Efficacy of chitosan-based chewing gum on reducing salivary S. mutans counts and salivary pH: a randomised clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

To determine chitosan-based chewing gum role on reducing salivary S. mutans counts and salivary pH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present double-blind randomised clinical trial with the trial registration number of IRCT20190724044319N1 was conducted on 36 dental students. The volunteers were, randomly, divided into two groups (n = 18) including: G1: intervention group (chitosan chewing gum) and G2: control group (placebo chewing gum). Each participant was given eight pieces of the chewing gum, and was asked to chew each gum piece for 5 min and this was repeated for eight times. Their Saliva was collected before and after chewing gums and the number of S. mutans colonies and salivary pH were determined. Data were analysed using SPSS (ver.21) and independent student t test. p Value less than .05 was set as significant.

RESULTS

There was significant difference between two groups for the number of salivary S. mutans colonies (3.31*105  in the intervention group compared to 13.94*105 in the Control group) (p < .001). The salivary pH evaluation showed that salivary pH mean value in intervention group was not significant in compared with control group (p = .17). However, the chitosan chewing gum led to an increase in salivary pH by 0.17, which was statistically significant (p = .01).

CONCLUSION

Results of this study showed that chitosan chewing gum has a positive effect on the reduction of numbers of salivary S. mutans colonies but had no considerable effect on the increase of salivary pH.

HR 720, a novel angiotensin receptor antagonist inhibits the angiotensin II-induced trophic effects, fibronectin release and fibronectin-EIIIA+ expression in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro

The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct trophic effects of angiotensin II (AII) on rat vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from a single cellular isolate. Cell volume, protein synthesis, fibronectin (FN) release and FN-EIIIA+ mRNA isoform expression were analyzed in parallel. The effects of HR 720, a novel AT1 angiotensin receptor antagonist with some AT2 receptor affinity, were compared with those of selective AT1 antagonist EXP 3174. Both HR 720 and EXP 3174 inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the maximum increase in cell volume induced by 10(-9) M Sar1-All (IC50 = 0.49 x 10(-9) M and 0.79 x 10(-9) M, respectively). Maximum [3H]leucine incorporation was also achieved at 10(-9) M All. HR 720 blocked the increase in protein synthesis with potency similar to EXP 3174; the respective IC50 values were 1.04 x 10(-9) M and 1.36 x 10(-9) M. All dose-dependently increased FN release, which was also equally inhibited by about 50% with both compounds at 10(-6) M. Furthermore, All enhanced FN-EIIIA+ mRNA in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), which indicated a modulation of FN isoform expression which was inhibited by angiotensin II antagonists. In conclusion, All induced parallel and concentration-dependent increases in cell volume, protein synthesis, FN release and FN-EIIIA+ mRNA expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. These effects appeared to be essentially mediated by AT1 receptor stimulation as indicated by the equal inhibitory effects of HR 720 and EXP 3174.

Differential expression of alpha- and beta-enolase genes during rat heart development and hypertrophy

We have analyzed the transition between isoforms of the glycolytic enzyme enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase; EC 4.2.1.11) in rat heart during normal and pathological growth. A striking fall in embryonic alpha-enolase gene expression occurs during cardiac development, mostly controlled at pretranslational steps. In fetal and neonatal hearts, muscle-specific beta-enolase gene expression is a minor contributor to total enolase. Control mechanisms of beta-enolase gene expression must include posttranscriptional steps. Aortic stenosis induces a rapid and drastic decrease in beta-enolase transcript level in cardiomyocytes, followed by the fall in beta-subunit level. In contrast, alpha-enolase transcript level is not significantly altered, although the corresponding subunit level increases in nonmuscle cells. We conclude that, like fetal heart, hypertrophic heart is characterized by a high ratio of alpha- to beta-enolase subunit concentrations. This study indicates that the decrease in beta-enolase gene expression may be linked to beneficial energetic changes in contractile properties occurring during cardiac hypertrophy.

