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Martín MC, Jurado A, Abad-Molina C, Orduña A, Yarce O, Navas AM, Cunill V, Escobar D, Boix F, Burillo-Sanz S, Vegas-Sánchez MC, Jiménez-de Las Pozas Y, Melero J, Aguilar M, Sobieschi OI, López-Hoyos M, Ocejo-Vinyals G, San Segundo D, Almeida D, Medina S, Fernández L, Vergara E, Quirant B, Martínez-Cáceres E, Boiges M, Alonso M, Esparcia-Pinedo L, López-Sanz C, Muñoz-Vico J, López-Palmero S, Trujillo A, Álvarez P, Prada Á, Monzón D, Ontañón J, Marco FM, Mora S, Rojo R, González-Martínez G, Martínez-Saavedra MT, Gil-Herrera J, Cantenys-Molina S, Hernández M, Perurena-Prieto J, Rodríguez-Bayona B, Martínez A, Ocaña E, Molina J. The age again in the eye of the COVID-19 storm: evidence-based decision making. Immun Ageing 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 34016150 PMCID: PMC8134808 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One hundred fifty million contagions, more than 3 million deaths and little more than 1 year of COVID-19 have changed our lives and our health management systems forever. Ageing is known to be one of the significant determinants for COVID-19 severity. Two main reasons underlie this: immunosenescence and age correlation with main COVID-19 comorbidities such as hypertension or dyslipidaemia. This study has two aims. The first is to obtain cut-off points for laboratory parameters that can help us in clinical decision-making. The second one is to analyse the effect of pandemic lockdown on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory parameters concerning the severity of the COVID-19. For these purposes, 257 of SARSCoV2 inpatients during pandemic confinement were included in this study. Moreover, 584 case records from a previously analysed series, were compared with the present study data. RESULTS Concerning the characteristics of lockdown series, mild cases accounted for 14.4, 54.1% were moderate and 31.5%, severe. There were 32.5% of home contagions, 26.3% community transmissions, 22.5% nursing home contagions, and 8.8% corresponding to frontline worker contagions regarding epidemiological features. Age > 60 and male sex are hereby confirmed as severity determinants. Equally, higher severity was significantly associated with higher IL6, CRP, ferritin, LDH, and leukocyte counts, and a lower percentage of lymphocyte, CD4 and CD8 count. Comparing this cohort with a previous 584-cases series, mild cases were less than those analysed in the first moment of the pandemic and dyslipidaemia became more frequent than before. IL-6, CRP and LDH values above 69 pg/mL, 97 mg/L and 328 U/L respectively, as well as a CD4 T-cell count below 535 cells/μL, were the best cut-offs predicting severity since these parameters offered reliable areas under the curve. CONCLUSION Age and sex together with selected laboratory parameters on admission can help us predict COVID-19 severity and, therefore, make clinical and resource management decisions. Demographic features associated with lockdown might affect the homogeneity of the data and the robustness of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Martín
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonación de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Aurora Jurado
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Cristina Abad-Molina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Orduña
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Oscar Yarce
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana M Navas
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vanesa Cunill
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Danilo Escobar
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Francisco Boix
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Josefa Melero
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Marta Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - David San Segundo
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Delia Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunology, Complejo Hospitalario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Medina
- Laboratory of Immunology, Complejo Hospitalario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Laboratoy of Immunology and Genetics, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esther Vergara
- Laboratoy of Immunology and Genetics, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Bibiana Quirant
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujols, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marc Boiges
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujols, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain
| | | | - Celia López-Sanz
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Trujillo
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Paula Álvarez
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Prada
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - David Monzón
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Ontañón
- Unit of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Mora
- Laboratory Unit, Hospital General, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rojo
- Department of Immunology, Complejo Hospitalario, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Gema González-Martínez
- Unit of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María T Martínez-Saavedra
- Unit of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juana Gil-Herrera
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Cantenys-Molina
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Esther Ocaña
- Laboratory Unit, Complejo Hospitalario, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan Molina
