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Shen P, McKeever A, Walker GD, Yuan Y, Reynolds C, Fernando JR, Chen YY, MacRae CM, Schneider P, Reynolds EC. Remineralization and fluoride uptake of white spot lesions under dental varnishes. Aust Dent J 2020; 65:278-285. [PMID: 32678914 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate white spot lesion (WSL) remineralization and fluoride uptake by the application of fluoride varnishes directly onto artificial WSLs in vitro. METHODS MI varnish containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and 2.26% fluoride and Duraphat varnish containing 2.26% fluoride (no added calcium) were compared with a placebo varnish (no added calcium or fluoride). Two WSLs were prepared in enamel slabs and varnish applied to cover one of the two lesions. Each slab was immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days at 37°C. Mineral content was determined using transverse microradiography and fluoride uptake using electron probe microanalysis. The data were statistically analysed using a linear mixed model. RESULTS Both MI and Duraphat varnishes significantly remineralized the covered and uncovered WSLs when compared with the placebo varnish (P < 0.001). The WSLs covered with varnish showed greater remineralization than those uncovered. MI varnish produced the highest level of remineralization and significantly greater fluoride uptake (0.44 ± 0.08 wt%) compared with Duraphat (0.24 ± 0.03 wt%) and the placebo varnish (0.06 ± 0.05 wt%). CONCLUSION Varnish containing fluoride and CPP-ACP was superior to varnish containing fluoride alone in promoting WSL remineralization and fluoride uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A McKeever
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G D Walker
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Yuan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J R Fernando
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y-Y Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C M MacRae
- Microbeam Laboratory, CSIRO Mineral Resources, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Schneider
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sim CPC, Walker GD, Manton DJ, Soong YL, Wee JTS, Adams GG, Reynolds EC. Anticariogenic efficacy of a saliva biomimetic in head-and-neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Aust Dent J 2018; 64:47-54. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- CPC Sim
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; National Dental Centre; Singapore
| | - GD Walker
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - DJ Manton
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - YL Soong
- Division of Radiation Oncology; National Cancer Centre; Singapore
| | - JTS Wee
- Division of Radiation Oncology; National Cancer Centre; Singapore
| | - GG Adams
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - EC Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
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Dashper SG, Shen P, Sim CPC, Liu SW, Butler CA, Mitchell HL, D'Cruze T, Yuan Y, Hoffmann B, Walker GD, Catmull DV, Reynolds C, Reynolds EC. CPP-ACP Promotes SnF 2 Efficacy in a Polymicrobial Caries Model. J Dent Res 2018; 98:218-224. [PMID: 30392434 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518809088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is associated with plaque dysbiosis, leading to an increase in the proportions of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria at the expense of alkali-generating commensal species. Stannous fluoride (SnF2) slows the progression of caries by remineralization of early lesions but has also been suggested to inhibit glycolysis of aciduric bacteria. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) promotes fluoride remineralization by acting as a salivary biomimetic that releases bioavailable calcium and phosphate ions, and the peptide complex has also been suggested to modify plaque composition. We developed a polymicrobial biofilm model of caries using 6 bacterial species representative of supragingival plaque that were cultured on sound human enamel and pulsed with sucrose 4 times a day to produce a high cariogenic challenge. We used this model to explore the mechanisms of action of SnF2 and CPP-ACP. Bacterial species in the biofilms were enumerated with 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, and mineral loss and lesion formation were determined in the enamel directly under the polymicrobial biofilms via transverse microradiography. The model tested the twice-daily addition of SnF2, CPP-ACP, or both. SnF2 treatment reduced demineralization by 50% and had a slight effect on the composition of the polymicrobial biofilm. CPP-ACP treatment caused a similar inhibition of enamel demineralization (50%), a decrease in Actinomyces naeslundii and Lactobacillus casei abundance, and an increase in Streptococcus sanguinis and Fusobacterium nucleatum abundance in the polymicrobial biofilm. A combination of SnF2 and CPP-ACP resulted in a greater suppression of the acidogenic and aciduric bacteria and a significant 72% inhibition of enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Dashper
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Shen
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C P C Sim
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S W Liu
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C A Butler
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H L Mitchell
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T D'Cruze
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Y Yuan
