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Freire-Moschovitis FA, Rizzato R, Pershin A, Schepp MR, Allert RD, Todenhagen LM, Brandt MS, Gali A, Bucher DB. The Role of Electrolytes in the Relaxation of Near-Surface Spin Defects in Diamond. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37212793 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing with spin defects in diamond, such as the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, enables the detection of various chemical species on the nanoscale. Molecules or ions with unpaired electronic spins are typically probed by their influence on the NV center's spin relaxation. Whereas it is well-known that paramagnetic ions reduce the NV center's relaxation time (T1), here we report on the opposite effect for diamagnetic ions. We demonstrate that millimolar concentrations of aqueous diamagnetic electrolyte solutions increase the T1 time of near-surface NV center ensembles compared to pure water. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of this surprising effect, single and double quantum NV experiments are performed, which indicate a reduction of magnetic and electric noise in the presence of diamagnetic electrolytes. In combination with ab initio simulations, we propose that a change in the interfacial band bending due to the formation of an electric double layer leads to a stabilization of fluctuating charges at the interface of an oxidized diamond. This work not only helps to understand noise sources in quantum systems but could also broaden the application space of quantum sensors toward electrolyte sensing in cell biology, neuroscience, and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Freire-Moschovitis
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Roberto Rizzato
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Anton Pershin
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
| | - Moritz R Schepp
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Robin D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Lina M Todenhagen
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Walter Schottky Institut, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin S Brandt
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Walter Schottky Institut, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Adam Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
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Allert RD, Bruckmaier F, Neuling NR, Freire-Moschovitis FA, Liu KS, Schrepel C, Schätzle P, Knittel P, Hermans M, Bucher DB. Microfluidic quantum sensing platform for lab-on-a-chip applications. Lab Chip 2022; 22:4831-4840. [PMID: 36398977 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications have emerged as invaluable physical and life sciences tools. The advantages stem from advanced system miniaturization, thus, requiring far less sample volume while allowing for complex functionality, increased reproducibility, and high throughput. However, LOC applications necessitate extensive sensor miniaturization to leverage these inherent advantages fully. Atom-sized quantum sensors are highly promising to bridge this gap and have enabled measurements of temperature, electric and magnetic fields on the nano- to microscale. Nevertheless, the technical complexity of both disciplines has so far impeded an uncompromising combination of LOC systems and quantum sensors. Here, we present a fully integrated microfluidic platform for solid-state spin quantum sensors, like the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Our platform fulfills all technical requirements, such as fast spin manipulation, enabling full quantum sensing capabilities, biocompatibility, and easy adaptability to arbitrary channel and chip geometries. To illustrate the vast potential of quantum sensors in LOC systems, we demonstrate various NV center-based sensing modalities for chemical analysis in our microfluidic platform, ranging from paramagnetic ion detection to high-resolution microscale NV-NMR. Consequently, our work opens the door for novel chemical analysis capabilities within LOC devices with applications in electrochemistry, high-throughput reaction screening, bioanalytics, organ-on-a-chip, or single-cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - F Bruckmaier
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - N R Neuling
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - F A Freire-Moschovitis
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - K S Liu
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - C Schrepel
- LightFab GmbH, Talbotstr. 25, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Schätzle
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Str. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Knittel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastr. 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Hermans
- LightFab GmbH, Talbotstr. 25, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - D B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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