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Ali I, Ali M, Shareef H, Naeem S, Khadim A, Ali M, Amber F, Hussain H, Ismail M, Shah STA, Noor A, Wang D. Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of "Cherchoomoro" (Nepeta adenophyta Hedge). J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 279:114402. [PMID: 34245832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nepeta adenophyta Hedge (Lamiaceae) is an endemic therapeutic herb from Astore, Gilgit (Pakistan). This plant species has been reported among the local communities, especially for treating abdominal pain, kidney pain, menstrual pain, headache, and controlling bleeding disorders. Therefore, the scientific basis is provided for the relief of pain as it is used in various pain management among the natives, especially as ethnogynecological herbal remedy. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study investigates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of N. adenophyta in animal models. Furthermore, the extract was also studied to determine their valuable phytoconstituents. MATERIAL AND METHODS The biological effects were determined via tail-flick, hot plate, and acetic-acid-induced abdominal writhing methods. At the same time, anti-inflammatory activity was assesed via oxidative burst and antioxidant DPPH assay. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques were employed to understand the phytochemicals present in the crude ethanolic extract of Nepeta adenophyta. RESULTS In the current study, Nepeta adenophyta extract exhibited potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects on different pain models and indicated that the analgesic effect of N. adenophyta extract is mediated both in central and peripheral ways. Dose-dependent and significant (P < 0.05) increases were shown in pain threshold, at 45 min post-treatment, with 20 and 40 mg/kg of the extract in the tail-flick model. The effects of the extract were similar to aspirin but lower to those by morphine (2.5 mg/kg) in the same tests. The extract (20-40 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent inhibition of writhing with a significant (P < 0.001) increase protection against thermal stimuli in hot plate test as compared to control and similar to aspirin and morphine. Further, the anti-inflammatory activity of the crude in oxidative burst and DPPH assays showed significant inhibitory activity. The chemical profile analysis showed major phytochemicals, including long chain derivatives of alkane and alcohol, phenolics, naphthalene, naphthopyran, androsten phenanthrenone, nepetalactones, flavonoids etc. CONCLUSIONS: Nepeta adenophyta Hedge is suggested as a natural alternative for mild pain relief. Our findings endorse the folklore use of N. adenophyta in different pain managements which can be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, naphthalene derivatives, flavanoids and nepetalactones etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, 15100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, 15100, Pakistan.
| | - Huma Shareef
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan.
| | - Sadaf Naeem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan.
| | - Adeeba Khadim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Meher Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, 15100, Pakistan.
| | - Faiza Amber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, 15100, Pakistan.
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, 15100, Pakistan.
| | | | - Ali Noor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, 15100, Pakistan.
| | - Daijie Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
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