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Soares HD, Potter WZ, Pickering E, Kuhn M, Immermann FW, Shera DM, Ferm M, Dean RA, Simon AJ, Swenson F, Siuciak JA, Kaplow J, Thambisetty M, Zagouras P, Koroshetz WJ, Wan HI, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. Plasma biomarkers associated with the apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 69:1310-7. [PMID: 22801723 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A blood-based test that could be used as a screen for Alzheimer disease (AD) may enable early intervention and better access to treatment. OBJECTIVE To apply a multiplex immunoassay panel to identify plasma biomarkers of AD using plasma samples from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING The Biomarkers Consortium Alzheimer's Disease Plasma Proteomics Project. PARTICIPANTS Plasma samples at baseline and at 1 year were analyzed from 396 (345 at 1 year) patients with mild cognitive impairment, 112 (97 at 1 year) patients with AD, and 58 (54 at 1 year) healthy control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were used to examine differences across diagnostic groups and relative to the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype. RESULTS Increased levels of eotaxin 3, pancreatic polypeptide, and N-terminal protein B-type brain natriuretic peptide were observed in patients, confirming similar changes reported in cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with AD and MCI. Increases in tenascin C levels and decreases in IgM and ApoE levels were also observed. All participants with Apo ε3/ε4 or ε4/ε4 alleles showed a distinct biochemical profile characterized by low C-reactive protein and ApoE levels and by high cortisol, interleukin 13, apolipoprotein B, and gamma interferon levels. The use of plasma biomarkers improved specificity in differentiating patients with AD from controls, and ApoE plasma levels were lowest in patients whose mild cognitive impairment had progressed to dementia. CONCLUSIONS Plasma biomarker results confirm cerebrospinal fluid studies reporting increased levels of pancreatic polypeptide and N-terminal protein B-type brain natriuretic peptide in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment. Incorporation of plasma biomarkers yielded high sensitivity with improved specificity, supporting their usefulness as a screening tool. The ApoE genotype was associated with a unique biochemical profile irrespective of diagnosis, highlighting the importance of genotype on blood protein profiles.
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Bjornsdottir US, Holgate ST, Reddy PS, Hill AA, McKee CM, Csimma CI, Weaver AA, Legault HM, Small CG, Ramsey RC, Ellis DK, Burke CM, Thompson PJ, Howarth PH, Wardlaw AJ, Bardin PG, Bernstein DI, Irving LB, Chupp GL, Bensch GW, Bensch GW, Stahlman JE, Karetzky M, Baker JW, Miller RL, Goodman BH, Raible DG, Goldman SJ, Miller DK, Ryan JL, Dorner AJ, Immermann FW, O'Toole M. Pathways activated during human asthma exacerbation as revealed by gene expression patterns in blood. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21902. [PMID: 21779351 PMCID: PMC3136489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbations remain a major unmet clinical need. The difficulty in obtaining airway tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage samples during exacerbations has greatly hampered study of naturally occurring exacerbations. This study was conducted to determine if mRNA profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could provide information on the systemic molecular pathways involved during asthma exacerbations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Over the course of one year, gene expression levels during stable asthma, exacerbation, and two weeks after an exacerbation were compared using oligonucleotide arrays. For each of 118 subjects who experienced at least one asthma exacerbation, the gene expression patterns in a sample of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected during an exacerbation episode were compared to patterns observed in multiple samples from the same subject collected during quiescent asthma. Analysis of covariance identified genes whose levels of expression changed during exacerbations and returned to quiescent levels by two weeks. Heterogeneity among visits in expression profiles was examined using K-means clustering. Three distinct exacerbation-associated gene expression signatures were identified. One signature indicated that, even among patients without symptoms of respiratory infection, genes of innate immunity were activated. Antigen-independent T cell activation mediated by IL15 was also indicated by this signature. A second signature revealed strong evidence of lymphocyte activation through antigen receptors and subsequent downstream events of adaptive immunity. The number of genes identified in the third signature was too few to draw conclusions on the mechanisms driving those exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study has shown that analysis of PBMCs reveals systemic changes accompanying asthma exacerbation and has laid the foundation for future comparative studies using PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnur S. Bjornsdottir
