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Qian C, Jiang Y, Jin J, Christensen T, Soljačić M, Kildishev AV, Zhen B. Topological electromagnetic waves in dispersive and lossy plasma crystals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20445. [PMID: 37993725 PMCID: PMC10665461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Topological photonic crystals, which offer topologically protected and back-scattering-immune transport channels, have recently gained significant attention for both scientific and practical reasons. Although most current studies focus on dielectric materials with weak dispersions, this study focuses on topological phases in dispersive materials and presents a numerical study of Chern insulators in gaseous-phase plasma cylinder cells. We develop a numerical framework to address the complex material dispersion arising from the plasma medium and external magnetic fields and identify Chern insulator phases that are experimentally achievable. Using this numerical tool, we also explain the flat bands commonly observed in periodic plasmonic structures, via local resonances, and how edge states change as the edge termination is periodically modified. This work opens up opportunities for exploring band topology in new materials with non-trivial dispersions and has potential radio frequency (RF) applications, ranging from plasma-based lighting to plasma propulsion engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Jicheng Jin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Christensen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Marin Soljačić
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Bo Zhen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
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2
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Kudyshev ZA, Sychev D, Martin Z, Yesilyurt O, Bogdanov SI, Xu X, Chen PG, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Author Correction: Machine learning assisted quantum super-resolution microscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6861. [PMID: 37891190 PMCID: PMC10611783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaxylyk A Kudyshev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Demid Sychev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Zachariah Martin
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Omer Yesilyurt
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Simeon I Bogdanov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Nick Holonyak, Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Pei-Gang Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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3
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Saha S, Diroll BT, Ozlu MG, Chowdhury SN, Peana S, Kudyshev Z, Schaller RD, Jacob Z, Shalaev VM, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A. Engineering the temporal dynamics of all-optical switching with fast and slow materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5877. [PMID: 37735167 PMCID: PMC10514334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
All-optical switches control the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light using optical control pulses. They can operate at ultrafast timescales - essential for technology-driven applications like optical computing, and fundamental studies like time-reflection. Conventional all-optical switches have a fixed switching time, but this work demonstrates that the response-time can be controlled by selectively controlling the light-matter-interaction in so-called fast and slow materials. The bi-material switch has a nanosecond response when the probe interacts strongly with titanium nitride near its epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) wavelength. The response-time speeds up over two orders of magnitude with increasing probe-wavelength, as light's interaction with the faster Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) increases, eventually reaching the picosecond-scale near AZO's ENZ-regime. This scheme provides several additional degrees of freedom for switching time control, such as probe-polarization and incident angle, and the pump-wavelength. This approach could lead to new functionalities within key applications in multiband transmission, optical computing, and nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Saha
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Mustafa Goksu Ozlu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarah N Chowdhury
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Samuel Peana
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhaxylyk Kudyshev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Zubin Jacob
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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4
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Kudyshev ZA, Sychev D, Martin Z, Yesilyurt O, Bogdanov SI, Xu X, Chen PG, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Machine learning assisted quantum super-resolution microscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4828. [PMID: 37563106 PMCID: PMC10415374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main characteristics of optical imaging systems is spatial resolution, which is restricted by the diffraction limit to approximately half the wavelength of the incident light. Along with the recently developed classical super-resolution techniques, which aim at breaking the diffraction limit in classical systems, there is a class of quantum super-resolution techniques which leverage the non-classical nature of the optical signals radiated by quantum emitters, the so-called antibunching super-resolution microscopy. This approach can ensure a factor of [Formula: see text] improvement in the spatial resolution by measuring the n -th order autocorrelation function. The main bottleneck of the antibunching super-resolution microscopy is the time-consuming acquisition of multi-photon event histograms. We present a machine learning-assisted approach for the realization of rapid antibunching super-resolution imaging and demonstrate 12 times speed-up compared to conventional, fitting-based autocorrelation measurements. The developed framework paves the way to the practical realization of scalable quantum super-resolution imaging devices that can be compatible with various types of quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaxylyk A Kudyshev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Demid Sychev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Zachariah Martin
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Omer Yesilyurt
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Simeon I Bogdanov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Nick Holonyak, Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Pei-Gang Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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5
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Xu X, Solanki AB, Sychev D, Gao X, Peana S, Baburin AS, Pagadala K, Martin ZO, Chowdhury SN, Chen YP, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Rodionov IA, Kildishev AV, Li T, Upadhyaya P, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Greatly Enhanced Emission from Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Enabled by a Low-Loss Plasmonic Nanocavity. Nano Lett 2023; 23:25-33. [PMID: 36383034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) defect in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with optically addressable spin states has emerged due to its potential use in quantum sensing. Remarkably, VB- preserves its spin coherence when it is implanted at nanometer-scale distances from the hBN surface, potentially enabling ultrathin quantum sensors. However, its low quantum efficiency hinders its practical applications. Studies have reported improving the overall quantum efficiency of VB- defects with plasmonics; however, the overall enhancements of up to 17 times reported to date are relatively modest. Here, we demonstrate much higher emission enhancements of VB- with low-loss nanopatch antennas (NPAs). An overall intensity enhancement of up to 250 times is observed, corresponding to an actual emission enhancement of ∼1685 times by the NPA, along with preserved optically detected magnetic resonance contrast. Our results establish NPA-coupled VB- defects as high-resolution magnetic field sensors and provide a promising approach to obtaining single VB- defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Abhishek B Solanki
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Demid Sychev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Samuel Peana
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Aleksandr S Baburin
- FMN Laboratory, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow105005, Russia
- Dukhov Automatics Research Institute (VNIIA), Moscow127055, Russia
| | - Karthik Pagadala
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Zachariah O Martin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Sarah N Chowdhury
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Yong P Chen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy and Villum Center for Hybrid Quantum Materials and Devices, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus-C, Denmark
- WPI-AIMR International Research Center for Materials Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - Ilya A Rodionov
- FMN Laboratory, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow105005, Russia
- Dukhov Automatics Research Institute (VNIIA), Moscow127055, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Tongcang Li
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Pramey Upadhyaya
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
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6