Accumulation of fetal fibronectin mRNAs after balloon denudation of rabbit arteries

BACKGROUND

Fibronectin (FN), a component of the extracellular matrix, influences cellular migration and differentiation. It is a prominent component of the extracellular matrix of normal arteries and is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of restenosis after angioplasty. FN exists in multiple forms that arise from a single RNA transcript that can be alternatively spliced. EIIIA- and EIIIB-containing FN mRNAs predominate in the embryo, whereas in the adult, most of the normal tissue FN lacks these domains. Since few data were available concerning pattern of expression of the different alternatively spliced forms of FN mRNA in arteries after endoluminal injury, we analyzed the expression of EIIIA and EIIIB FN isoforms at different times after experimental angioplasty.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The spatial and temporal alterations in FN expression were studied in an in vivo model of endothelial denudation in the rabbit aorta and iliac artery by a combination of immunochemistry and in situ hybridization methods. Alternatively spliced forms of FN EIIIA and EIIIB were detected in the media and the adventitia of both types of vessels 24 to 48 hours after injury. Two weeks after injury, EIIIA and EIIIB mRNAs were found to accumulate within the luminal layers of the neointima. The cellular form of FN protein was not found until 2 weeks after the injury and accumulated in the inner part of the neointima.

CONCLUSIONS

These data demonstrate that FN upregulation is an early and long-lasting process after arterial injury. These results suggest that the induction of the embryonic FN isoforms may be involved in the restenotic process that follows balloon denudation of arteries.

Fibronectin expression in the cardiovascular system

Fibronectin (FN) is a dimeric glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of most tissues and serves as a bridge between cells and the interstitial collagen meshwork. It also influences diverse processes including cell growth, adhesion, migration, and wound repair. Multiple FN forms arise by the alternative splicing of a primary transcript originating from a single gene. The spatial and temporal alterations in FN expression in the cardiovascular system have been studied in vitro in cell culture and in vivo during fetal development, hypertrophy, infarction, arterial injury and aging. This review describes characteristics of FN expression in cardiovascular system: 1. the FN phenotype is regulated during development. A high FN mRNA level is related to an early cardiac organogenesis and a progressive decrease that begins at the fetal stage and continues through senescence. During cardiac ontogeny, there is a linear correlation between total FN mRNA accumulation and the relative amounts of FN-EIIIA and EIIIB RNA. This correlation is absent during cardiac growth in the adult. 2. A differential reexpression of the FN isoforms is observed in both myocardium and aorta in different models of hypertension or infarction but with different threshold and time course. Changes in total FN mRNA levels in hypertensive models vary depending on the authors. Nevertheless the differences in the expression of the fetal forms of FN mRNA observed among the various models of hypertension-induced hypertrophy indicate that the process of FN pre-mRNA splicing in the adult myocardium is specifically regulated and depends on the pathological situations and the type of cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Fibronectin expression during physiological and pathological cardiac growth

Fibronectin (FN) is a dimeric glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix of most tissues that serves as a bridge between cells and the interstitial collagen meshwork and influences diverse processes including cell growth, adhesion, migration, and wound repair. Multiple FN forms arise by the alternative splicing of a primary transcript originating from a single gene. The spatial and temporal alterations in FN expression in the myocardium has been studied in models of cardiac growth in vivo such as fetal development, and hypertrophy secondary to pressure overload. This review focuses on the differential expression of FN isoforms that are observed in different models of cardiac growth. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses it is shown that in the rat myocardium: (1) the FN phenotype is developmentally regulated, (2) the re-expression of the fetal FN isoforms is observed in different models of cardiac hypertrophy secondary to a sudden or progressive hypertension and (3) the changes in cardiac FN expression affect mostly the coronary artery smooth muscle cells.

Fibronectin isoforms are differentially expressed in normal and adenomatous human anterior pituitaries

The expression of fibronectin (FN) isoforms containing the extradomains A and B (ED-A+ and ED-B+ FNs) as well as a differentially O-glycosylated oncofetal form of the protein (onf-FN) was investigated in 6 normal human anterior pituitaries and 25 human pituitary adenomas. In normal tissue, immunohistochemical experiments showed the presence of FN molecules lacking the extradomains A and B (ED-A- and ED-B- FNs) without onf-FN immunoreactivity. These proteins were localized in the connective tissue compartment and especially in the vessel walls. Analysis of FN mRNA demonstrated an in situ synthesis of ED-A- and ED-B- FNs in the normal anterior pituitary. By contrast, in the adenomas, immunoreactivity for ED-A+ FN was observed in all cases. ED-B+ and onf-FN immunoreactivities were observed in 14 and 8 adenomas, respectively, regardless of the type, grade or invasiveness of the adenomas. ED-A+ FN mRNA was expressed in all adenomas studied, and ED-B+ FN mRNA was present in ED-B+ immunoreactive cases only. In pituitary adenomas, these 3 forms of FN were specifically associated with the endothelium and vascular smooth-muscle cells. Our results demonstrate that the processes of remodelling of the connective tissue compartment that occur in adenoma angiogenesis are associated with pre- and post-translational alterations of FN synthesis leading to the expression of ED-A+, ED-B+ and oncofetal FNs.

