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Fisher KJ, Shirtcliff L, Buchanan G, Thompson AW, Woolard FX, LaMunyon DH, Marshall JL, Baranouskas MB, Voelker RB, Lusk JS, Wells CE, Mohamath R, Kinsey R, Lykins WR, Ramer-Denisoff G, Fox CB, Paddon CJ, McPhee D. Kilo-Scale GMP Synthesis of Renewable Semisynthetic Vaccine-Grade Squalene. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:2317-2328. [PMID: 38524776 PMCID: PMC10956619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Emulsions of the triterpene squalene ((6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene, CAS 111-02-4) have been used as adjuvants in influenza vaccines since the 1990s. Traditionally sourced from shark liver oil, the overfishing of sharks and concomitant reduction in the oceanic shark population raises sustainability issues for vaccine adjuvant grade squalene. We report a semisynthetic route to squalene meeting current pharmacopeial specifications for use in vaccines that leverages the ready availability of trans-β-farnesene ((6E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene, CAS 18794-84-8), manufactured from sustainable sugarcane via a yeast fermentation process. The scalability of the proposed route was verified by a kilo-scale GMP synthesis. We also report data demonstrating the synthesized semi-synthetic squalene's physical stability and biological activity when used in a vaccine adjuvant formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Fisher
- Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St, Suite 100, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Laura Shirtcliff
- Actylis Eugene, 90 North Polk St., Suite 200, Eugene OR 97402, USA
| | - Greg Buchanan
- Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St, Suite 100, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | - Frank X. Woolard
- Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St, Suite 100, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason S. Lusk
- Actylis Eugene, 90 North Polk St., Suite 200, Eugene OR 97402, USA
| | - Charles E. Wells
- Actylis Eugene, 90 North Polk St., Suite 200, Eugene OR 97402, USA
| | - Raodoh Mohamath
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Robert Kinsey
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - William R. Lykins
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Gabi Ramer-Denisoff
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | | | - Derek McPhee
- Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St, Suite 100, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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Dietrich JA, Yoshikuni Y, Fisher KJ, Woolard FX, Ockey D, McPhee DJ, Renninger NS, Chang MCY, Baker D, Keasling JD. A novel semi-biosynthetic route for artemisinin production using engineered substrate-promiscuous P450(BM3). ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:261-7. [PMID: 19271725 DOI: 10.1021/cb900006h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Production of fine chemicals from heterologous pathways in microbial hosts is frequently hindered by insufficient knowledge of the native metabolic pathway and its cognate enzymes; often the pathway is unresolved, and the enzymes lack detailed characterization. An alternative paradigm to using native pathways is de novo pathway design using well-characterized, substrate-promiscuous enzymes. We demonstrate this concept using P450(BM3) from Bacillus megaterium. Using a computer model, we illustrate how key P450(BM3) active site mutations enable binding of the non-native substrate amorphadiene. Incorporating these mutations into P450(BM3) enabled the selective oxidation of amorphadiene artemisinic-11S,12-epoxide, at titers of 250 mg L(-1) in E. coli. We also demonstrate high-yielding, selective transformations to dihydroartemisinic acid, the immediate precursor to the high-value antimalarial drug artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Dietrich
- UCSF/UCB Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering
- Synthetic Biology Department, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- UCSF/UCB Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering
- Synthetic Biology Department, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Karl J. Fisher
- Amyris Biotechnologies Inc., Emeryville, California 94208
| | | | - Denise Ockey
- Amyris Biotechnologies Inc., Emeryville, California 94208
| | | | | | - Michelle C. Y. Chang
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3)
- Department of Chemistry
- Synthetic Biology Department, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- UCSF/UCB Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
- Synthetic Biology Department, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94208
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Woolard FX, Paetsch J, Ellman JA. A Silicon Linker for Direct Loading of Aromatic Compounds to Supports. Traceless Synthesis of Pyridine-Based Tricyclics. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9710745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank X. Woolard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jonathan Paetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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