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Philippe J, Stijnen P, Meyre D, De Graeve F, Thuillier D, Delplanque J, Gyapay G, Sand O, Creemers JW, Froguel P, Bonnefond A. A nonsense loss-of-function mutation in PCSK1 contributes to dominantly inherited human obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:295-302. [PMID: 24890885 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of severe familial forms of obesity remain genetically elusive. Taking advantage of our unique cohort of multigenerational obese families, we aimed to assess the contribution of rare mutations in 29 common obesity-associated genes to familial obesity, and to evaluate in these families the putative presence of nine known monogenic forms of obesity. METHODS Through next-generation sequencing, we sequenced the coding regions of 34 genes involved in polygenic and/or monogenic forms of obesity in 201 participants (75 normal weight individuals, 54 overweight individuals and 72 individuals with obesity class I, II or III) from 13 French families. In vitro functional analyses were performed to investigate the mutation PCSK1-p.Arg80* which was identified in a family. RESULTS A novel heterozygous nonsense variant in PCSK1 (p.Arg80*), encoding a propeptide truncated to less than two exons (out of 14), was found to co-segregate with obesity in a three-generation family. We demonstrated that this mutation inhibits PCSK1 enzyme activity and that this inhibition most likely does not involve a strong physical interaction. Furthermore, both mutations PCSK1-p.Asn180Ser and POMC-p.Phe144Leu, which had previously been reported to be associated with severe obesity, were also identified in this study, but did not co-segregate with obesity. Finally, we did not identify any rare mutations co-segregating with obesity in common obesity susceptibility genes, except for CADM2 and QPCTL, where we found two novel variants (p.Arg81His and p.Leu98Pro, respectively) in three obese individuals. CONCLUSIONS We showed for the first time that a nonsense mutation in PCSK1 was likely to cause dominantly inherited human obesity, due to the inhibiting properties of the propeptide fragment encoded by the null allele. Furthermore, the present family sequencing design challenged the contribution of previously reported mutations to monogenic or at least severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philippe
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - P Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Meyre
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France [4] Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - F De Graeve
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - D Thuillier
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - J Delplanque
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | | | - O Sand
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - J W Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Froguel
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France [4] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Bonnefond
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
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Bonnefond A, Sand O, Guerin B, Durand E, De Graeve F, Huyvaert M, Rachdi L, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Vaxillaire M, Polak M, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Froguel P. GATA6 inactivating mutations are associated with heart defects and, inconsistently, with pancreatic agenesis and diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2845-2847. [PMID: 22806356 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bonnefond
- Genomics and Metabolic Diseases, CNRS UMR8199 - Lille Institute of Biology, 1, Rue du Prof Calmette, B.P. 245, 59019, Lille Cedex, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - O Sand
- Genomics and Metabolic Diseases, CNRS UMR8199 - Lille Institute of Biology, 1, Rue du Prof Calmette, B.P. 245, 59019, Lille Cedex, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - B Guerin
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital of Pau, Pau, France
| | - E Durand
- Genomics and Metabolic Diseases, CNRS UMR8199 - Lille Institute of Biology, 1, Rue du Prof Calmette, B.P. 245, 59019, Lille Cedex, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - F De Graeve
- Genomics and Metabolic Diseases, CNRS UMR8199 - Lille Institute of Biology, 1, Rue du Prof Calmette, B.P. 245, 59019, Lille Cedex, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - M Huyvaert
- Genomics and Metabolic Diseases, CNRS UMR8199 - Lille Institute of Biology, 1, Rue du Prof Calmette, B.P. 245, 59019, Lille Cedex, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - L Rachdi
- Inserm-U845, Research Center Growth and Signalling, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - J Kerr-Conte
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
- Inserm-U859, Lille, France
| | - F Pattou
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
- Inserm-U859, Lille, France
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Vaxillaire
- Genomics and Metabolic Diseases, CNRS UMR8199 - Lille Institute of Biology, 1, Rue du Prof Calmette, B.P. 245, 59019, Lille Cedex, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - M Polak
- Inserm-U845, Research Center Growth and Signalling, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - R Scharfmann
- Inserm-U845, Research Center Growth and Signalling, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - P Czernichow
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - P Froguel
- Genomics and Metabolic Diseases, CNRS UMR8199 - Lille Institute of Biology, 1, Rue du Prof Calmette, B.P. 245, 59019, Lille Cedex, France.