- Department of Allergy/Clinical Immunology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MOT); (STH)
| | | | - Andrew A. Hill
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Amy A. Weaver
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Legault
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | - Clayton G. Small
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | | | - Debra K. Ellis
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | | | - Philip J. Thompson
- Lung Institute of WA and Centre for Asthma, Allergy & Respiratory Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David I. Bernstein
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Geoffrey L. Chupp
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - George W. Bensch
- Bensch Clinical Research, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Bensch
- Bensch Clinical Research, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Jon E. Stahlman
- Allergy and Asthma Center, Conyers, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monroe Karetzky
- Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - James W. Baker
- Baker Allergy, Asthma and Dermatology, Lake Oswego, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brad H. Goodman
- Coastal Allergy and Asthma, Savannah, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - John L. Ryan
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | - Andrew J. Dorner
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | | | - Margot O'Toole
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MOT); (STH)
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Ruzin A, Immermann FW, Bradford PA. RT-PCR and statistical analyses of adeABC expression in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. Microb Drug Resist 2010; 16:87-9. [PMID: 20438348 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between expression of adeABC and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tigecycline was investigated by RT-PCR and statistical analyses in a population of 106 clinical isolates (MIC range, 0.0313-16 microg/ml) of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. There was a statistically significant linear relationship (p < 0.0001) between log-transformed expression values and log-transformed MIC values, indicating that overexpression of AdeABC efflux pump is a prevalent mechanism for decreased susceptibility to tigecycline in A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ruzin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, New York, USA.
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Guo Y, Hill AA, Ramsey RC, Immermann FW, Corcoran C, Young D, Lavallie ER, Ryan M, Bechard T, Pfeifer R, Warner G, Bologna M, Bloom L, O'Toole M. Assessing agonistic potential of a candidate therapeutic anti-IL21R antibody. J Transl Med 2010; 8:50. [PMID: 20504348 PMCID: PMC2896924 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selective neutralization of the IL21/IL21R signaling pathway is a promising approach for the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases. Ab-01 is a human neutralizing anti-IL21R antibody. In order to ensure that the activities of Ab-01 are restricted to neutralization even under in vitro cross-linking and in vivo conditions, a comprehensive assessment of agonistic potential of Ab-01 was undertaken. Methods In vitro antibody cross-linking and cell culture protocols reported for studies with a human agonistic antibody, TGN1412, were followed for Ab-01. rhIL21, the agonist ligand of the targeted receptor, and cross-linked anti-CD28 were used as positive controls for signal transduction. In vivo agonistic potential of Ab-01 was assessed by measuring expression levels of cytokine storm-associated and IL21 pathway genes in blood of cynomolgus monkeys before and after IV administration of Ab-01. Results Using a comprehensive set of assays that detected multiple activation signals in the presence of the positive control agonists, in vitro Ab-01-dependent activation was not detected in either PBMCs or the rhIL21-responsive cell line Daudi. Furthermore, no difference in gene expression levels was detected in blood before and after in vivo Ab-01 dosing of cynomolgus monkeys. Conclusions Despite efforts to intentionally force an agonistic signal from Ab-01, none could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Guo
- Pfizer, BioTherapeutics Clinical Translational Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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O'Toole M, Janszen DB, Slonim DK, Reddy PS, Ellis DK, Legault HM, Hill AA, Whitley MZ, Mounts WM, Zuberek K, Immermann FW, Black RS, Dorner AJ. Risk Factors Associated With β-Amyloid(1-42) Immunotherapy in Preimmunization Gene Expression Patterns of Blood Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:1531-6. [PMID: 16216935 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.62.10.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A phase 2a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study was conducted to evaluate safety, tolerability, and pilot efficacy of immunization with beta-amyloid((1-42)) in patients with Alzheimer disease. Six immunizations were planned but were halted when meningoencephalitis was recognized as an adverse event in 6% of immunized patients. OBJECTIVE To identify biomarkers associated with both the risk of meningoencephalitis and antibody responsiveness. