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Masala C, Cavazzana A, Sanna F, Cecchini MP, Zanini A, Gasperi F, Menghi L, Endrizzi I, Borgogno M, Drago S, Cantone E, Ciofalo A, Macchi A, Monti G, Parma V, Piochi M, Pinna I, Torri L, Cabrino G, Ottaviano G, Pendolino AL, Pignatelli A, Pighin F, Bochicchio V, Motta G, Fontana G, Pasquariello B, Cavaliere C, Iacono V, Hummel T. Correlation between olfactory function, age, sex, and cognitive reserve index in the Italian population. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4943-4952. [PMID: 35211821 PMCID: PMC8869341 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Loss of smell decreases the quality of life and contributes to the failure in recognizing hazardous substances. Given the relevance of olfaction in daily life, it is important to recognize an undiagnosed olfactory dysfunction to prevent these possible complications. Up to now, the prevalence of smell disorders in Italy is unknown due to a lack of epidemiological studies. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in a sample of Italian adults. Methods Six hundred and thirty-three participants (347 woman and 286 men; mean age 44.9 years, SD 17.3, age range 18–86) were recruited from 10 distinct Italian regions. Participants were recruited using a convenience sapling and were divided into six different age groups: 18–29 years (N = 157), 30–39 years (N = 129), 40–49 years (N = 99), 50–59 years (N = 106), > 60 years (N = 142). Olfactory function, cognitive abilities, cognitive reserve, and depression were assessed, respectively, with: Sniffin’ Sticks 16-item Odor Identification Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Cognitive Reserve Index, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Additionally, socio-demographic data, medical history, and health-related lifestyle information were collected. Results About 27% of participants showed an odor identification score < 12 indicating hyposmia. Multiple regression analysis revealed that OI was significantly correlated with age, sex, and cognitive reserve index, and young women with high cognitive reserve index showing the highest olfactory scores. Conclusion This study provides data on the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in different Italian regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Annachiara Cavazzana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavia Gasperi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, San Michele All'Adige, 38010, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento/Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Leonardo Menghi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, San Michele All'Adige, 38010, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento/Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Isabella Endrizzi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, San Michele All'Adige, 38010, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Cantone
- Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Unit of Ear, Nose and Throat, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciofalo
- Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Unit of Ear, Nose and Throat, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Macchi
- ORL Clinica, University of Insubria and Varese, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Monti
- ORL Clinica, University of Insubria and Varese, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Parma
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Maria Piochi
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Pollenzo, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torri
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Pollenzo, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Angela Pignatelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Faride Pighin
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Motta
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Surgical and Emergency Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Fontana
- Geriatric Unit A, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Cavaliere
- Unit of Rhinology, Department of Organi di Senso, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Iacono
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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