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Merlin A, Foucher N, Linster M, Cazeau G, Marsot M, Delerue M, Sala C, Schneider J, Ferry B, Amat JP, Tapprest J. Factors Associated with Owner-Reported Euthanasia in Equids in France. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 105:103723. [PMID: 34607690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is limited evidence regarding the proportion of dead equids in France that were euthanized and the factors influencing the decision-making of euthanasia. The better understanding of which could facilitate research on improvement of welfare, especially on end of life issues. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of euthanasia and identify associated factors in equids in France. A web-based survey was created and distributed by the French horse and riding institute to owners who reported an equine death between April 2017 and April 2018 (n = 5 158). Factors associated with euthanasia were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. The percentage of responses was 10.6% (n = 548/5 158; 95% CI 9.8% to 11.5%). The proportion of euthanasia was 71.0% (n = 389/548; 95% CI 67.2% to 74.8%). The factors "age category", "cause of natural death or reason for euthanasia" and "the length of time during which the animal was reported to be ill by the owner" were significantly associated with euthanasia (P <0.001). The results highlighted that a large majority of owners faced euthanasia decisions and our findings could support veterinarians and owners to better prepare for such an eventuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merlin
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - N Foucher
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - M Linster
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, Goustranville, France; Pathological Anatomy Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Cazeau
- University of Lyon, ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, France
| | - M Marsot
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - M Delerue
- French horse and riding institute (IFCE), Arnac-Pompadour, France
| | - C Sala
- University of Lyon, ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, France
| | - J Schneider
- French horse and riding institute (IFCE), Arnac-Pompadour, France
| | - B Ferry
- French horse and riding institute (IFCE), Arnac-Pompadour, France
| | - J P Amat
- University of Lyon, ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, France
| | - J Tapprest
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, Goustranville, France
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Jarrige N, Cazeau G, Bosquet G, Bastien J, Benoit F, Gay E. Effects of antimicrobial exposure on the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in the digestive flora of dairy calves. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105177. [PMID: 33181469 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Veal calves are often identified as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli). This production is closely linked with dairy production, as young calves - mostly males - are collected from dairy farms to enter the fattening process. The aim of this prospective study was to explore the factors on dairy farms that favour the selection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the digestive E. coli strains of young calves and to assess whether the resistance levels and selection pressure were the same for males and females. The exposure of calves to antimicrobials was investigated through three factors: antimicrobial treatment of calves; feeding of calves with milk from cows treated with antimicrobials; and the consumption of colostrum from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry-off. The study design involved 100 dairy farms. A calf of each sex was selected from birth on each farm. Information on the calves' exposure to antimicrobials was collected daily and calves were sampled (rectal swab) two weeks after birth, then seven weeks after birth for females only. Laboratory analyses included culture on two distinct media: a non-selective medium (identifying dominant flora) and a medium containing ceftiofur to select the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype. Susceptibility testing was performed on an E. coli strain from each medium. Generalised linear models were used to assess associations between the resistance of E. coli strains and antimicrobial exposure. A set of 280 swabs from healthy calves were analysed. In dominant flora, high levels of resistance (>60 %) were identified for streptomycin, tetracycline and amoxicillin but AMR levels were low (3 %) for critically important antimicrobials (3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones). For females staying in dairy farms, a marked decrease in resistance was observed for almost all antimicrobials between the age of 15 days and 7 weeks. A selective medium revealed an ESBL phenotype for 20.7 % of the calves. Whether for AMR or antimicrobial exposure, no significant difference was found between male and female calves. The antimicrobial treatment of calves was associated with an increased resistance of E. coli from dominant flora for amoxicillin (OR = 2.9), gentamicin (OR = 4.6), florfenicol (OR = 5.0) and trimethoprim-sulfonamide (OR = 5.6). The consumption by calves of milk from cows treated with antimicrobials was also associated with an increased resistance to amoxicillin (OR = 2.6), gentamicin (OR = 4.0), tetracycline (2.6) and trimethoprim-sulfonamide (OR = 2.2). In contrast, the models did not reveal any association between AMR and consumption of colostrum from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jarrige
