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Sarkar S, Xu Y, Mathew S, Lal M, Chung JY, Lee HY, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Venkatesan T, Gradečak S. Identifying Luminescent Boron Vacancies in h-BN Generated Using Controlled He + Ion Irradiation. Nano Lett 2024; 24:43-50. [PMID: 37930062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The defect emission from h-BN at 1.55 eV is interesting as it enables optical readout of spins. It is necessary to identify the nature of the relevant point defects for its controlled introduction. However, it is challenging to engineer point defects in h-BN without changing the local atomic structure. Here, we controllably introduce boron vacancies in h-BN using an ultrahigh spatial resolution and low-energy He+ ion beam. By optimizing the He+ ion irradiation conditions, we control the quantity and location of defects spatially and along the depth of h-BN to achieve a robust photoluminescence emission at 1.55 eV from 10 K to room temperature. We show that as-generated defects activate an additional Raman mode at 1295 cm-1. Electron energy loss spectroscopy confirms introduction of boron vacancies without modification of the local h-BN crystal structure. Our results provide a deterministic strategy to create scalable boron vacancy emitters in h-BN for quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sarkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Sinu Mathew
- Department of Physics, S.B. College, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686101, India
| | - Manohar Lal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jing-Yang Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Applied Materials - NUS Advanced Materials Corporate Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Hae Yeon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Thirumalai Venkatesan
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology (CQRT), and Center of Optimal Materials for Emerging Technologies (COMET), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Silvija Gradečak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Applied Materials - NUS Advanced Materials Corporate Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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2
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Wang G, Li C, Tang H, Li B, Madonini F, Alsallom FF, Calvin Sun WK, Peng P, Villa F, Li J, Cappellaro P. Manipulating solid-state spin concentration through charge transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305621120. [PMID: 37527342 PMCID: PMC10410760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305621120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state defects are attractive platforms for quantum sensing and simulation, e.g., in exploring many-body physics and quantum hydrodynamics. However, many interesting properties can be revealed only upon changes in the density of defects, which instead is usually fixed in material systems. Increasing the interaction strength by creating denser defect ensembles also brings more decoherence. Ideally one would like to control the spin concentration at will while keeping fixed decoherence effects. Here, we show that by exploiting charge transport, we can take some steps in this direction, while at the same time characterizing charge transport and its capture by defects. By exploiting the cycling process of ionization and recombination of NV centers in diamond, we pump electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. These charges are then transported to modulate the spin concentration by changing the charge state of material defects. By developing a wide-field imaging setup integrated with a fast single photon detector array, we achieve a direct and efficient characterization of the charge redistribution process by measuring the complete spectrum of the spin bath with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. We demonstrate a two-fold concentration increase of the dominant spin defects while keeping the T2 of the NV center relatively unchanged, which also provides a potential experimental demonstration of the suppression of spin flip-flops via hyperfine interactions. Our work paves the way to studying many-body dynamics with temporally and spatially tunable interaction strengths in hybrid charge-spin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Changhao Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Boning Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Francesca Madonini
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Faisal F. Alsallom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Won Kyu Calvin Sun
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Pai Peng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Federica Villa
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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3
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Gale A, Scognamiglio D, Zhigulin I, Whitefield B, Kianinia M, Aharonovich I, Toth M. Manipulating the Charge State of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37363816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged boron vacancies (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have recently gained interest as spin defects for quantum information processing and quantum sensing by a layered material. However, the boron vacancy can exist in a number of charge states in the hBN lattice, but only the -1 state has spin-dependent photoluminescence and acts as a spin-photon interface. Here, we investigate the charge state switching of VB defects under laser and electron beam excitation. We demonstrate deterministic, reversible switching between the -1 and 0 states (VB- ⇌ VB0 + e-), occurring at rates controlled by excess electrons or holes injected into hBN by a layered heterostructure device. Our work provides a means to monitor and manipulate the VB charge state, and to stabilize the -1 state which is a prerequisite for spin manipulation and optical readout of the defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Gale
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dominic Scognamiglio
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ivan Zhigulin
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin Whitefield
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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4