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Wang D, Allcca AEL, Chung TF, Kildishev AV, Chen YP, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Enhancing the graphene photocurrent using surface plasmons and a p-n junction. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:126. [PMID: 32704359 PMCID: PMC7371713 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The recently proposed concept of graphene photodetectors offers remarkable properties such as unprecedented compactness, ultrabroadband detection, and an ultrafast response speed. However, owing to the low optical absorption of pristine monolayer graphene, the intrinsically low responsivity of graphene photodetectors significantly hinders the development of practical devices. To address this issue, numerous efforts have thus far been made to enhance the light-graphene interaction using plasmonic structures. These approaches, however, can be significantly advanced by leveraging the other critical aspect of graphene photoresponsivity enhancement-electrical junction control. It has been reported that the dominant photocarrier generation mechanism in graphene is the photothermoelectric (PTE) effect. Thus, the two energy conversion mechanisms involved in the graphene photodetection process are light-to-heat and heat-to-electricity conversions. In this work, we propose a meticulously designed device architecture to simultaneously enhance the two conversion efficiencies. Specifically, a gap plasmon structure is used to absorb a major portion of the incident light to induce localized heating, and a pair of split gates is used to produce a p-n junction in graphene to augment the PTE current generation. The gap plasmon structure and the split gates are designed to share common key components so that the proposed device architecture concurrently realizes both optical and electrical enhancements. We experimentally demonstrate the dominance of the PTE effect in graphene photocurrent generation and observe a 25-fold increase in the generated photocurrent compared to the un-enhanced cases. While further photocurrent enhancement can be achieved by applying a DC bias, the proposed device concept shows vast potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
| | - Andres E. Llacsahuanga Allcca
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
| | - Ting-Fung Chung
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
| | - Alexander V. Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
| | - Yong P. Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
| | - Vladimir M. Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, 47907 USA
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7
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Azzam SI, Kildishev AV, Ma RM, Ning CZ, Oulton R, Shalaev VM, Stockman MI, Xu JL, Zhang X. Ten years of spasers and plasmonic nanolasers. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:90. [PMID: 32509297 PMCID: PMC7248101 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago, three teams experimentally demonstrated the first spasers, or plasmonic nanolasers, after the spaser concept was first proposed theoretically in 2003. An overview of the significant progress achieved over the last 10 years is presented here, together with the original context of and motivations for this research. After a general introduction, we first summarize the fundamental properties of spasers and discuss the major motivations that led to the first demonstrations of spasers and nanolasers. This is followed by an overview of crucial technological progress, including lasing threshold reduction, dynamic modulation, room-temperature operation, electrical injection, the control and improvement of spasers, the array operation of spasers, and selected applications of single-particle spasers. Research prospects are presented in relation to several directions of development, including further miniaturization, the relationship with Bose-Einstein condensation, novel spaser-based interconnects, and other features of spasers and plasmonic lasers that have yet to be realized or challenges that are still to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa I. Azzam
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Alexander V. Kildishev
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Ren-Min Ma
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - Cun-Zheng Ning
- Department of Electronic Engineering and International Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Rupert Oulton
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Vladimir M. Shalaev
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Mark I. Stockman
- Center for Nano-Optics (CeNO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Jia-Lu Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering and International Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Faculties of Sciences and Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Jiang H, Reddy H, Shah D, Kudyshev ZA, Choudhury S, Wang D, Jiang Y, Kildishev AV. Modulating phase by metasurfaces with gated ultra-thin TiN films. Nanoscale 2019; 11:11167-11172. [PMID: 31149696 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00205g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Active control over the flow of light is highly desirable because of its applicability to information processing, telecommunication, and spectroscopic imaging. In this paper, by employing the tunability of carrier density in a 1 nm titanium nitride (TiN) film, we numerically demonstrate deep phase modulation (PM) in an electrically tunable gold strip/TiN film hybrid metasurface. A 337° PM is achieved at 1.550 μm with a 3% carrier density change in the TiN film. We also demonstrate that a continuous 180° PM can be realized at 1.537 μm by applying a realistic experiment-based gate voltage bias and continuously changing the carrier density in the TiN film. The proposed design of active metasurfaces capable of deep PM near the wavelength of 1.550 μm has considerable potential in active beam steering, dynamic hologram generation, and flat photonic devices with reconfigurable functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Jiang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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9
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Wang D, Koh YR, Kudyshev ZA, Maize K, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM, Shakouri A. Spatial and Temporal Nanoscale Plasmonic Heating Quantified by Thermoreflectance. Nano Lett 2019; 19:3796-3803. [PMID: 31067061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The field of thermoplasmonics has thrived in the past decades because it uniquely provides remotely controllable nanometer-scale heat sources that have augmented numerous technologies. Despite the extensive studies on steady-state plasmonic heating, the dynamic behavior of the plasmonic heaters in the nanosecond regime has remained largely unexplored, yet such a time scale is indeed essential for a broad range of applications such as photocatalysis, optical modulators, and detectors. Here, we use two distinct techniques based on the temperature-dependent surface reflectivity of materials, optical thermoreflectance imaging (OTI) and time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR), to comprehensively investigate plasmonic heating in both spatial and temporal domains. Specifically, OTI enables the rapid visualization of plasmonic heating with sub-micron resolution, outperforming a standard thermal camera, and allows us to establish the connection between the optical absorptance and heating efficiency as well as to analyze plasmonic heating dynamics on the millisecond scale. Using the TDTR technique, we, for the first time, study the optical resonance-dependent heat-transfer dynamics of a nanometer-scale plasmonic structure in the nanosecond regime and use a detailed computational model to extract the impulse response and thermal interface conductance of a multilayer plasmonic structure. The study reveals a quantitative relationship between the dimensions of the nanopatterned structure and its spatiotemporal thermal response to the light pulse excitation, a thermoplasmonic effect resulting from the spatial distribution of the absorbed electromagnetic energy. We also conclude that the two thermoreflectance techniques provide necessary feedback to nanoscale thermoplasmonic heat management, for which optimization in either heating power or temperature decay speed is needed.
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10
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Murai S, Oka S, Azzam SI, Kildishev AV, Ishii S, Tanaka K. Enhanced absorption and photoluminescence from dye-containing thin polymer film on plasmonic array. Opt Express 2019; 27:5083-5096. [PMID: 30876112 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.005083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thin films containing light emitters act as light-to-light converters that absorb the incident light and emit luminescence. This well-known phenomenon is photoluminescence (PL). When a photoluminescent film is notably thinner than the absorption length of emitters, it exhibits weak absorption of incident light. The absorption can be increased by depositing the thin film on a plasmonic array of metallic nanocylinders arranged with a specific periodicity. The array couples the incident light into the thin film, facilitating the plasmon-enhanced absorption by the emitters in the film. In this study, we demonstrate both experimentally and numerically the plasmon-enhanced absorption of a rhodamine 6G-containing film that is thinner than its absorption length using a periodic array of Al nanocylinders. The experimental results demonstrate that the spectrally integrated PL intensity is increased up to 3.78 times. In addition to enhanced absorption, the array is also found to diffract the PL into a direction determined by the periodicity, thereby facilitating the multiplied enhancement of PL. The combination of the two factors yields a PL intensity enhanced up to 10 times at a specific angle and wavelength. Numerical simulations combining the carrier kinetics with full-wave electromagnetics in the time-domain support the experimental observations.