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty-three patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease.Main Outcome Measure Association between response to immunization and preimmunization expression levels of 8239 messenger RNA transcripts expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells that had been collected at the screening visit. RESULTS Expression patterns of genes related to apoptosis and proinflammatory pathways (tumor necrosis factor pathway in particular) were identified as biomarkers of risk for the development of meningoencephalitis. Expression patterns of genes related to protein synthesis, protein trafficking, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and cell cycle were strongly associated with IgG response to immunization. CONCLUSIONS Candidate biomarkers associated with risk of immunotherapy-related meningoencephalitis were detected in blood collected prior to treatment. In addition, a different set of biomarkers were identified that were associated with the desired outcome of IgG response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot O'Toole
- Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Wrenn SM, Parks JS, Immermann FW, Rudel LL. ACAT inhibitors CL 283,546 and CL 283,796 reduce LDL cholesterol without affecting cholesterol absorption in African green monkeys. J Lipid Res 1995; 36:1199-210. [PMID: 7665998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies with a number of selective acylcoenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors in several animal models have demonstrated significant reductions in plasma cholesterol and, in some studies, triglyceride levels. This study was conducted to examine the effects of two ACAT inhibitors, CL 283,546 and CL 283,796, in cholesterol-high fat diet fed African green monkeys, a relevant primate model of hyperlipidemia and coronary artery atherosclerosis. Treatment with CL 283,546 or CL 283,796 resulted in significant reductions (ca. 25-30%) in total plasma cholesterol at both 10 and 30 mg/kg per day doses. This reduction in plasma cholesterol was due almost entirely to reduction in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (ca. 45%) without significantly affecting high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein + intermediate density lipoprotein (VLDL + IDL) cholesterol, or triglyceride concentrations. There were no significant effects on plasma concentrations of apolipoproteins A-I, E, or B and, thus, the reduction seen in LDL cholesterol appears to be due to a diminished cholesterol content of LDL particles. Our studies revealed that treatment with these compounds did not reduce cholesterol absorption, which was somewhat surprising as ACAT inhibitors are generally thought to exert their hypolipidemic effects, at least in part, by inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Our data are consistent with a principal activity of these drugs on the liver to reduce cholesteryl ester secretion in VLDL, leading to a diminished LDL-cholesterol content, and, presumably, enhanced biliary cholesterol-bile acid excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wrenn
- Lederle Laboratories, Medical Research Division, American Cyanamid Co., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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Koehn RK, Immermann FW. Biochemical studies of aminopeptidase polymorphism in Mytilus edulis. I. dependence of enzyme activity on season, tissue, and genotype. Biochem Genet 1981; 19:1115-42. [PMID: 7337691 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase-I is polymorphic in the marine bivalve Mytilus edulis and catalyzes the liberation of neutral an aromatic N-terminal amino acids from oligopeptides. The enzyme is abundant in the digestive gland, where it is lysosomal, but is present in several other tissues. Temporal variation in enzyme activity was monitored for 2.5 years in two natural populations. The temporal pattern of variation was similar in gill, mantle, and digestive gland tissues; variations occurred over both short and long time periods. Enzyme activity under ambient temperature conditions was seasonally related to temperature in gill and digestive gland, but varied with reproductive cycle in mantle tissue. In the last, maximum activity corresponded to the postreproductive period in each population. Enzyme activity varies in response to tissue-specific metabolic demands. Population difference in enzyme activity are due to both genotype-dependent enzyme activity, since allele frequencies differ between populations, and environmental salinity. High salinity induces high activity, which is a response to the need for higher intracellular concentrations of free amino acids for cell volume regulation. Salinity has comparable effects on enzyme activity in natural and experimental populations. Genotype-dependent specific activities are a consequence of both differing kinetic properties among genotypes [Koehn, R. K., and Siebenaller, J. S. (1981). Biochem. Genet. 19: 1143] and genotype-specific concentration of enzyme protein that change in response to environmental salinity.
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