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B Hoffmann
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G D Walker
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D V Catmull
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C Reynolds
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E C Reynolds
- 1 Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Sim C, Soong YL, Pang E, Lim C, Walker GD, Manton DJ, Reynolds EC, Wee J. Xerostomia, salivary characteristics and gland volumes following intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a two-year follow up. Aust Dent J 2018; 63:217-223. [PMID: 29569726 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate changes in xerostomia status, salivary characteristics and gland volumes 2 years following radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. METHODS Xerostomia scores, salivary flow rates, pH and buffering capacity were measured at pre-radiotherapy, mid-radiotherapy, 2 weeks, 3 months and 2 years post-radiotherapy. Salivary gland volumes and their correlation with radiation dose were also assessed. RESULTS Mean radiation dose to oral cavity, parotid and submandibular glands (SMG) was 44.5, 65.0 and 38.6 Gy respectively. Parotid and SMG volumes decreased 33% at 3 months post-radiotherapy; volumes at 2 years post-radiotherapy were 84% and 51% of pre-radiotherapy levels, respectively. Correlations were observed between parotid gland volume per cent reduction and its radiation dose and between resting salivary flow rate reduction and post-radiotherapy/pre-radiotherapy SMG volume ratio. Salivary flow rates and resting saliva pH remained significantly low at 2 years post-radiotherapy (both flow rates, P = 0.001; resting saliva pH, P = 0.005). Similarly, xerostomia scores remained significantly higher compared with pre-radiotherapy levels. CONCLUSIONS Submandibular gland volumetric shrinkage persisted 2 years after radiotherapy. Xerostomia scores remained significantly higher, and salivary flow rates and resting saliva pH remained significantly lower, suggesting that study participants were still at risk for hyposalivation-related oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cpc Sim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y L Soong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Epp Pang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Lim
- Division of Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G D Walker
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D J Manton
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jts Wee
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Shen P, Walker GD, Yuan Y, Reynolds C, Stacey MA, Reynolds EC. Food acid content and erosive potential of sugar-free confections. Aust Dent J 2017; 62:215-222. [PMID: 28107545 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental erosion is an increasingly prevalent problem associated with frequent consumption of acidic foods and beverages. The aim of this study was to measure the food acid content and the erosive potential of a variety of sugar-free confections. METHODS Thirty sugar-free confections were selected and extracts analysed to determine pH, titratable acidity, chemical composition and apparent degree of saturation with respect to apatite. The effect of the sugar-free confections in artificial saliva on human enamel was determined in an in vitro dental erosion assay using change in surface microhardness. RESULTS The change in surface microhardness was used to categorize the confections as high, moderate or low erosive potential. Seventeen of the 30 sugar-free confections were found to contain high concentrations of food acids, exhibit low pH and high titratable acidity and have high erosive potential. Significant correlations were found between the dental erosive potential (change in enamel surface microhardness) and pH and titratable acidity of the confections. Ten of these high erosive potential confections displayed dental messages on the packaging suggesting they were safe for teeth. CONCLUSIONS Many sugar-free confections, even some with 'Toothfriendly' messages on the product label, contain high contents of food acids and have erosive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shen
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G D Walker
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Yuan
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M A Stacey
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E C Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Shen P, Bagheri R, Walker GD, Yuan Y, Stanton DP, Reynolds C, Reynolds EC. Effect of calcium phosphate addition to fluoride containing dental varnishes on enamel demineralization. Aust Dent J 2016; 61:357-65. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Shen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - R Bagheri
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research Center; Shiraz Dental School; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz Iran
| | - GD Walker
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Y Yuan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - DP Stanton