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11
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Azzam SI, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A, Kildishev AV. Formation of Bound States in the Continuum in Hybrid Plasmonic-Photonic Systems. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:253901. [PMID: 30608828 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.253901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A bound state in the continuum (BIC) is a localized state of an open structure with access to radiation channels, yet it remains highly confined with, in theory, an infinite lifetime and quality factor. There have been many realizations of such exceptional states in dielectric systems without loss. However, realizing BICs in lossy systems such as those in plasmonics remains a challenge. In this Letter, we explore the possibility of realizing BICs in a hybrid plasmonic-photonic structure consisting of a plasmonic grating coupled to a dielectric optical waveguide with diverging radiative quality factors. The plasmonic-photonic system supports two distinct groups of BICs: symmetry-protected BICs at the Γ point and off-Γ Friedrich-Wintgen BICs. The photonic waveguide modes are strongly coupled to the gap plasmons in the grating, leading to an avoided crossing behavior with a high value of Rabi splitting of 150 meV. Moreover, we show that the strong coupling significantly alters the band diagram of the hybrid system, revealing opportunities for supporting stopped light at an off-Γ wide angular span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa I Azzam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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12
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Ren Q, Bao H, Campbell SD, Prokopeva LJ, Kildishev AV, Werner DH. Continuous-discontinuous Galerkin time domain (CDGTD) method with generalized dispersive material (GDM) model for computational photonics. Opt Express 2018; 26:29005-29016. [PMID: 30470069 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The discontinuous Galerkin time domain (DGTD) method and its recent flavor, the continuous-discontinuous Galerkin time domain (CDGTD) method, have been extensively applied to simulations in the radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) regimes due to their inherent ability to efficiently model multiscale problems. We propose to extend the CDGTD method to nanophotonics while exploiting its advantages which have already been established in the RF and MW regimes, such as domain decomposition, non-conformal meshing, high-order elements, and hp-refinement. However, at optical frequencies many materials are highly dispersive, so the modeling of nanophotonic devices requires accurate handling of different dielectric functions, including those of plasmonic elements, dielectrics, and tunable materials. In this paper, we propose a CDGTD method that incorporates a generalized dispersive material (GDM) model which is an efficient way to implement a wide range of optical dispersion models with a universal analytic function. Physics-based dispersion models, such as the Drude, Debye, Lorentz, and critical points as well as more complicated behavior founded on ab-initio principles can all be obtained as special cases of the universal GDM approach. The accuracy and convergence of this GDM-incorporated CDGTD are verified by numerical examples. The CDGTD method, equipped with the GDM model, paves the way to the efficient design and optimization of large scale photonic devices with a diverse range of optical dispersive materials.
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13
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Sabra W, Azzam SI, Song M, Povolotskyi M, Aly AH, Kildishev AV. Plasmonic metasurfaces for subtractive color filtering: optimized nonlinear regression models. Opt Lett 2018; 43:4815-4818. [PMID: 30272747 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We develop and explore a nonlinear regression modeling approach to designing subtractive color filters (SCFs) based on plasmonic metasurfaces. The approach opens up the possibility of rapidly choosing a desired optimized SCF design with high color saturation and brightness using an analytical expression. In this Letter, colors are produced by absorbing the light of specific wavelengths and reflecting the remaining spectrum with silver gap-plasmon nanoantennas deposited on a silver film. First, we design three different SCFs-yellow, magenta, and cyan. Then, by adjusting the design parameters of the nanoantennas, we optimize their high absorption resonance peaks (reflections dips), which are tunable over the visible spectrum. Finally, by using nonlinear regression analysis, we fit our results to a cubic regression model. Accordingly, a SCF for a color of choice can be designed in a straightforward way. This is a promising technique that provides a methodology to design preoptimized filters for practical applications such as color printing, high-resolution chromatic displays, and multi-spectral imaging.
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14
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Gao Y, Huang C, Hao C, Sun S, Zhang L, Zhang C, Duan Z, Wang K, Jin Z, Zhang N, Kildishev AV, Qiu CW, Song Q, Xiao S. Lead Halide Perovskite Nanostructures for Dynamic Color Display. ACS Nano 2018; 12:8847-8854. [PMID: 30112908 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoprint-based color display using either extrinsic structural colors or intrinsic emission colors is a rapidly emerging research field for high-density information storage. Nevertheless, advanced applications, e. g., dynamic full-color display and secure information encryption, call for demanding requirements on in situ color change, nonvacuum operation, prompt response, and favorable reusability. By transplanting the concept of electrical/chemical doping in the semiconductor industry, we demonstrate an in situ reversible color nanoprinting paradigm via photon doping, triggered by the interplay of structural colors and photon emission of lead halide perovskite gratings. It solves the aforementioned challenges at one go. By controlling the pumping light, the synergy between interlaced mechanisms enables color tuning over a large range with a transition time on the nanosecond scale in a nonvacuum environment. Our design presents a promising realization of in situ dynamic color nanoprinting and will empower the advances in structural color and classified nanoprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Can Huang
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Chenglong Hao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583 , Singapore
| | - Shang Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583 , Singapore
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zonghui Duan
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Kaiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhongwei Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583 , Singapore
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583 , Singapore
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Qinghai Song
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System , Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
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15
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Kristanz G, Arnold N, Kildishev AV, Klar TA. Power Balance and Temperature in Optically Pumped Spasers and Nanolasers. ACS Photonics 2018; 5:3695-3703. [PMID: 30271813 PMCID: PMC6156092 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spasers and nanolasers produce a significant amount of heat, which impedes their realizability. We numerically investigate the farfield emission and thermal load in optically pumped spasers with a coupled electromagnetic/thermal model, including additional temperature discontinuities due to interfacial Kapitza resistance. This approach allows to explore multiple combinations of constitutive materials suitable for robust manufacturable spasers. Three main channels of heat generation are quantified: metal absorption at pumping and spasing wavelengths and nonradiative relaxations in the gain material. Out-radiated power becomes comparable with absorption for spasers of realistic dimensions. Two optimized spaser configurations emitting light near 520 nm are compared in detail: a prolate metal-core/gain-shell and an oblate gain-core/metal-shell. The metal-shell design, which with the increasing size transforms into a metal-clad nanolaser, achieves an internal light-extraction efficiency of 22.4%, and stably operates up to several hundred picoseconds, an order of magnitude longer than the metal-core spaser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold
V. Kristanz
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Nikita Arnold
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
- Institute
of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Alexander V. Kildishev
- Birck
Nanotechnology Center, School of ECE, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, 1205 West State Street, Indiana 47907-2057, United States
