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Pita-Rodríguez GM, Basabe-Tuero B, Díaz-Sánchez ME, Alfonso-Sagué K, Álvarez AMG, Montero-Díaz M, Valdés-Perdomo S, Chávez-Chong C, Rodríguez-Martinez E, Díaz-Fuentes Y, Llera-Abreu E, Calzadilla-Cámbara A, Ríos-Castillo I. Prevalence of Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Women of Reproductive Age in Cuba and Associated Factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:5110. [PMID: 36982031 PMCID: PMC10049065 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in women of reproductive age and the association with inflammation, global overweight, adiposity, and menorrhagia. A sample design of women of reproductive age from the Eastern, Central, and Havana Regions was carried out. Biochemical determinations of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors, leukocytes, C-reactive protein, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and homocysteine were performed. Serum ferritin was also adjusted by inflammation. Nutritional status was assessed, and menstrual characteristics were collected by survey. A total of 742 women were studied. The prevalence of anemia was 21.4%, iron storage deficiency at 16.0%, and erythropoietic dysfunction at 5.4%, with inflammation at 47.0% and elevated homocysteine at 18.6%. Global overweight was 46.2% and increased adiposity at 58.4%. Anemia is associated with iron deposition deficiency (OR = 3.023 (1.816-5.033)) and with erythropoietic deficiency (OR = 5.62 (3.03-10.39)), but not with inflammation, global overweight, and adiposity. Global overweight was found to be associated with inflammation (OR = 2.23 (1.41-3.53)). Anemia was associated with heavy menstrual bleeding (OR = 1.92 (1.34-2.76)). Homocysteine was associated with inflammation (OR = 2.05 (1.08-3.90)), but not with anemia. In conclusion, anemia in Cuba is classified as a moderate public health problem, but not iron deficiency. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found, associated with inflammation, but not with anemia or iron deficiency. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a factor associated with anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Basabe-Tuero
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | | | - Karen Alfonso-Sagué
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | | | | | - Sonia Valdés-Perdomo
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | | | | | - Yoandry Díaz-Fuentes
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | - Elisa Llera-Abreu
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | | | - Israel Ríos-Castillo
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Sub Regional Office in Mesoamerica, Panama City 0843-00006, Panama
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, University of Panama, Panama City 3366, Panama
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