Expression of fibronectin during rat fetal and postnatal development: an in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical study

OBJECTIVE

Fibronectin is a protein of the extracellular matrix with numerous binding sites to the other elements of the matrix and to the cells. The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of fibronectin isoform expression (FN-EIIIA, FN-EIIIB) during fetal and postnatal development of the rat heart.

METHODS

In situ hybridisation and immunolabelling approaches were used to describe the cellular synthesis of fibronectin and its distribution throughout the rat heart from 11 d postconception until adulthood. The distribution of fibronectin was compared to that of laminin and of alpha type III procollagen.

RESULTS

The accumulation and pattern of distribution of the major fibronectin mRNA isoforms were identical, that is, there was a progressive decrease in their accumulation as a function of time after 11 d postconception, resulting in a complete absence in the adult. The distribution of fibronectin and procollagen type III mRNAs were, however, quite distinct. At the protein level the time course of synthesis and secretion of the locally synthesised fibronectin (c-FN) did not follow fibronectin mRNA expression, the accumulation of the protein being rather poor, except just before birth, where it was found mainly in the coronary vessels.

CONCLUSIONS

During the development of the fetal rat heart fibronectin gene transcription is active and progressively decreases with age, whereas the translation of the mRNAs into their corresponding proteins is always relatively poor. If fibronectin is involved in fetal and postnatal morphogenesis of the rat myocardium, it is the plasma form (p-FN) that is most probably involved in the process of growth and differentiation of the rat heart.

Differential splicing of fibronectin pre-messenger ribonucleic acid during cardiac ontogeny and development of hypertrophy in the rat

BACKGROUND

Fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein, exists as multiple isoforms expressed in a time- and cell-dependent manner. Since the developmental pattern of fibronectin expression has not been determined in the heart, the first issue of this study was to investigate the expression of total fibronectin mRNA as well as its isoforms during cardiac ontogeny. In adults, pressure overload induces a shift towards the fetal form of proteins expressed by either muscle or nonmuscle cardiac cells. Fetal forms of fibronectin mRNA being found in smooth and nonmuscle cardiac cells soon after imposition of pressure overload, the pattern of fibronectin expression during the development of pathological growth was analyzed to determine whether the two conditions of cardiac growth resulted in an identical pattern of fibronectin expression.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Total RNA were isolated from rat heart (a) during in utero and postnatal life and (b) at varying periods of time after imposition of a pressure overload induced by coarctation of the thoracic aorta in 25-day-old rats. Fibronectin-EIIIA+ or -EIIIB+ and total fibronectin mRNAs were quantitated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions and dot-blot analysis, respectively.

RESULTS

Fibronectin mRNA, abundant in the 14-day-old fetal heart, rapidly decreased during cardiac physiologic growth (> 5-fold); no changes in the fibronectin mRNA level was observed during the development of pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The percentages of fibronectin transcripts containing EIIIA or EIIIB exons, very high in the early fetal heart (> 45%), harmoniously decreased during cardiac maturation (< 12%). Aortic coarctation resulted in an early, transient (12 to 48 hours) and preferential expression of fibronectin-EIIIA+ mRNA (approximately 40%).

CONCLUSIONS

In rat heart, neither physiologic nor pressure-induced growth requires increased amounts of fibronectin mRNA but the growth conditions specifically modulated the fibronectin pre-mRNA splicing.

Accumulation of fetal fibronectin mRNAs during the development of rat cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload

Cardiac pressure overload induces a shift towards the fetal form of major proteins expressed by the myocytes, and an accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. One of them, fibronectin (FN), accumulates soon after the imposition of pressure overload. Because FN exists both as cellular FN (c-FN) locally synthesized by nonmuscle cells and as "plasma-FN" (p-FN) synthesized by the hepatocytes, the first issue of this study was to determine whether FN accumulation within the myocardium in response to pressure overload is paralleled by a local increase in mRNA. The expression of c-FN isoforms being developmentally regulated in a tissue-specific manner, the types of FN exons expressed by cardiac cells were analyzed. Pressure overload was induced in 25-d-old rats by stenosis of the thoracic aorta. Using in situ hybridization, we show that the mRNAs encoding the fetal forms of c-FN are accumulated in the interstitial tissue of fetal rat hearts but are absent in adult. 1-3 d after aortic stenosis, the fetal forms of c-FN mRNAs were found in the wall of coronary arteries and in focal areas of the myocardium. Thus nonmuscle cells and smooth muscle cells, like myocytes, do respond to pressure overload by reexpressing fetal gene transcripts.