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie et appui à la surveillance, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - G Cazeau
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie et appui à la surveillance, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - G Bosquet
- SNGTV - Société nationale des groupements techniques vétérinaires, 5 rue Moufle, 75011, Paris, France
| | - J Bastien
- SNGTV - Société nationale des groupements techniques vétérinaires, 5 rue Moufle, 75011, Paris, France
| | - F Benoit
- Laboratoire Labéo-Manche, 1352 Avenue de Paris CS 33608, 50008, Saint-Lô Cedex, France
| | - E Gay
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie et appui à la surveillance, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Merlin A, Schneider J, Cazeau G, Sala C, Linster M, Foucher N, Ferry B, Delerue M, Amat JP, Tapprest J. Identification of levers for improving dead equine traceability: A survey of French equine owners' perception of regulatory procedures following their animal's death. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104834. [PMID: 31739221 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The core of the French equine traceability system is the census database (SIRE) managed by the French horse and riding institute (IFCE). Following the death of an equine, owners are legally obliged to take charge of cadaver removal by contacting a rendering company directly or after registration on the national ATM-équidés ANGEE association (ATM) website, which proposes negotiated prices for removal and recording of the death in the SIRE database. Despite these offers, ATM notes few users. Owners are also legally obliged to return the equine's passport to the IFCE, but only 30-40 % of owners comply with the regulation. Rendering companies register data on equine mortality in the fallen stock data interchange database (FSDI), but it is difficult to cross-reference these data with SIRE data. Consequently, the death of equines is not well registered in the SIRE database. The objective of the present study was to identify levers that could be used to improve dead equine traceability by i) investigating the level of satisfaction of equine owners with ATM and rendering company services; and ii) investigating the drawbacks of owners having to return the passport to the IFCE. An online survey was designed and distributed by email to the 5 158 owners who used ATM services between April 2017 and April 2018. The response rate was 16.4 %. Most owners were satisfied by ATM and rendering company services. The lack of simple and quick removal procedures and the lack of any connection between ATM and the rendering companies were among the main drawbacks identified. Regarding the return of the passport to the IFCE, most responding owners returned it through the rendering company (65 %) or directly (2 %). The passport was returned significantly more frequently when requested by the renderers. The main reason for not providing the passport was the owner wanted to keep it as a souvenir. These results suggest that ATM and the rendering companies are key players in dead equine traceability. ATM services should be developed through the establishment of a direct connection with rendering companies to accelerate the cadaver removal request and to allow the cross-referencing of data between the ATM, FSDI and SIRE databases for a better dead equine traceability. Rendering companies need regulatory support to help them ask owners for the equine's passport, formalizing their contribution to equine traceability. Finally, effective communication has to be established to inform owners about the removal procedures and the regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merlin
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, 14 430, Goustranville, France.
| | - J Schneider
- French horse and riding institute (IFCE), 19 230, Arnac Pompadour, France
| | - G Cazeau
- University of Lyon-ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, F-69 364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - C Sala
- University of Lyon-ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, F-69 364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - M Linster
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, 14 430, Goustranville, France; Pathological Anatomy Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort (ENVA), 94 700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - N Foucher
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, 14 430, Goustranville, France
| | - B Ferry
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort (ENVA), 94 700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Delerue
- French horse and riding institute (IFCE), 19 230, Arnac Pompadour, France
| | - J P Amat
- University of Lyon-ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, F-69 364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - J Tapprest
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, 14 430, Goustranville, France