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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16
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Bogdanov SI, Shalaginov MY, Lagutchev AS, Chiang CC, Shah D, Baburin AS, Ryzhikov IA, Rodionov IA, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Ultrabright Room-Temperature Sub-Nanosecond Emission from Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers Coupled to Nanopatch Antennas. Nano Lett 2018; 18:4837-4844. [PMID: 29969274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state quantum emitters are in high demand for emerging technologies such as advanced sensing and quantum information processing. Generally, these emitters are not sufficiently bright for practical applications, and a promising solution consists in coupling them to plasmonic nanostructures. Plasmonic nanostructures support broadband modes, making it possible to speed up the fluorescence emission in room-temperature emitters by several orders of magnitude. However, one has not yet achieved such a fluorescence lifetime shortening without a substantial loss in emission efficiency, largely because of strong absorption in metals and emitter bleaching. Here, we demonstrate ultrabright single-photon emission from photostable nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds coupled to plasmonic nanocavities made of low-loss single-crystalline silver. We observe a 70-fold difference between the average fluorescence lifetimes and a 90-fold increase in the average detected saturated intensity. The nanocavity-coupled NVs produce up to 35 million photon counts per second, several times more than the previously reported rates from room-temperature quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon I Bogdanov
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Quantum Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Mikhail Y Shalaginov
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Quantum Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Alexei S Lagutchev
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Quantum Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Chin-Cheng Chiang
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Quantum Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Deesha Shah
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Quantum Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Alexandr S Baburin
- FMNS REC , Bauman Moscow State Technical University , Moscow 105005 , Russia
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics , Moscow 127055 , Russia
| | - Ilya A Ryzhikov
- FMNS REC , Bauman Moscow State Technical University , Moscow 105005 , Russia
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS , Moscow 125412 , Russia
| | - Ilya A Rodionov
- FMNS REC , Bauman Moscow State Technical University , Moscow 105005 , Russia
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics , Moscow 127055 , Russia
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Quantum Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Quantum Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Quantum Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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17
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Ndukaife JC, Xuan Y, Nnanna AGA, Kildishev AV, Shalaev VM, Wereley ST, Boltasseva A. High-Resolution Large-Ensemble Nanoparticle Trapping with Multifunctional Thermoplasmonic Nanohole Metasurface. ACS Nano 2018; 12:5376-5384. [PMID: 29847087 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic loss in a plasmonic metasurface is usually considered to be detrimental for device applications. Using plasmonic loss to our advantage, we introduce a thermoplasmonic metasurface that enables high-throughput large-ensemble nanoparticle assembly in a lab-on-a-chip platform. In our work, an array of subwavelength nanoholes in a metal film is used as a plasmonic metasurface that supports the excitation of localized surface plasmon and Bloch surface plasmon polariton waves upon optical illumination and provides a platform for molding both optical and thermal landscapes to achieve a tunable many-particle assembling process. The demonstrated many-particle trapping occurs against gravity in an inverted configuration where the light beam first passes through the nanoparticle suspension before illuminating the thermoplasmonic metasurface, a feat previously thought to be impossible. We also report an extraordinarily enhanced electrothermoplasmonic flow in the region of the thermoplasmonic nanohole metasurface, with comparatively larger transport velocities in comparison to the unpatterned region. This thermoplasmonic metasurface could enable possibilities for myriad applications in molecular analysis, quantum photonics, and self-assembly and creates a versatile platform for exploring nonequilibrium physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus C Ndukaife
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Yi Xuan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | | | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Steven T Wereley
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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18
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Kim J, Carnemolla EG, DeVault C, Shaltout AM, Faccio D, Shalaev VM, Kildishev AV, Ferrera M, Boltasseva A. Dynamic Control of Nanocavities with Tunable Metal Oxides. Nano Lett 2018; 18:740-746. [PMID: 29283583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fabry-Pérot metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanocavities are widely used in nanophotonic applications due to their extraordinary electromagnetic properties and deeply subwavelength dimensions. However, the spectral response of nanocavities is usually controlled by the spatial separation between the two reflecting mirrors and the spacer's refractive index. Here, we demonstrate static and dynamic control of Fabry-Pérot nanocavities by inserting a plasmonic metasurface, as a passive element, and a gallium doped-zinc oxide (Ga:ZnO) layer as a dynamically tunable component within the nanocavities' spacer. Specifically, by changing the design of the silver (Ag) metasurface one can "statically" tailor the nanocavity response, tuning the resonance up to 200 nm. To achieve the dynamic tuning, we utilize the large nonlinear response of the Ga:ZnO layer near the epsilon near zero wavelength to enable effective subpicosecond (<400 fs) optical modulation (80%) at reasonably low pump fluence levels (9 mJ/cm2). We demonstrate a 15 nm red shift of a near-infrared Fabry-Pérot resonance (λ ≅ 1.16 μm) by using a degenerate pump probe technique. We also study the carrier dynamics of Ga:ZnO under intraband photoexcitation via the electronic band structure calculated from first-principles density functional method. This work provides a versatile approach to design metal nanocavities by utilizing both the phase variation with plasmonic metasurfaces and the strong nonlinear response of metal oxides. Tailorable and dynamically controlled nanocavities could pave the way to the development of the next generation of ultrafast nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbum Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Enrico G Carnemolla
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , SUPA, Edinburg, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Clayton DeVault
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47909, United States
| | - Amr M Shaltout
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daniele Faccio
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , SUPA, Edinburg, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Marcello Ferrera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , SUPA, Edinburg, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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19
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Makarova OA, Shalaginov MY, Bogdanov S, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Patterned multilayer metamaterial for fast and efficient photon collection from dipolar emitters. Opt Lett 2017; 42:3968-3971. [PMID: 28957174 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state quantum emitters are prime candidates for the realization of fast, on-demand single-photon sources. The improvement in photon emission rate and collection efficiency for point-like emitters can be achieved by using a near-field coupling to nanophotonic structures. Plasmonic metamaterials with hyperbolic dispersion have previously been demonstrated to significantly increase the fluorescence decay rates from dipolar emitters due to a large broadband density of plasmonic modes supported by such metamaterials. However, the emission coupled to the plasmonic modes must then be outcoupled into the far field before it succumbs to ohmic losses. We propose a nano-grooved hyperbolic metamaterial that improves the collection efficiency by several times compared to a conventional planar lamellar hyperbolic metamaterial. Our approach can be utilized to achieve broadband enhancement of emission for diverse types of quantum emitters.
