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Merlin A, Foucher N, Linster M, Cazeau G, Marsot M, Delerue M, Sala C, Schneider J, Ferry B, Amat JP, Tapprest J. Factors Associated with Owner-Reported Euthanasia in Equids in France. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 105:103723. [PMID: 34607690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is limited evidence regarding the proportion of dead equids in France that were euthanized and the factors influencing the decision-making of euthanasia. The better understanding of which could facilitate research on improvement of welfare, especially on end of life issues. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of euthanasia and identify associated factors in equids in France. A web-based survey was created and distributed by the French horse and riding institute to owners who reported an equine death between April 2017 and April 2018 (n = 5 158). Factors associated with euthanasia were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. The percentage of responses was 10.6% (n = 548/5 158; 95% CI 9.8% to 11.5%). The proportion of euthanasia was 71.0% (n = 389/548; 95% CI 67.2% to 74.8%). The factors "age category", "cause of natural death or reason for euthanasia" and "the length of time during which the animal was reported to be ill by the owner" were significantly associated with euthanasia (P <0.001). The results highlighted that a large majority of owners faced euthanasia decisions and our findings could support veterinarians and owners to better prepare for such an eventuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merlin
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - N Foucher
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - M Linster
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, Goustranville, France; Pathological Anatomy Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Cazeau
- University of Lyon, ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, France
| | - M Marsot
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - M Delerue
- French horse and riding institute (IFCE), Arnac-Pompadour, France
| | - C Sala
- University of Lyon, ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, France
| | - J Schneider
- French horse and riding institute (IFCE), Arnac-Pompadour, France
| | - B Ferry
- French horse and riding institute (IFCE), Arnac-Pompadour, France
| | - J P Amat
- University of Lyon, ANSES, Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, France
| | - J Tapprest
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Disease Unit, Goustranville, France
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Gioia GV, Vinueza RL, Marsot M, Devillers E, Cruz M, Petit E, Boulouis HJ, Moutailler S, Monroy F, Coello MA, Gondard M, Bournez L, Haddad N, Zanella G. Bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne pathogens in cattle of the Galapagos Islands. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1262-1271. [PMID: 29566306 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the species of Anaplasma spp. and estimate its prevalence in cattle of the three main cattle-producing Galapagos Islands (Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal and Isabela) using indirect PCR assays, genetic sequencing and ELISA. Ticks were also collected from cattle and scanned for 47 tick-borne pathogens in a 48 × 48 real-time PCR chip. A mixed effects logistic regression was performed to identify potential risk factors explaining Anaplasma infection in cattle. A. phagocytophilum was not detected in any of the tested animals. Genetic sequencing allowed detection of A. platys-like strains in 11 (36.7%) of the 30 Anaplasma spp.-positive samples analysed. A. marginale was widespread in the three islands with a global between-herd prevalence of 100% [89; 100]95% CI and a median within-herd prevalence of 93%. A significant association was found between A. marginale infection and age with higher odds of being positive for adults (OR = 3.3 [1.2; 9.9]95% Bootstrap CI ). All collected ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus microplus. A. marginale, Babesia bigemina, Borrelia theileri and Francisella-like endosymbiont were detected in tick pools. These results show that the Galapagos Islands are endemic for A. marginale.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Gioia
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.,UBL, MAN-IMAL IDEFI ANR 11-0003, Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - R L Vinueza
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M Marsot
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Devillers
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Cruz
- Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos (ABG), Puerto Ayora, Ecuador
| | - E Petit
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - H J Boulouis
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - F Monroy
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M A Coello
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M Gondard
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - L Bournez
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Nancy, France
| | - N Haddad
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Zanella
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Marsot M, Henry PY, Vourc'h G, Gasqui P, Ferquel E, Laignel J, Grysan M, Chapuis JL. Which forest bird species are the main hosts of the tick, Ixodes ricinus, the vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, during the breeding season? Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:781-8. [PMID: 22732161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds are important hosts for vector-borne pathogens, especially those borne by ticks. However, few studies have been conducted on the role of different bird species within a community as hosts of vector-borne pathogens. This study addressed individual and species factors that could explain the burden of Ixodes ricinus on forest birds during the reproductive periods of both vectors and hosts. The goal was to identify which bird species contribute the most to the tick population at the community level. Birds were mist-netted on four plots in 2008 and on seven plots in 2009 in two forests (Sénart and Notre Dame, near Paris, France). The dependence of the tick load per bird upon environmental conditions (questing nymph density, year and plot) and on host species traits (species, age, sex, body size, vertical space use, level of innate and acquired immunity) was analysed. Finally, the relative contribution of each bird species to the local dynamics of ticks was estimated, while accounting for their respective abundance. Tick burden differed markedly between bird species and varied according to questing nymph density. Bird species with a high body mass, those that forage low in the vegetation, and those that had a high innate immune response and a high spleen mass were more likely to have a high tick burden. Four species (the Common Blackbird, Turdus merula, the European Robin, Erithacus rubecula, the Song Thrush, Turdus philomelos, and the Winter Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes) hosted more than 90% of the ticks in the local bird community. These species, and particularly T. merula which was host to a high proportion of the nymphs, are likely to contribute significantly to the circulation of pathogens for which they are competent, such as the agent of Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marsot
- INRA, UR346, Epidémiologie Animale, F-63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Pisanu B, Marsot M, Marmet J, Chapuis JL, Réale D, Vourc'h G. Introduced Siberian chipmunks are more heavily infested by ixodid ticks than are native bank voles in a suburban forest in France. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1277-83. [PMID: 20406644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
By serving as hosts for native vectors, introduced species can surpass native hosts in their role as major reservoirs of local pathogens. During a 4-year longitudinal study, we investigated factors that affected infestation by ixodid ticks on both introduced Siberian chipmunks Tamias sibiricus barberi and native bank voles Myodes glareolus in a suburban forest (Forêt de Sénart, Ile-de-France). Ticks were counted on adult bank voles and on adult and young chipmunks using regular monthly trapping sessions, and questing ticks were quantified by dragging. At the summer peak of questing Ixodes ricinus availability, the average tick load was 27-69 times greater on adult chipmunks than on adult voles, while average biomass per hectare of chipmunks and voles were similar. In adult chipmunks, individual effects significantly explained 31% and 24% of the total variance of tick larvae and nymph burdens, respectively. Male adult chipmunks harboured significantly more larvae and nymphs than adult females, and than juveniles born in spring and in summer. The higher tick loads, and more specifically the ratio of nymphs over larvae, observed in chipmunks may be caused by a higher predisposition--both in terms of susceptibility and exposure--to questing ticks. Tick burdens were also related to habitat and seasonal variation in age- and sex-related space use by both rodents. Introduced chipmunks may thus have an important role in the dynamics of local vector-borne pathogens compared with native reservoir hosts such as bank voles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pisanu
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7204 CERSP, MNHN-CNRS-P6, 61 rue Buffon, CP 53, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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