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Bourély C, Cazeau G, Jarrige N, Haenni M, Gay E, Leblond A. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:112-119. [PMID: 31033041 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horses are one of the potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants that could be transferred to human subjects. OBJECTIVE To describe the AMR patterns of major bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. METHODS Data collected between 2012 and 2016 by RESAPATH, the French national surveillance network for AMR, were analysed. Only antimicrobials relevant in veterinary and human medicine for the isolated bacteria were considered. Mono- and multidrug resistance were calculated. The resistance proportions of major equine diseases were assessed and compared. Where data permitted, resistance trends were investigated using nonlinear analysis (generalised additive models). RESULTS A total of 12,695 antibiograms were analysed. The five most frequently isolated bacteria were Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pantoea spp. and Klebsiella spp. The highest proportions of resistance to gentamicin were found for S. aureus (22.1%) and Pseudomonas spp. (26.9%). Klebsiella spp. and E. coli had the highest proportions of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (15.5 and 26.2%, respectively). Proportions of resistance to tetracycline were among the highest for all the bacteria considered. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was below 10% for all Enterobacteriaceae. The highest proportions of multidrug resistance (22.5%) were found among S. aureus isolates, which is worrying given their zoonotic potential. From 2012 to 2016, resistance proportions decreased in Pseudomonas spp. isolates, but remained the same for S. aureus. For Streptococcus spp. and E. coli, resistance proportions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased. MAIN LIMITATIONS Since antibiograms are not systematic analyses, any selection bias could impact the results. CONCLUSIONS Such studies are essential to estimate the magnitude of the potential threat of AMR to public health, to design efficient control strategies and to measure their effectiveness. These findings may also guide the initial empirical treatment of horse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bourély
- École Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, ENSV, VetagroSup, Marcy l'Étoile, France.,Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Épidémiologie et Appui à la Surveillance, Université de Lyon, ANSES, Lyon, France.,Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, INRA, EPIA, UMR 0346, VetAgroSup, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - G Cazeau
- Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Épidémiologie et Appui à la Surveillance, Université de Lyon, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - N Jarrige
- Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Épidémiologie et Appui à la Surveillance, Université de Lyon, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - M Haenni
- Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université de Lyon, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - E Gay
- Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Épidémiologie et Appui à la Surveillance, Université de Lyon, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - A Leblond
- Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, INRA, EPIA, UMR 0346, VetAgroSup, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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Boireau C, Morignat É, Cazeau G, Jarrige N, Jouy É, Haenni M, Madec JY, Leblond A, Gay É. Antimicrobial resistance trends in Escherichia coli
isolated from diseased food-producing animals in France: A 14-year period time-series study. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:e86-e94. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Boireau
- École Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, ENSV; VetAgroSup; Lyon France
- Laboratoire de Lyon; Unité Épidémiologie; Université de Lyon; ANSES; Lyon France
- Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, EPIA; INRA; VetAgroSup; University of Lyon; Lyon France
| | - É. Morignat
- Laboratoire de Lyon; Unité Épidémiologie; Université de Lyon; ANSES; Lyon France
| | - G. Cazeau
- Laboratoire de Lyon; Unité Épidémiologie; Université de Lyon; ANSES; Lyon France
| | - N. Jarrige
- Laboratoire de Lyon; Unité Épidémiologie; Université de Lyon; ANSES; Lyon France
| | - É. Jouy
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané; Unité Mycoplasmologie-Bactériologie; ANSES; Université Bretagne Loire; Technopôle Saint-Brieuc Armor; Ploufragan France
| | - M. Haenni
- Laboratoire de Lyon; Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes; ANSES; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - J.-Y. Madec
- Laboratoire de Lyon; Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes; ANSES; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - A. Leblond
- Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, EPIA; INRA; VetAgroSup; University of Lyon; Lyon France
| | - É. Gay
- Laboratoire de Lyon; Unité Épidémiologie; Université de Lyon; ANSES; Lyon France
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Jarrige N, Cazeau G, Morignat E, Chanteperdrix M, Gay E. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage in white veal calves in France. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:158-166. [PMID: 28716197 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance has made it necessary to measure antimicrobial usage in animal production sectors. France is a major European producer of white veal calves, but few data were previously available for that sector, even though these young animals are particularly susceptible to infection and considered as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 186 batches of French calves to estimate the exposure of white veal calves to antimicrobials and identify the potential risk factors related to antimicrobial usage. An indicator of calf exposure was calculated as a count of the number of antimicrobial treatments per calf. The indicator was based on veterinary prescriptions (products, quantity dispensed and dosage prescribed) and the estimated weight of calves at treatment, using the dates of treatment collected from farm registers. The study showed that calves were exposed to an average of 8.55 antimicrobial treatments (SD: 2.21, range: 2.75-15.86) over the five to six months of the fattening