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20
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Fang J, Wang D, DeVault CT, Chung TF, Chen YP, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM, Kildishev AV. Enhanced Graphene Photodetector with Fractal Metasurface. Nano Lett 2017; 17:57-62. [PMID: 27966986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been demonstrated to be a promising photodetection material because of its ultrabroadband optical absorption, compatibility with CMOS technology, and dynamic tunability in optical and electrical properties. However, being a single atomic layer thick, graphene has intrinsically small optical absorption, which hinders its incorporation with modern photodetecting systems. In this work, we propose a gold snowflake-like fractal metasurface design to realize broadband and polarization-insensitive plasmonic enhancement in graphene photodetector. We experimentally obtain an enhanced photovoltage from the fractal metasurface that is an order of magnitude greater than that generated at a plain gold-graphene edge and such an enhancement in the photovoltage sustains over the entire visible spectrum. We also observed a relatively constant photoresponse with respect to polarization angles of incident light, as a result of the combination of two orthogonally oriented concentric hexagonal fractal geometries in one metasurface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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21
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Kim J, Choudhury S, DeVault C, Zhao Y, Kildishev AV, Shalaev VM, Alù A, Boltasseva A. Controlling the Polarization State of Light with Plasmonic Metal Oxide Metasurface. ACS Nano 2016; 10:9326-9333. [PMID: 27704773 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional plasmonic materials, namely, noble metals, hamper the realization of practical plasmonic devices due to their intrinsic limitations, such as lack of capabilities to tune in real-time their optical properties, failure to assimilate with CMOS standards, and severe degradation at increased temperatures. Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) is a promising alternative plasmonic material throughout the near- and mid-infrared wavelengths. In addition to compatibility with established silicon-based fabrication procedures, TCOs provide great flexibility in the design and optimization of plasmonic devices because their intrinsic optical properties can be tailored and dynamically tuned. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate metal oxide metasurfaces operating as quarter-waveplates (QWPs) over a broad near-infrared (NIR) range from 1.75 to 2.5 μm. We employ zinc oxide highly doped with gallium (Ga:ZnO) as the plasmonic constituent material of the metasurfaces and fabricate arrays of orthogonal nanorod pairs. Our Ga:ZnO metasurfaces provide a high degree of circular polarization across a broad range of two distinct optical bands in the NIR. Flexible broad-band tunability of the QWP metasurfaces is achieved by the significant shifts of their optical bands and without any degradation in their performance after a post-annealing process up to 450 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Zhao
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 1 University Station C0803, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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22
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Ndukaife JC, Kildishev AV, Nnanna AGA, Shalaev VM, Wereley ST, Boltasseva A. Long-range and rapid transport of individual nano-objects by a hybrid electrothermoplasmonic nanotweezer. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:53-9. [PMID: 26524398 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-enhanced optical trapping is being actively studied to provide efficient manipulation of nanometre-sized objects. However, a long-standing issue with previously proposed solutions is how to controllably load the trap on-demand without relying on Brownian diffusion. Here, we show that the photo-induced heating of a nanoantenna in conjunction with an applied a.c. electric field can initiate rapid microscale fluid motion and particle transport with a velocity exceeding 10 μm s(-1), which is over two orders of magnitude faster than previously predicted. Our electrothermoplasmonic device enables on-demand long-range and rapid delivery of single nano-objects to specific plasmonic nanoantennas, where they can be trapped and even locked in place. We also present a physical model that elucidates the role of both heat-induced fluidic motion and plasmonic field enhancement in the plasmon-assisted optical trapping process. Finally, by applying a d.c. field or low-frequency a.c. field (below 10 Hz) while the particle is held in the trap by the gradient force, the trapped nano-objects can be immobilized into plasmonic hotspots, thereby providing the potential for effective low-power nanomanufacturing on-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus C Ndukaife
- School of Electrical &Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Water Institute, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323, USA
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical &Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical &Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Steven T Wereley
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical &Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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23
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Babicheva VE, Shalaginov MY, Ishii S, Boltasseva A, Kildishev AV. Long-range plasmonic waveguides with hyperbolic cladding. Opt Express 2015; 23:31109-31119. [PMID: 26698739 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.031109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study plasmonic waveguides with dielectric cores and hyperbolic multilayer claddings. The proposed design provides better performance in terms of propagation length and mode confinement in comparison to conventional designs, such as metal-insulator-metal and insulator-metal-insulator plasmonic waveguides. We show that the proposed structures support long-range surface plasmon modes, which exist when the permittivity of the core matches the transverse effective permittivity component of the metamaterial cladding. In this regime, the surface plasmon polaritons of each cladding layer are strongly coupled, and the propagation length can be on the order of a millimeter.