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - EC Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre; Melbourne Dental School; Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental erosion is an increasingly prevalent problem in Australia, with the consumption of sports beverages suggested as a risk factor. The aim of this study was to compare the erosive potential of Australian sports beverages. METHODS Ten beverages were selected and analysed to determine their pH, titratable acidity and apparent degree of saturation with respect to apatite. The erosive potential of the beverages was measured by human enamel surface loss and surface softening following a 30-minute exposure. A taste testing panel was established to determine the palatability of the sports beverages. RESULTS All sports beverages except Sukkie and Endura produced substantial surface loss and surface softening. Compared with the other sports beverages, Sukkie and Endura had a higher pH, lower titratable acidity and higher calcium content. However, Sukkie and Endura were deemed to be less palatable than the other more acidic sports beverages. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the sports beverages tested produced dental erosion in this in vitro model. However, two new products Sukkie and Endura have lower erosive potential but also lower palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cochrane
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Cochrane NJ, Walker GD, Manton DJ, Reynolds EC. Comparison of quantitative light-induced fluorescence, digital photography and transverse microradiography for quantification of enamel remineralization. Aust Dent J 2012; 57:271-6. [PMID: 22924348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2012.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and digital photography (DP) have been proposed as clinical methods for measuring changes in enamel mineral content. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of QLF and DP with the in vitro gold standard transverse microradiography (TMR) to measure the remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions. METHODS Subsurface lesions were formed in enamel (n = 40) and exposed to remineralization solutions for 10 days. Changes were analysed by DP, QLF and TMR to determine percentage changes in luminescence (%L), fluorescence (%F) and mineral content (%R), respectively and correlation between these parameters determined. RESULTS The correlations between TMR and QLF (r = 0.63), TMR and DP (r = 0.59), and DP and QLF (r = 0.64) were all moderate but statistically significant (p < 0.001). The variability in %L and, to a lesser extent, %F values significantly impacted on the potential role of DP and QLF as methods by which mineral content changes produced by remineralization treatments could be accurately measured. CONCLUSIONS Both QLF and DP provided data that correlated moderately with TMR data. QLF images were easier to analyse, free of glare and had less variability compared with those produced using DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cochrane
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Manton DJ, Cai F, Yuan Y, Walker GD, Cochrane NJ, Reynolds C, Brearley-Messer LJ, Reynolds EC. Effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate added to acidic beverages on enamel erosion in vitro. Aust Dent J 2011; 55:275-9. [PMID: 20887514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate, in vitro, the effect on enamel erosion of the addition of 0.2% w/v casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) to four commercially-available soft drinks, two of which were carbonated. METHODS Enamel specimens (n=27) were sectioned from sound extracted human third molar teeth and polished to a mirror finish. Exposed enamel windows of 1 mm2 were created by painting the surface with acid-resistant nail varnish. Four citric flavoured soft drinks (pH range 2.2 to 2.4) and distilled deionized water (DDW) were tested. Each drink was tested with and without 0.2% CPP-ACP w/v. The specimens were placed into 50 mL of solution at 37 °C for 30 minutes, rinsed and varnish removed. The samples were profiled with a white light profilometer and erosive depths recorded. RESULTS All soft drinks tested caused enamel erosion but adding 0.2% w/v CPP-ACP significantly reduced (p<.05) erosive depth in all test solutions in comparison with the solutions without CPP-ACP. The erosive depths for all solutions with 0.2% CPP-ACP did not differ significantly from those of DDW. CONCLUSIONS Adding CPP-ACP at 0.2% w/v significantly decreased the erosivity of all four soft drinks. The erosivity of the soft drinks with 0.2% CPP-ACP added did not differ significantly from that of distilled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Manton
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
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Walker GD, Cai F, Shen P, Bailey DL, Yuan Y, Cochrane NJ, Reynolds C, Reynolds EC. Consumption of milk with added casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate remineralizes enamel subsurface lesionsin situ. Aust Dent J 2009; 54:245-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) slows the progression of caries and remineralizes enamel subsurface lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of CPP-ACP to increase the incorporation of fluoride into plaque and to promote enamel remineralization in situ. Randomized, double-blind, cross-over studies involved mouthrinses and dentifrices containing CPP-ACP and fluoride. The mouthrinses were used for 60 sec, three times/day for 5 days, and supragingival plaque was collected and analyzed for F. The dentifrices were rinsed as a water slurry for 60 sec four times/day for 14 days in an in situ model. The addition of 2% CPP-ACP to the 450-ppm-F mouthrinse significantly increased the incorporation of fluoride into plaque. The dentifrice containing 2% CPP-ACP produced a level of remineralization similar to that achieved with a dentifrice containing 2800 ppm F. The dentifrice containing 2% CPP-ACP plus 1100 ppm F was superior to all other formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Reynolds