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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Jurado A, Martín MC, Abad-Molina C, Orduña A, Martínez A, Ocaña E, Yarce O, Navas AM, Trujillo A, Fernández L, Vergara E, Rodríguez B, Quirant B, Martínez-Cáceres E, Hernández M, Perurena-Prieto J, Gil J, Cantenys S, González-Martínez G, Martínez-Saavedra MT, Rojo R, Marco FM, Mora S, Ontañón J, López-Hoyos M, Ocejo-Vinyals G, Melero J, Aguilar M, Almeida D, Medina S, Vegas MC, Jiménez Y, Prada Á, Monzón D, Boix F, Cunill V, Molina J. COVID-19: age, Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and lymphocytes as key clues from a multicentre retrospective study. Immun Ageing 2020; 17:22. [PMID: 32802142 PMCID: PMC7426672 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV-2 infection has widely spread to become the greatest public health challenge to date, the COVID-19 pandemic. Different fatality rates among countries are probably due to non-standardized records being carried out by local health authorities. The Spanish case-fatality rate is 11.22%, far higher than those reported in Asia or by other European countries. A multicentre retrospective study of demographic, clinical, laboratory and immunological features of 584 Spanish COVID-19 hospitalized patients and their outcomes was performed. The use of renin-angiotensin system blockers was also analysed as a risk factor. Results In this study, 27.4% of cases presented a mild course, 42.1% a moderate one and for 30.5% of cases, the course was severe. Ages ranged from 18 to 98 (average 63). Almost 60 % (59.8%) of patients were male. Interleukin 6 was higher as severity increased. On the other hand, CD8 lymphocyte count was significantly lower as severity grew and subpopulations CD4, CD8, CD19, and NK showed concordant lowering trends. Severity-related natural killer percent descents were evidenced just within aged cases. A significant severity-related decrease of CD4 lymphocytes was found in males. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors was associated with a better prognosis. The angiotensin II receptor blocker use was associated with a more severe course. Conclusions Age and age-related comorbidities, such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension or diabetes, determined more frequent severe forms of the disease in this study than in previous literature cohorts. Our cases are older than those so far reported and the clinical course of the disease is found to be impaired by age. Immunosenescence might be therefore a suitable explanation for the hampering of immune system effectors. The adaptive immunity would become exhausted and a strong but ineffective and almost deleterious innate response would account for COVID-19 severity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors used by hypertensive patients have a protective effect in regards to COVID-19 severity in our series. Conversely, patients on angiotensin II receptor blockers showed a severer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Jurado
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María C Martín
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonación de Castilla y León, Paseo de Filipinos s/n, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Cristina Abad-Molina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Orduña
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Ocaña
- Laboratory Unit. Complejo Hospitalario, Jaén, Spain
| | - Oscar Yarce
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana M Navas
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trujillo
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Laboratoy of Immunology and Genetics. Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esther Vergara
- Laboratoy of Immunology and Genetics. Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Bibiana Quirant
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujols, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Hernández
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juana Gil
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Cantenys
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema González-Martínez
- Unit of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María T Martínez-Saavedra
- Unit of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rojo
- Department of Immunology, Complejo Hospitalario, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Mora
- Laboratory Unit. Hospital General, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesús Ontañón
- Laboratory Unit. Hospital General Universitario, Albacete, Spain
| | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Josefa Melero
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Marta Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Delia Almeida
- Laboratory Unit. Complejo Hospitalario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Medina
- Laboratory Unit. Complejo Hospitalario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - María C Vegas
- Department of Immunology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yesenia Jiménez
- Department of Immunology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Prada
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - David Monzón
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Francisco Boix
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vanesa Cunill
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Juan Molina
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
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Hernandez-Ruiz L, Valverde F, Jimenez-Nuñez MD, Ocaña E, Sáez-Benito A, Rodríguez-Martorell J, Bohórquez JC, Serrano A, Ruiz FA. Organellar proteomics of human platelet dense granules reveals that 14-3-3zeta is a granule protein related to atherosclerosis. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:4449-57. [PMID: 17918986 DOI: 10.1021/pr070380o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dense granules, a type of platelet secretory organelle, are known to accumulate high concentrations of small molecules such as calcium, adenine nucleotides, serotonin, pyrophosphate, and polyphosphate. Protein composition of these granules has been obscure, however. In this paper, we use proteomics techniques to describe, for the first time, the soluble protein composition of platelet dense granules. We have isolated highly enriched human platelet dense granule fractions that have been analyzed using two proteomics methods. Using this approach, we have identified 40 proteins, and most of them, such as actin-associated proteins, glycolytic enzymes, and regulatory proteins, have not previously been related to the organelle. We have focused our efforts on studying 14-3-3zeta, a member of a conserved family of proteins that interact with hundreds of different proteins. We have demonstrated that 14-3-3zeta is localized mostly on dense granules and that it is secreted after platelet activation. As some proteins secreted from activated platelets could promote the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, we have studied the expression of 14-3-3zeta in sections of human abdominal aorta of patients with aneurysm, identifying it at the atherosclerotic plaques. Together, our results reveal new details of the composition of the platelet dense granule and suggest an extracellular function for 14-3-3zeta associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hernandez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
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