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24
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Ding F, Wang Z, He S, Shalaev VM, Kildishev AV. Broadband high-efficiency half-wave plate: a supercell-based plasmonic metasurface approach. ACS Nano 2015; 9:4111-9. [PMID: 25790895 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We design, fabricate, and experimentally demonstrate an ultrathin, broadband half-wave plate in the near-infrared range using a plasmonic metasurface. The simulated results show that the linear polarization conversion efficiency is over 97% with over 90% reflectance across an 800 nm bandwidth. Moreover, simulated and experimental results indicate that such broadband and high-efficiency performance is also sustained over a wide range of incident angles. To further obtain a background-free half-wave plate, we arrange such a plate as a periodic array of integrated supercells made of several plasmonic antennas with high linear polarization conversion efficiency, consequently achieving a reflection-phase gradient for the cross-polarized beam. In this design, the anomalous (cross-polarized) and the normal (copolarized) reflected beams become spatially separated, hence enabling highly efficient and robust, background-free polarization conversion along with broadband operation. Our results provide strategies for creating compact, integrated, and high-performance plasmonic circuits and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Sailing He
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- §Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Babicheva VE, Shalaginov MY, Ishii S, Boltasseva A, Kildishev AV. Finite-width plasmonic waveguides with hyperbolic multilayer cladding. Opt Express 2015; 23:9681-9689. [PMID: 25969005 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.009681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Engineering plasmonic metamaterials with anisotropic optical dispersion enables us to tailor the properties of metamaterial-based waveguides. We investigate plasmonic waveguides with dielectric cores and multilayer metal-dielectric claddings with hyperbolic dispersion. Without using any homogenization, we calculate the resonant eigenmodes of the finite-width cladding layers, and find agreement with the resonant features in the dispersion of the cladded waveguides. We show that at the resonant widths, the propagating modes of the waveguides are coupled to the cladding eigenmodes and hence, are strongly absorbed. By avoiding the resonant widths in the design of the actual waveguides, the strong absorption can be eliminated.
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26
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West PR, Kinsey N, Ferrera M, Kildishev AV, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A. Adiabatically tapered hyperbolic metamaterials for dispersion control of high-k waves. Nano Lett 2015; 15:498-505. [PMID: 25458533 DOI: 10.1021/nl5038352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) have shown great promise in the optical and quantum communities due to their extremely large, broadband photonic density of states. This feature is a direct consequence of supporting photonic modes with unbounded k-vectors. While these materials support such high-k waves, they are intrinsically confined inside the HMM and cannot propagate into the far-field, rendering them impractical for many applications. Here, we demonstrate how the magnitude of k-vectors can be engineered as the propagating radiation passes through media of differing dispersion relations (including type II HMMs and dielectrics) in the in-plane direction. The total outcoupling efficiency of waves in the in-plane direction is shown to be on average 2 orders of magnitude better than standard out-of-plane outcoupling methods. In addition, the outcoupling can be further enhanced using a proposed tapered HMM waveguide that is fabricated using a shadowed glancing angle deposition technique; thereby proving the feasibility of the proposed device. Applications for this technique include converting high-k waves to low-k waves that can be out-coupled into free-space and creating extremely high-k waves that are quickly quenched. Most importantly, this method of in-plane outcoupling acts as a bridge through which waves can cross between the regimes of low-k waves in classical dielectric materials and the high-k waves in HMMs with strongly reduced reflective losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R West
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana United States
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27
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Guler U, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Plasmonics on the slope of enlightenment: the role of transition metal nitrides. Faraday Discuss 2015; 178:71-86. [PMID: 25767999 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00208c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The key problem currently faced by plasmonics is related to material limitations. After almost two decades of extreme excitement and research largely based on the use of noble metals, scientists have come to a consensus on the importance of exploring alternative plasmonic materials to address application-specific challenges to enable the development of new functional devices. Such a change in motivation will undoubtedly lead to significant advancements in plasmonics technology transfer and could have a revolutionary impact on nanophotonic technologies in general. Here, we report on one of the approaches that, together with other new material platforms, mark an insightful technology-driven era for plasmonics. Our study focuses on transition metal nitrides as refractory plasmonic materials that exhibit appealing optical properties in the visible and near infrared regions, along with high temperature durability. We take heat-assisted magnetic recording as a case study for plasmonic technology and show that a titanium nitride antenna satisfies the requirements for an optically efficient, durable near field transducer paving the way to the next-generation data recording systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urcan Guler
- Nano-Meta Technologies, Inc
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Alexander V. Kildishev
- Nano-Meta Technologies, Inc
- West Lafayette
- USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- Nano-Meta Technologies, Inc
- West Lafayette
- USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
| | - Vladimir M. Shalaev
- Nano-Meta Technologies, Inc
- West Lafayette
- USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
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28
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Li W, Guler U, Kinsey N, Naik GV, Boltasseva A, Guan J, Shalaev VM, Kildishev AV. Refractory plasmonics with titanium nitride: broadband metamaterial absorber. Adv Mater 2014; 26:7959-65. [PMID: 25327161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-temperature stable broadband plasmonic absorber is designed, fabricated, and optically characterized. A broadband absorber with an average high absorption of 95% and a total thickness of 240 nm is fabricated, using a refractory plasmonic material, titanium nitride. This absorber integrates both the plasmonic resonances and the dielectric-like loss. It opens a path for the interesting applications such as solar thermophotovoltaics and optical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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29
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West PR, Stewart JL, Kildishev AV, Shalaev VM, Shkunov VV, Strohkendl F, Zakharenkov YA, Dodds RK, Byren R. All-dielectric subwavelength metasurface focusing lens. Opt Express 2014; 22:26212-21. [PMID: 25401653 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.026212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed, designed, manufactured and tested low loss dielectric micro-lenses for infrared (IR) radiation based on a dielectric metamaterial layer. This metamaterial layer was created by patterning a dielectric surface and etching to sub-micron depths. For a proof-of-concept lens demonstration, we have chosen a fine patterned array of nano-pillars with variable diameters. Gradient index (GRIN) properties were achieved by engineering the nano-pattern characteristics across the lens, so that the effective optical density of the dielectric metamaterial layer peaks around the lens center, and gradually drops at the lens periphery. A set of lens designs with reduced reflection and tailorable phase gradients have been developed and tested, demonstrating focal distances of a few hundred microns, beam area contraction ratio up to three, and insertion losses as low as 11%.
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30
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Ishii S, Shalaginov MY, Babicheva VE, Boltasseva A, Kildishev AV. Plasmonic waveguides cladded by hyperbolic metamaterials. Opt Lett 2014; 39:4663-4666. [PMID: 25121843 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.004663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Strongly anisotropic media with hyperbolic dispersion can be used for claddings of plasmonic waveguides (PWs). In order to analyze the fundamental properties of such waveguides, we analytically study 1D waveguides arranged from a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) in a HMM-Insulator-HMM (HIH) structure. We show that HMM claddings give flexibility in designing the properties of HIH waveguides. Our comparative study on 1D PWs reveals that HIH-type waveguides can have a higher performance than MIM or IMI waveguides.