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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Cai F, Manton DJ, Shen P, Walker GD, Cross KJ, Yuan Y, Reynolds C, Reynolds EC. Effect of addition of citric acid and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate to a sugar-free chewing gum on enamel remineralization in situ. Caries Res 2007; 41:377-83. [PMID: 17713338 DOI: 10.1159/000104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) has been shown to remineralize enamel subsurface lesions in situ. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CPP-ACP in a fruit-flavoured sugar-free chewing gum containing citric acid on enamel remineralization, and acid resistance of the remineralized enamel, using an in situ remineralization model. The study utilized a double-blind, randomized, crossover design with three treatments: (i) sugar-free gum (2 pellets) containing 20 mg citric acid and 18.8 mg CPP-ACP, (ii) sugar-free gum containing 20 mg citric acid alone, (iii) sugar-free gum not containing CPP-ACP or citric acid. Ten subjects were instructed to wear removable palatal appliances, with 4 half-slab insets of human enamel containing demineralized subsurface lesions and to chew gum (2 pellets) for 20 min 4 times per day for 14 days. At the completion of each treatment the enamel half-slabs were removed and half of the remineralized lesion treated with demineralization buffer for 16 h in vitro. The enamel slabs (remineralized, acid-challenged and control) were then embedded, sectioned and subjected to microradiography to determine the level of remineralization. Chewing with gum containing citric acid and CPP-ACP resulted in significantly higher remineralization (13.0 +/- 2.2%) than chewing with either gum containing no CPP-ACP or citric acid (9.4 +/- 1.2%) or gum containing citric acid alone (2.6 +/- 1.3%). The acid challenge of the remineralized lesions showed that the level of mineral after acid challenge was significantly greater for the lesions exposed to the gum containing CPP-ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cai
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Reynolds EC, Cai F, Shen P, Walker GD. Retention in plaque and remineralization of enamel lesions by various forms of calcium in a mouthrinse or sugar-free chewing gum. J Dent Res 2003; 82:206-11. [PMID: 12598550 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) nanocomplexes incorporated into sugar-free chewing gum have been shown to remineralize enamel subsurface lesions in situ. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of CPP-ACP, with that of other forms of calcium, to be retained in supragingival plaque and remineralize enamel subsurface lesions in situ when delivered in a mouthrinse or sugar-free gum in randomized, double-blind trials. In the mouthrinse study, only the CPP-ACP-containing mouthrinse significantly increased plaque calcium and inorganic phosphate levels, and the CPP were immunolocalized to the surfaces of bacterial cells as well as the intercellular matrix. In the chewing gum studies, the gum containing the CPP-ACP, although not containing the most calcium per piece of gum, produced the highest level of enamel remineralization independent of gum-chewing frequency and duration. The CPP could be detected in plaque extracts 3 hrs after subjects chewed the CPP-ACP-containing gum. The results showed that CPP-ACP were superior to other forms of calcium in remineralizing enamel subsurface lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Reynolds
- School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, 711 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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Walker GD, Burnham LD. Putting the Web to work. Caring 1997; 16:52-4. [PMID: 10176257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Can home care agencies use the Internet to help them succeed in today's highly volatile, highly competitive market? You bet they can. The potential of Internet technology is limited only by an organization's own vision. The Internet is new ground, however, in an industry that for the most part has limited experience with even traditional communications media.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Walker
- Barnhardt and Walker, Inc., Concord, NC, USA
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Abstract
The present study was undertaken to examine how osteoarthritis affects the expression of type-X collagen, a hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific collagen in articular cartilage. A well characterized sheep polyclonal antiserum, as well as three mouse monoclonal antibodies against canine type-X collagen, was used to immunolocalize type-X collagen in human and canine joints. Its expression in osteoarthritic cartilage was altered in several locations. In the canine osteoarthritic joints, type-X collagen increased in and just above the zone of calcified cartilage and was present diffusely throughout the calcified matrix. In both the human and canine cartilage, type-X collagen was localized around cell clones in the transitional zone of cartilage. This is surprising, since that region of the cartilage does not calcify and one of the proposed roles of type-X collagen is in mineralization. Thus, the osteoarthritic process may damage the matrix in the superficial layer and induce changes leading to the expression of the hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Walker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Strickland DK, Walker GD. Facing the competitive side of home care. Caring 1993; 12:14-6. [PMID: 10129024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