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France.
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
The ATFa proteins, which are members of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors, have previously been shown to interact with the adenovirus E1a oncoprotein and to mediate its transcriptional activity; they heterodimerize with Jun, Fos or related transcription factors, possibly altering their DNA-binding specificity; they also stably bind JNK2, a stress-induced protein kinase. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel protein isolated in a yeast two-hybrid screen using the N-terminal half of ATFa as a bait. This 1306-residue protein (mAM, for mouse ATFa-associated Modulator) is rather acidic (pHi 4.5) and contains high proportions of Ser/Thr (21%) and Pro (11%) residues. It colocalizes and interacts with ATFa in mammalian cells, contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal and possesses an ATPase activity. Transfection experiments show that mAM is able to downregulate transcriptional activity, in an ATPase-independent manner. Our results indicate that mAM interacts with several components of the basal transcription machinery (TFIIE and TFIIH), including RNAPII itself. Together, these findings suggest that mAM may be involved in the fine-tuning of ATFa-regulated gene expression, by interfering with the assembly or stability of specific preinitiation transcription complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Graeve
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
The ATFa proteins, which are members of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors, display quite versatile properties. We have previously shown that they interact with the adenovirus E1a oncoprotein, mediating part of its transcriptional activity and heterodimerize with the Jun, Fos or related transcription factors, thereby modulating their DNA-binding specificity. In the present study, we report the sequence requirement of the N-terminal activation domain of ATFa and demonstrate the importance of specific threonine residues (Thr51 and Thr53) in addition to that of the metal-binding domain, in transcriptional activation processes. We also show that the N-terminal domain of ATFa which stably binds the Jun N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2) (Bocco et al., 1996), is not a substrate for this kinase in vivo but, instead, serves as a JNK2-docking site for ATFa-associated partners like JunD, allowing them to be phosphorylated by the bound kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Graeve
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM/CNRS/ULP, Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
STAT transcription factors are induced by a number of growth factors and cytokines. Within minutes of induction, the STAT proteins are phosphorylated on tyrosine and serine residues and translocated to the nucleus, where they bind to their DNA targets. The leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) mediates pleiotropic and sometimes opposite effects both in vivo and in cultured cells. It is known, for example, to prevent differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro. To get insights into LIF-regulated signaling in ES cells, we have analyzed protein-binding and transcriptional properties of STAT recognition sites in ES cells cultivated in the presence and in the absence of LIF. We have detected a specific LIF-regulated DNA-binding activity implicating the STAT3 protein. We show that STAT3 phosphorylation is essential for this LIF-dependent DNA-binding activity. The possibility that ERK2 or a closely related protein kinase, whose activity is modulated in a LIF-dependent manner, contributes to this phosphorylation is discussed. Finally, we show that the multimerized STAT3-binding DNA element confers LIF responsiveness to a minimal thymidine kinase promoter. This, together with our observation that overexpression of STAT3 dominant-negative mutants abrogates this LIF responsiveness, clearly indicates that STAT3 is involved in LIF-regulated transcriptional events in ES cells. Finally, stable expression of such a dominant negative mutant of STAT3 induces morphological differentiation of ES cells despite continuous LIF supply. Our results suggest that STAT3 is a critical target of the LIF signaling pathway, which maintains pluripotent cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boeuf
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale/Université Louis Pasteur), F-67404 ILLKIRCH Cedex C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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