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31
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Abstract
We design, fabricate, and experimentally demonstrate an optically active metasurface of λ/50 thickness that rotates linearly polarized light by 45° over a broadband wavelength range in the near IR region. The rotation is achieved through the use of a planar array of plasmonic nanoantennas, which generates a fixed phase-shift between the left circular polarized and right circular polarized components of the incident light. Our approach is built on a new supercell metasurface design methodology: by judiciously designing the location and orientation of individual antennas in the structural supercells, we achieve an effective chiral metasurface through a collective operation of nonchiral antennas. This approach simplifies the overall structure when compared to designs with chiral antennas and also enables a chiral effect which quantitatively depends solely on the supercell geometry. This allows for greater tolerance against fabrication and temperature effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Shaltout
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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32
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Emani NK, Chung TF, Kildishev AV, Shalaev VM, Chen YP, Boltasseva A. Electrical modulation of fano resonance in plasmonic nanostructures using graphene. Nano Lett 2014; 14:78-82. [PMID: 24303876 DOI: 10.1021/nl403253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pauli blocking of interband transistions gives rise to tunable optical properties in single layer graphene (SLG). This effect is exploited in a graphene-nanoantenna hybrid device where Fano resonant plasmonic nanostructures are fabricated on top of a graphene sheet. The use of Fano resonant elements enhances the interaction of incident radiation with the graphene sheet and enables efficient electrical modulation of the plasmonic resonance. We observe electrically controlled damping in the Fano resonances occurring at approximately 2 μm, and the results are verified by full-wave 3D finite-element simulations. Our approach can be used for development of next generation of tunable plasmonic and hybrid nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh K Emani
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering , ‡Department of Physics, and §Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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33
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Guler U, Ndukaife JC, Naik GV, Nnanna AGA, Kildishev AV, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A. Local heating with lithographically fabricated plasmonic titanium nitride nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2013; 13:6078-83. [PMID: 24279759 DOI: 10.1021/nl4033457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Titanium nitride is considered a promising alternative plasmonic material and is known to exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances within the near-infrared biological transparency window. Here, local heating efficiencies of disk-shaped nanoparticles made of titanium nitride and gold are compared in the visible and near-infrared regions numerically and experimentally with samples fabricated using e-beam lithography. Results show that plasmonic titanium nitride nanodisks are efficient local heat sources and outperform gold nanodisks in the biological transparency window, dispensing the need for complex particle geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urcan Guler
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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34
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35
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Abstract
A SPASER, short for surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, is key to accessing coherent optical fields at the nanoscale. Nevertheless, the realization of a SPASER in the visible range still remains a great challenge because of strong dissipative losses. Here, we demonstrate that room-temperature SPASER emission can be achieved by amplifying longitudinal surface plasmon modes supported in gold nanorods as plasmon nanocavities and utilizing laser dyes to supply optical gain for compensation of plasmon losses. By choosing a particular organic dye and adjusting the doping level, the resonant wavelength of the SPASER emission can be tuned from 562 to 627 nm with a spectral line width narrowed down to 5-11 nm. This work provides a versatile route toward SPASERs at extended wavelength regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangeng Meng
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku 615-8510, Kyoto, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Hyperbolic materials enable numerous surprising applications that include far-field subwavelength imaging, nanolithography, and emission engineering. The wavevector of a plane wave in these media follows the surface of a hyperboloid in contrast to an ellipsoid for conventional anisotropic dielectric. The consequences of hyperbolic dispersion were first studied in the 50's pertaining to the problems of electromagnetic wave propagation in the Earth's ionosphere and in the stratified artificial materials of transmission lines. Recent years have brought explosive growth in optics and photonics of hyperbolic media based on metamaterials across the optical spectrum. Here we summarize earlier theories in the Clemmow's prescription for transformation of the electromagnetic field in hyperbolic media and provide a review of recent developments in this active research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Drachev
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Research & Technology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Metamaterials, or engineered materials with rationally designed, subwavelength-scale building blocks, allow us to control the behavior of physical fields in optical, microwave, radio, acoustic, heat transfer, and other applications with flexibility and performance that are unattainable with naturally available materials. In turn, metasurfaces-planar, ultrathin metamaterials-extend these capabilities even further. Optical metasurfaces offer the fascinating possibility of controlling light with surface-confined, flat components. In the planar photonics concept, it is the reduced dimensionality of the optical metasurfaces that enables new physics and, therefore, leads to functionalities and applications that are distinctly different from those achievable with bulk, multilayer metamaterials. Here, we review the progress in developing optical metasurfaces that has occurred over the past few years with an eye toward the promising future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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38
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Smolyaninov II, Kildishev AV. Light propagation through random hyperbolic media. Opt Lett 2013; 38:971-973. [PMID: 23503277 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We analyze electromagnetic field propagation through a random medium that consists of hyperbolic metamaterial domains separated by regions of normal "elliptic" space. This situation may occur in a problem as common as 9 μm light propagation through a pile of sand, or as exotic as electromagnetic field behavior in the early universe immediately after the electroweak phase transition. We demonstrate that spatial field distributions in random hyperbolic and random "elliptic" media look strikingly different. Optical field is strongly enhanced at the boundaries of hyperbolic domains. This effect may potentially be used to evaluate the magnitude of magnetic fields which existed in the early universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor I Smolyaninov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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39
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Abstract
We study a planar, holey-metal lens made as a set of concentric circular arrays (rings) of nanoscale holes milled in a subwavelength-thick metal film. Each nanohole-a finite-length, circular, single-mode waveguide with a radius-dependent mode index-is used as a phase-shifting element. Our experimental results confirm that the focusing properties of our polarization-independent, holey-metal lens milled in a 380-nm-thick gold film and illuminated with 531 nm light fits the analytical model well. The proposed concept could offer an alternative to conventional refraction microlenses and open up a vital path toward on-chip or fiber-end planar photonic devices for biosensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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40
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Emani NK, Chung TF, Ni X, Kildishev AV, Chen YP, Boltasseva A. Electrically tunable damping of plasmonic resonances with graphene. Nano Lett 2012; 12:5202-6. [PMID: 22950873 DOI: 10.1021/nl302322t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic switching of a plasmonic resonance may find numerous applications in subwavelength optoelectronics, spectroscopy, and sensing. Graphene shows a highly tunable carrier concentration under electrostatic gating, and this could provide an effective route to achieving electrical control of the plasmonic resonance. In this Letter, we demonstrate electrical control of a plasmonic resonance at infrared frequencies using large-area graphene. Plasmonic structures fabricated on graphene enhance the interaction of the incident optical field with the graphene sheet, and the impact of graphene is much stronger at mid-infrared wavelengths. Full-wave simulations, where graphene is modeled as a 1 nm thick effective medium, show excellent agreement with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh K Emani
