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Nodari R, Perini M, Fois L, Sterzi L, Luconi E, Vaglienti F, Bandi C, Biganzoli E, Galli M, Comandatore F. Computational protocol to perform a spatiotemporal reconstruction of an epidemic. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102548. [PMID: 37717214 PMCID: PMC10514217 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a computational protocol to perform a spatiotemporal reconstruction of an epidemic. We describe steps for using epidemiological data to depict how the epidemic changes over time and for employing clustering analysis to group geographical units that exhibit similar temporal epidemic progression. We then detail procedures for analyzing the temporal and spatial dynamics of the epidemic within each cluster. This protocol has been developed to be used on historical data but could also be applied to modern epidemiological data. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Galli et al. (2023).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Nodari
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Matteo Perini
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Fois
- Department of Humanities, Section of Historical and Geographical Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lodovico Sterzi
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ester Luconi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Folco Vaglienti
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Comandatore
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Galli M, Oreni L, Ridolfo AL, Formenti A, Luconi E, Boracchi P, Antinori S, Biganzoli E, Vaglienti F. Milan's forgotten epidemic of summer 1629, a few months before the last great plague: An investigation into the possible cause. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279218. [PMID: 37289732 PMCID: PMC10249863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An epidemic not attributable to plague caused thousands of deaths in Milan in the summer of 1629, a time of war and famine that immediately preceded the even more fatal Great Plague of 1630 that killed an estimated ten of thousands of people. The 5,993 deaths of 1629 recorded in the Liber Mortuorum of Milan (a city with an estimated population of 130,000 inhabitants at the time) were 45.7% more than the average number recorded between 1601 and 1628. Registered deaths peaked in July, and 3,363 of the deaths (56,1%) were attributed to a febrile illness which, in most cases (2,964, 88%), was not associated with a rash or organ involvement. These deaths involved 1,627 males and 1,334 females and occurred at a median age of 40 years (range 0-95). In this paper, we discuss the possible cause of the epidemic, which may have been an outbreak of typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Galli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Oreni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Ridolfo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Formenti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ester Luconi
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Folco Vaglienti
- Department of History and Historical Documentation Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Galli M, Nodari R, Perini M, Luconi E, Fois L, Vaglienti F, Bandi C, Biganzoli E, Comandatore F. A spatiotemporal reconstruction of the 1630 plague epidemic in Milan. iScience 2023; 26:106704. [PMID: 37187697 PMCID: PMC10176250 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1630, a devastating plague epidemic struck Milan, one of the most important Italian cities of that time, deeply affecting its demography and economy for decades. The lack of digitized historical data strongly limits our comprehension of that important event. In this work, we digitized and analyzed the Milan death registers of 1630. The study revealed that the epidemic evolved differently among the areas of the city. Indeed, we were able to group the parishes of the city (comparable with modern neighborhoods) in two groups based on their epidemiological curves. These different epidemiological progressions could reflect socio-economical and/or demographic features specific of the neighborhoods, opening questions about the relationship between these features and the evolution of epidemics in the pre-modern period. The study of historical records, like the one presented here, can help us to better understand European history and pre-modern epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Galli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nodari
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author
| | - Matteo Perini
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ester Luconi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Fois
- Department of Humanities, Section of Historical and Geographical Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Folco Vaglienti
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Comandatore
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Luconi E, Boracchi P, Nodari R, Comandatore F, Marano G, Vaglienti F, Galli M, Biganzoli E. Spatial and Temporal Analyses of the Event of Death for 1480 in Milan Using the Data Contained in the Sforza's Registers of the Dead. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2783. [PMID: 36833481 PMCID: PMC9956338 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Historical death registration was conducted primarily to assess the presence of plague. The Liber Mortuorum of Milan was one of Europe's first registers with many socio-demographical details. In this work, we consider 1480 to make spatial and temporal analyses of the event of death to find possible explanations about the events' distribution and the events' trend over time. The spatial analyses involved Moran's I, the LISA, and the heatmaps; the temporal analysis applied the Durbin-Watson test. All the analyses were conducted separately on all subjects (1813), children (765), and adults (1046). Contrade (districts) were considered for spatial analysis. Moran's I and the Durbin Watson test were significant on all subjects and children's analyses, and the LISA showed the same results for those groups. Children may significantly impact the distribution of death and the trend over time. At least half of the children were 0 years old, and survival in the very first childhood period was closely linked to the family, so that it could be a proxy of the conditions of an area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Luconi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Data Science and Research Center (DSRC), University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nodari
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Comandatore
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Folco Vaglienti
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Data Science and Research Center (DSRC), University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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