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Brustugun OT, Sørhaug S, Grønberg BH, Aanerud M, Al-Zubayidy MMZ, Fjellbirkeland L, Helland Å, Berg J, Andreassen B, Paulsen EE, Haram PM, Ashraf H, Wahl SGF. Lungekreft: Forbedret prognose gir kapasitetsutfordringer. Tidsskriftet 2020; 140:20-0014. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Bremnes RM, Busund LT, Kilvær TL, Andersen S, Richardsen E, Paulsen EE, Hald S, Khanehkenari MR, Cooper WA, Kao SC, Dønnem T. The Role of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Development, Progression, and Prognosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:789-800. [PMID: 26845192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A malignant tumor is not merely an accumulation of neoplastic cells, but constitutes a microenvironment containing endothelial cells, fibroblasts, structural components, and infiltrating immune cells that impact tumor development, invasion, metastasis, and outcome. Hence, the evolution of cancers reflects intricate cellular and molecular interactions between tumor cells and constituents of the tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have shed new light on this complex interaction between tumor and host immune cells and the resulting immune response. The composition of the immune microenvironment differs across patients as well as in cancers of the same type, including various populations of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. The type, density, location, and organization of immune cells within solid tumors define the immune contexture, which has proved to be a major determinant of tumor characteristics and patient outcome. Lung cancer consists mostly of non-small cell lung cancer (85%); it is our most deadly malignant disease, with the 5-year survival rate being merely 15%. This review focuses on the immune contexture; the tumor-suppressing roles of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; and the relevance of this immune contexture for cancer diagnostics, prognostication, and treatment allocation, with an emphasis on non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Bremnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lill-Tove Busund
- Institute of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas L Kilvær
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigve Andersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elin Richardsen
- Institute of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erna Elise Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigurd Hald
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Wendy A Cooper
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven C Kao
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tom Dønnem
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Donnem T, Kilvaer TK, Andersen S, Richardsen E, Paulsen EE, Hald SM, Al-Saad S, Brustugun OT, Helland A, Lund-Iversen M, Solberg S, Gronberg BH, Wahl SGF, Helgeland L, Fløtten O, Pohl M, Al-Shibli K, Sandanger TM, Pezzella F, Busund LT, Bremnes RM. Strategies for clinical implementation of TNM-Immunoscore in resected nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2015; 27:225-32. [PMID: 26578726 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoscore is a prognostic tool defined to quantify in situ immune cell infiltrates and appears highly promising as a supplement to the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of various tumors. In colorectal cancer, an international task force has initiated prospective multicenter studies aiming to implement TNM-Immunoscore (TNM-I) in a routine clinical setting. In breast cancer, recommendations for the evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been proposed by an international working group. Regardless of promising results, there are potential obstacles related to implementing TNM-I into the clinic. Diverse methods may be needed for different malignancies and even within each cancer entity. Nevertheless, a uniform approach across malignancies would be advantageous. In nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there are several previous reports indicating an apparent prognostic importance of TILs, but studies on TILs in a TNM-I setting are sparse and no general recommendations are made. However, recently published data is promising, evoking a realistic hope of a clinical useful NSCLC TNM-I. This review will focus on the TNM-I potential in NSCLC and propose strategies for clinical implementation of a TNM-I in resected NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Donnem
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso
| | - T K Kilvaer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso
| | - S Andersen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso
| | - E Richardsen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso Institute of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso
| | - E E Paulsen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso
| | - S M Hald
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso
| | - S Al-Saad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso Institute of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso
| | - O T Brustugun
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
| | - A Helland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo Department of Cancer Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
| | - M Lund-Iversen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
| | - S Solberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo
| | - B H Gronberg
- The Cancer Clinic, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, European Palliative Care Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
| | - S G F Wahl
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St Olavs Hospital-Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim
| | - L Helgeland
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - O Fløtten
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Pohl
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Al-Shibli
- Department of Pathology, Nordland Hospital, Bodo
| | - T M Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, The Artic University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
| | - F Pezzella
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - L T Busund
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso Institute of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso
| | - R M Bremnes
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso
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