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Freire-Moschovitis FA, Rizzato R, Pershin A, Schepp MR, Allert RD, Todenhagen LM, Brandt MS, Gali A, Bucher DB. The Role of Electrolytes in the Relaxation of Near-Surface Spin Defects in Diamond. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37212793 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing with spin defects in diamond, such as the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, enables the detection of various chemical species on the nanoscale. Molecules or ions with unpaired electronic spins are typically probed by their influence on the NV center's spin relaxation. Whereas it is well-known that paramagnetic ions reduce the NV center's relaxation time (T1), here we report on the opposite effect for diamagnetic ions. We demonstrate that millimolar concentrations of aqueous diamagnetic electrolyte solutions increase the T1 time of near-surface NV center ensembles compared to pure water. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of this surprising effect, single and double quantum NV experiments are performed, which indicate a reduction of magnetic and electric noise in the presence of diamagnetic electrolytes. In combination with ab initio simulations, we propose that a change in the interfacial band bending due to the formation of an electric double layer leads to a stabilization of fluctuating charges at the interface of an oxidized diamond. This work not only helps to understand noise sources in quantum systems but could also broaden the application space of quantum sensors toward electrolyte sensing in cell biology, neuroscience, and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Freire-Moschovitis
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Roberto Rizzato
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Anton Pershin
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
| | - Moritz R Schepp
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Robin D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Lina M Todenhagen
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Walter Schottky Institut, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin S Brandt
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Walter Schottky Institut, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Adam Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
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5
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Xu X, Solanki AB, Sychev D, Gao X, Peana S, Baburin AS, Pagadala K, Martin ZO, Chowdhury SN, Chen YP, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Rodionov IA, Kildishev AV, Li T, Upadhyaya P, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Greatly Enhanced Emission from Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Enabled by a Low-Loss Plasmonic Nanocavity. Nano Lett 2023; 23:25-33. [PMID: 36383034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) defect in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with optically addressable spin states has emerged due to its potential use in quantum sensing. Remarkably, VB- preserves its spin coherence when it is implanted at nanometer-scale distances from the hBN surface, potentially enabling ultrathin quantum sensors. However, its low quantum efficiency hinders its practical applications. Studies have reported improving the overall quantum efficiency of VB- defects with plasmonics; however, the overall enhancements of up to 17 times reported to date are relatively modest. Here, we demonstrate much higher emission enhancements of VB- with low-loss nanopatch antennas (NPAs). An overall intensity enhancement of up to 250 times is observed, corresponding to an actual emission enhancement of ∼1685 times by the NPA, along with preserved optically detected magnetic resonance contrast. Our results establish NPA-coupled VB- defects as high-resolution magnetic field sensors and provide a promising approach to obtaining single VB- defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Abhishek B Solanki
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Demid Sychev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Samuel Peana
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Aleksandr S Baburin
- FMN Laboratory, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow105005, Russia
- Dukhov Automatics Research Institute (VNIIA), Moscow127055, Russia
| | - Karthik Pagadala
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Zachariah O Martin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Sarah N Chowdhury
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Yong P Chen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy and Villum Center for Hybrid Quantum Materials and Devices, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus-C, Denmark
- WPI-AIMR International Research Center for Materials Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - Ilya A Rodionov
- FMN Laboratory, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow105005, Russia
- Dukhov Automatics Research Institute (VNIIA), Moscow127055, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Tongcang Li
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Pramey Upadhyaya
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
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6
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Curie D, Krogel JT, Cavar L, Solanki A, Upadhyaya P, Li T, Pai YY, Chilcote M, Iyer V, Puretzky A, Ivanov I, Du MH, Reboredo F, Lawrie B. Correlative Nanoscale Imaging of Strained hBN Spin Defects. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41361-41368. [PMID: 36048915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spin defects like the negatively charged boron vacancy color center (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) may enable new forms of quantum sensing with near-surface defects in layered van der Waals heterostructures. Here, the effect of strain on VB- color centers in hBN is revealed with correlative cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence microscopies. Strong localized enhancement and redshifting of the VB- luminescence is observed at creases, consistent with density functional theory calculations showing VB- migration toward regions with moderate uniaxial compressive strain. The ability to manipulate spin defects with highly localized strain is critical to the development of practical 2D quantum devices and quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Curie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jaron T Krogel
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Lukas Cavar
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Abhishek Solanki
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Pramey Upadhyaya