As home care continues to increase in popularity, so increases the competitive pressure on home care agencies. The key to agency success is solid relationships with the people and organizations with whom they conduct business.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Walker
- Department of Radiology, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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Abstract
Seasonal changes in the content of Ca and Mg in leaf blades collected from mature kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa] vines in a high-producing orchard were measured by a sequential fractionation procedure (14 M acetic acid, 0.25 M HC1 and residual). Total Ca and Mg concentrations decreased within the first 4 weeks of growth, but increased linearly thereafter to be 1322 and 197 μmol g-1 dry weight, respectively, by leaf fall. Total quantities of Ca and Mg accumulated at this time were approximately 2500 and 380 μmol per blade. Calcium oxalate, dissolved in the HC1 extract, was the predominant fraction at every harvest, accounting for up to 79 % of the total Ca content shortly after leaf emergence, and decreasing to 42 % at leaf fall. The quantity of physiologically active Ca (acetic acid-soluble) ranged from a minimum of 15 % (8 weeks after emergence) to a maximum of 41 % at the end of the season. Forms of Ca remaining in the solid residue after extraction made only a minor contribution (3 to 21 %) to the total content at any time during the season. In contrast, however, 89 to 96% of the total Mg was extracted by acetic acid at every harvest, with the remainder dissolved by HC1. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of the lamina of mature leaves indicated the presence of two crystalline, Ca-rich products which differed in their morphology, location and distribution. Large styloids (120 to 270 μm in length) were concentrated in idioblasts adjacent to vascular tissue, while bundles of four-sided raphides, containing wedge-shaped apices, were located predominantly between the major transport vessels of the vascular tissue. X-ray diffraction analysis of crystalline isolates confirmed that both morphological forms are calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite).
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Clark
- Ruakura Soil and Plant Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - G S Smith
- Ruakura Soil and Plant Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - G D Walker
- Ex Physics and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Private Bag, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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Abstract
Fifty-seven patients presenting with virologically confirmed first attacks of genital herpes were assessed for risk factors for time to the first recurrence. These factors included demographic details, personality traits, recent life events, herpes simplex biotype, frequency of orogenital intercourse and psychiatric illness as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). This and our similar previous study (58 patients) were analysed separately and combined using a novel statistical technique (Cox's proportional hazards model). In the previous study there was a significant association only for GHQ score (p less than 0.02). For the present study age was the only statistical significant factor (the younger the patient the more likely a recurrence sooner (p less than 0.05), although there was a trend for high GHQ scorers to have recurrences sooner than low scorers. Data of the two studies combined showed that the only significant association with time to recurrence was the GHQ (p less than 0.02). These data support the notion that there is an association between psychiatric illness and recurrence of genital herpes.
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Abstract
The prevalence of penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae at this hospital increased exponentially from less than 0.5% in 1978 to 6.5% of all isolates in 1982. In January 1983 first line treatment for uncomplicated heterosexual anogenital gonorrhoea was therefore changed from ampicillin and probenecid to spectinomycin. This subsequently cured 95% of cases seen at the Praed Street Clinic. Although there was an initial fall in the monthly isolation rate of penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae after the introduction of spectinomycin, this was not maintained. The exponential increase in the prevalence of the strain did slow in 1983, rising to only 8.7%. This, however, may have reflected a general decline in the rate of increase of penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae throughout Britain. The failure to influence the prevalence of penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae to any great degree may have been due in part to spectinomycin resistance in both penicillinase producing and non-penicillinase-producing N gonorrhoeae. All of the isolates appeared identical, apart from the presence of the 4.4 megadalton plasmid in penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae, but they could not be linked epidemiologically. Changing treatment in only one of the many venereal diseases clinics in London, where patients have open access to all such clinics, is unlikely to affect the prevalence of penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae. This has probably been more important than spectinomycin resistance in limiting the effectiveness of spectinomycin in reducing the prevalence of the strain.
