CB dispersion process. The strong effect of the rubber microstructure such as styrene content and molecular weight on the CB dispersion in SBR mixtures without additives was found and discussed by taking into consideration the known dispersion mechanisms. The influence of addition of curing additives on the CB dispersion in low styrene-content SBR mixtures is much more pronounced than that in high styrene-content SBR mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. H. Le
- 1Center of Engineering Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - S. Ilisch
- 1Center of Engineering Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - E. Hamann
- 2Styron Deutschland GmbH, D-06258 Schkoppau, Germany
| | - M. Keller
- 1Center of Engineering Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - H-J. Radusch
- 1Center of Engineering Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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