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tongcang Li
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yun-Yi Pai
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Quantum Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michael Chilcote
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Quantum Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vasudevan Iyer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Alexander Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ilia Ivanov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mao-Hua Du
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Fernando Reboredo
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Lawrie
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Quantum Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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7
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Mendelson N, Ritika R, Kianinia M, Scott J, Kim S, Fröch JE, Gazzana C, Westerhausen M, Xiao L, Mohajerani SS, Strauf S, Toth M, Aharonovich I, Xu ZQ. Coupling Spin Defects in a Layered Material to Nanoscale Plasmonic Cavities. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2106046. [PMID: 34601757 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride, and specifically the negatively charged boron vacancy (VB - ) centers, are emerging candidates for quantum sensing. However, the VB - defects suffer from low quantum efficiency and, as a result, exhibit weak photoluminescence. In this work, a scalable approach is demonstrated to dramatically enhance the VB - emission by coupling to a plasmonic gap cavity. The plasmonic cavity is composed of a flat gold surface and a silver cube, with few-layer hBN flakes positioned in between. Employing these plasmonic cavities, two orders of magnitude are extracted in photoluminescence enhancement associated with a corresponding twofold enhancement in optically detected magnetic resonance contrast. The work will be pivotal to progress in quantum sensing employing 2D materials, and in realization of nanophotonic devices with spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Ritika Ritika
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - John Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Camilla Gazzana
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mika Westerhausen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Licheng Xiao
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Seyed Sepehr Mohajerani
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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8
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Bhang J, Ma H, Yim D, Galli G, Seo H. First-Principles Predictions of Out-of-Plane Group IV and V Dimers as High-Symmetry, High- Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:45768-45777. [PMID: 34541839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been recently found to host a variety of quantum point defects, which are promising candidates as single-photon sources for solid-state quantum nanophotonic applications. Most recently, optically addressable spin qubits in h-BN have been the focus of intensive research due to their unique potential in quantum computation, communication, and sensing. However, the number of high-symmetry, high-spin defects that are desirable for developing spin qubits in h-BN is highly limited. Here, we combine density functional theory (DFT) and quantum embedding theories to show that out-of-plane XNYi dimer defects (X, Y = C, N, P, and Si) form a new class of stable C3v spin-triplet defects in h-BN. We find that the dimer defects have a robust 3A2 ground state and 3E excited state, both of which are isolated from the h-BN bulk states. We show that 1E and 1A shelving states exist and they are positioned between the 3E and 3A2 states for all the dimer defects considered in this study. To support future experimental identification of the XNYi dimer defects, we provide extensive characterization of the defects in terms of their spin and optical properties. We predict that the zero-phonon line of the spin-triplet XNYi defects lies in the visible range (800 nm to 500 nm). We compute the zero-field splitting of the dimers' spin to range from 1.79 GHz (SiNPi0) to 29.5 GHz (CNNi0). Our results broaden the scope of high-spin defect candidates that would be useful for the development of spin-based solid-state quantum technologies in two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyong Bhang
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Korea
| | - He Ma
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Donggyu Yim
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Korea
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hosung Seo
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Korea
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Gao X, Jiang B, Llacsahuanga Allcca AE, Shen K, Sadi MA, Solanki AB, Ju P, Xu Z, Upadhyaya P, Chen YP, Bhave SA, Li T. High-Contrast Plasmonic-Enhanced Shallow Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Quantum Sensing. Nano Lett 2021; 21:7708-7714. [PMID: 34473524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a layered van der Waals material, have great potential in quantum sensing. However, the photoluminescence and the contrast of the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of hBN spin defects are relatively low so far, which limits their sensitivity. Here we report a record-high ODMR contrast of 46% at room temperature and simultaneous enhancement of the photoluminescence of hBN spin defects by up to 17-fold by the surface plasmon of a gold film microwave waveguide. Our results are obtained with shallow boron vacancy spin defects in hBN nanosheets created by low-energy He+ ion implantation and a gold film microwave waveguide fabricated by photolithography. We also explore the effects of microwave and laser powers on the ODMR and improve the sensitivity of hBN spin defects for magnetic field detection. Our results support the promising potential of hBN spin defects for nanoscale quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Boyang Jiang
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Kunhong Shen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mohammad A Sadi
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Abhishek B Solanki
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Pramey Upadhyaya
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yong P Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sunil A Bhave
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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