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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41
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Brown DP, Walker MA, Urbas AM, Kildishev AV, Xiao S, Drachev VP. Direct measurement of group delay dispersion in metamagnetics for ultrafast pulse shaping. Opt Express 2012; 20:23082-23087. [PMID: 23188272 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.023082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we explore the use of magnetic resonant metamaterials, so called metamagnetics, as dispersive elements for optical pulse shaping. We measure both positive and negative group delay dispersion (GDD) values in a metamagnetic material using the multiphoton interference phase scan (MIIPS) technique and show pulse temporal profiles numerically. The results are compared with finite element models. These GDD properties of metamagnetics, along with previously shown tunability and loss control with gain media, enable their use in ultrashort pulse optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean P Brown
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Rd, Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The precise manipulation of a propagating wave using phase control is a fundamental building block of optical systems. The wavefront of a light beam propagating across an interface can be modified arbitrarily by introducing abrupt phase changes. We experimentally demonstrated unparalleled wavefront control in a broadband optical wavelength range from 1.0 to 1.9 micrometers. This is accomplished by using an extremely thin plasmonic layer (~λ/50) consisting of an optical nanoantenna array that provides subwavelength phase manipulation on light propagating across the interface. Anomalous light-bending phenomena, including negative angles of refraction and reflection, are observed in the operational wavelength range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Ni
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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43
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Kildishev AV, Borneman JD, Chen KP, Drachev VP. Numerical modeling of plasmonic nanoantennas with realistic 3D roughness and distortion. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:7178-87. [PMID: 22164010 PMCID: PMC3231693 DOI: 10.3390/s110707178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured plasmonic metamaterials, including optical nanoantenna arrays, are important for advanced optical sensing and imaging applications including surface-enhanced fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and Raman scattering. Although designs typically use ideally smooth geometries, realistic nanoantennas have nonzero roughness, which typically results in a modified enhancement factor that should be involved in their design. Herein we aim to treat roughness by introducing a realistic roughened geometry into the finite element (FE) model. Even if the roughness does not result in significant loss, it does result in a spectral shift and inhomogeneous broadening of the resonance, which could be critical when fitting the FE simulations of plasmonic nanoantennas to experiments. Moreover, the proposed approach could be applied to any model, whether mechanical, acoustic, electromagnetic, thermal, etc, in order to simulate a given roughness-generated physical phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kildishev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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44
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Abstract
We have studied the dispersion relations of multilayers of silver and a dye-doped dielectric using four methods: standard effective-medium theory (EMT), nonlocal-effect-corrected EMT, nonlinear equations based on the eigenmode method, and a spatial harmonic analysis method. We compare the validity of these methods and show that metallic losses can be greatly compensated by saturated gain. Two realizable applications are also proposed. Loss-compensated metal-dielectric multilayers that have hyperbolic dispersion relationships are beneficial for numerous applications such as subwavelength imaging and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Ni
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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45
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Trieschmann J, Xiao S, Prokopeva LJ, Drachev VP, Kildishev AV. Experimental retrieval of the kinetic parameters of a dye in a solid film. Opt Express 2011; 19:18253-18259. [PMID: 21935192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.018253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effects of a solid matrix on the dye kinetic parameters for Rh800 were experimentally studied. Saturation intensity dependencies were measured with a seeding pulse amplification method using a picosecond and a femtosecond white light supercontinuum source. The kinetic parameters were obtained by fitting experimental dependencies with Yee's finite-difference time-domain model coupled to the rate equations of the 4-level Rh800-system. The comparison of these parameters (Rh800-solid host) with liquid host parameters revealed a slight change of the radiative lifetime and a strong change of the non-radiative decay rate. This experimentally determined model enables predictive simulations of time-domain responses of active metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Trieschmann
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, USA.
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46
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Abstract
We present comprehensive studies on thin diffraction lenses made of arrays of subwavelength, parallel nanoslits in a gold film. Such a nanoslit lens can operate either as a conventional convex or concave lens. The lenses can be designed to focus linearly polarized light with polarization either perpendicular (TM-lens) or parallel to the slits (TE-lens), while the orthogonal polarization diverges when passing through the lens. The designs of each lens are initially built on the dispersion relations for wave propagation through a parallel-plate waveguide. Both TM- and TE-lenses were realized experimentally, and full-wave numerical simulations fully support the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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47
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Smolyaninova VN, Smolyaninov II, Kildishev AV, Shalaev VM. Broadband Transformation Optics Devices. Materials (Basel) 2010; 3:4793-4810. [PMID: 28883354 PMCID: PMC5445782 DOI: 10.3390/ma3104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have suggested that two-dimensional broadband transformation optics devices based on metamaterial designs may be built using tapered waveguides. Here we review application of this principle to broadband electromagnetic cloaking, trapped rainbow, and novel microscopy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera N Smolyaninova
- Department of Physics, Astronomy & Geosciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA.
| | - Igor I Smolyaninov
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- Electrical School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- Electrical School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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48
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Smolyaninova VN, Smolyaninov II, Kildishev AV, Shalaev VM. Maxwell fish-eye and Eaton lenses emulated by microdroplets. Opt Lett 2010; 35:3396-3398. [PMID: 20967078 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite strong experimental and theoretical evidence supporting superresolution imaging based on microlenses, the imaging mechanisms involved are not well understood. Based on the transformation optics approach, we demonstrate that a microlens may act as a two-dimensional fish-eye or an inverted Eaton lens. An asymmetric inverted Eaton lens may exhibit considerable image magnification, which has been confirmed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera N Smolyaninova
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geosciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, USA.
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49
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Abstract
We present a detailed theoretical description of a broadband omnidirectional light concentrator and absorber with cylinder geometry. The proposed optical "trap" captures nearly all the incident light within its geometric cross-section, leading to a broad range of possible applications--from solar energy harvesting to thermal light emitters and optoelectronic components. We have demonstrated that an approximate lamellar black-hole with a moderate number of homogeneous layers, while giving the desired ray-optical performance, can provide absorption efficiencies comparable to those of ideal devices with a smooth gradient in index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kildishev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47903 USA.
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50
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