process. Group treatments were predominant (95.8%) and administered by the oral route. The "starting treatments", given during the first two weeks of the fattening period, were administered systematically (to all the calves in all the farms) and accounted for a third of all treatments. Tetracyclines, polypeptides and macrolides were the most widely used antimicrobials, with respectively 4.32, 1.59 and 1.01 treatments per calf. Only rare uses of 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, considered as critically important in human medicine, were reported. Despite low variability of exposure between farms, a linear mixed-effects model highlighted a higher variability between farmers (ICC=0.14) or veterinarians (ICC=0.12), than between integrators (ICC=0.06). The number of calves per pen, introduced as a fixed effect in the model, was also significant: calves housed in pens of 6-10 and fed in buckets had on average 2.55 more antimicrobial treatments per calf than calves housed in pairs with the same feeding system. The model also highlighted an increase of 1.48 treatments per calf for farms with more than five percent of mortality, versus those with two percent or less. The present study showed that antimicrobial treatments are numerous in veal calf fattening farms, particularly at the arrival of the animals. Taking into account the development of resistance to antimicrobials, the necessity and the effectiveness of some of these treatments should be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jarrige
- Université de Lyon, ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie,31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - G Cazeau
- Université de Lyon, ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie,31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - E Morignat
- Université de Lyon, ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie,31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - M Chanteperdrix
- IDELE, Service Qualité des viandes, BP 85225, 35652, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - E Gay
- Université de Lyon, ANSES-Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie,31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
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Moreno CR, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Laurent P, Cazeau G, Andreoletti O, Chadi S, Elsen JM, Calavas D. Which PrP haplotypes in a French sheep population are the most susceptible to atypical scrapie? Arch Virol 2007; 152:1229-32. [PMID: 17426916 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A French sheep case control study has been organised to estimate the effects of the PrP haplotypes on resistance to atypical scrapie. The ALHQ and AFRQ haplotypes are significantly more susceptible than the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Moreno
- INRA - Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Stadion d'Amelioration Genetique des Animaux, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Morignat E, Cazeau G, Biacabe AG, Vinard JL, Bencsik A, Madec JY, Ducrot C, Baron T, Calavas D. Estimates of the prevalence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in sheep and goats in France in 2002. Vet Rec 2006; 158:683-7. [PMID: 16714431 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.20.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An active surveillance programme for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSES) in sheep and goats was implemented in France in 2002 at abattoirs and rendering plants. The analysis of the results of this programme highlighted three biases: a potentially non-random sampling scheme in both rendering plants and abattoirs, a heterogeneous geographical sampling ratio, and the use of two diagnostic tests of unequal sensitivity. Simulations were run to estimate the prevalence of TSES by taking these biases into account. A comparison of the prevalence of TSES calculated from the raw data with the simulation results showed that the effects of non-random sampling were minor in comparison with the effects of the heterogeneous geographical sampling ratio and the use of two diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Morignat
- AFSSA Lyon, 31 Avenue T. Garnier, F-69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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9
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Cazeau G, Ducrot C, Collin E, Desjouis G, Calavas D. Questionnaire analysis of BSE cases in France detected by active surveillance and the reasons for non-notification. Vet Rec 2004; 154:133-6. [PMID: 14979440 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.5.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A mandatory reporting system (MRS) was set up in France in December 1990 to detect animals showing clinical signs of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Since June 2000, four active surveillance programmes dedicated to fallen stock and slaughtered cattle have been implemented to reinforce the MRS. The clinical status of the cases detected through these programmes was investigated to understand why the MRS had failed to detect them. Up to September 1, 2002, 181 cases had been analysed (126 fallen stock and 55 slaughtered cattle). Almost all the fallen stock cases were animals which had been showing clinical signs, and two thirds of them had shown signs which should have led to a suspicion of BSE. No clinical signs had been reported for two thirds of the slaughtered cattle cases and 10 (8 per cent) of the fallen stock cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cazeau
- AFSSA Lyon, 31 Avenue T. Garnier, F-69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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