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Davies JG, Rose AJ, Walker GD. A comparison of Augmentin and co-trimoxazole in the treatment of adult infections in general practice. Br J Clin Pract 1982; 36:387-93, 403. [PMID: 6984654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Guy EM, Theng BKG, Walker GD. Interactions ofEscherichia coli andStreptococcus bovis with soil clay surfaces as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/jpln.19801430208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Abstract
The role of specialized regions of insect rectal papillae in the regulation of water and ion uptake is well documented. Although the apparatus for active uptake of water or ions is located in various cell membranes, the absorbed molecules must first pass through the cuticle which lines the rectal epithelium. Most cuticle (e.g. abdominal) has been shown to be permeable only to molecules soluble in wax, and to be impermeable to water and ions. Obviously if such cuticle lined the rectum, absorption of water and ions would be severely restricted. The present freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer study was undertaken to investigate in more detail both the morphological features of the rectal papillae cuticle which could be responsible for its anomalous permeability and the various cell membranes involved in this transport. It has been suggested from permeability studies that the anomalous permeability of rectal papillae cuticle could be due to the lack of a complete wax layer over the surface of the rectal cuticle. The present study strongly supports this suggestion. Thus, the freeze-fracture micrographs have shown that a surface layer of the cuticle reacts during fracturing like a lipid bilayer. However, in rectal papilla cuticle this surface bilayer is interrupted at each epicuticular depression by areas of different fracturing behaviour. These discontinuities in the surface bilayer probably allow the rectal contents to contact directly the true cuticular matrix. They could, therefore, explain the case with which water and ions penetrate the rectal cuticle and so gain access to the underlying epithelial cells. Although similar discontinuities are present on some of the rectal cuticle surface external to the rectal papillae, they appear to be filled in by plugs of lipid-like material. The lateral plasma membranes of the rectal papillae cells are generally considered to be the main site of active transport. The present lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture study has shown that the lateral plasma membranes contain 3 distinct differentiations. Septate junctions are present at the apical and basal surfaces of the epithelial layer; a further membrane differentiation is found adjacent to the septate junctions; and thirdly, an array of short, variable length, non-anastomosing linear structures covers most of the lateral plasma membrane surface. These latter structures, unlike known types of cell junctions do not show equivalent arrays in apposing membranes even when the lateral plasma membranes of adjacent cells are closely apposed. The possible function of these structures is discussed.
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Fine W, Walker GD, Shanahan CV, Rimmer JN, Whitehead JP, Riley AJ. Letter: Consultant contract. Br Med J 1975; 1:41. [PMID: 804338 PMCID: PMC1671871 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5948.41-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Walker GD, Stewart JJ, Bass P. The effect of parietal cell and truncal vagotomy on gastric and duodenal contractile activity of the unanesthetized dog. Ann Surg 1974; 179:853-8. [PMID: 4835504 PMCID: PMC1355914 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197406000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The antral-duodenal contractile relationship was studied in control, after parietal cell vagotomy and truncal vagotomy conditions using extraluminal strain gage transducers. All conditions were investigated under interdigestive and digestive states and after insulin, bethanechol and histamine. After parietal cell vagotomy, there was minimal alteration of the antral-duodenal relationship in both the interdigestive and digestive states. The number and amplitude of contractions on both the antrum and duodenum (as reflected by a motility index) were not changed from control by the various stimulants. The one exception was that histamine markedly stimulated the duodenal contractile activity. In the truncal vagotomy condition, there was a total disruption of the antral-duodenal relationship in the interdigestive and digestive states. There was a significant decrease in the number and amplitude of contractions occurring on the antrum during the interdigestive and after insulin stimulation. Food was ineffective in stimulating the antrum in 2 of 3 dogs. In contrast, motor activity of the duodenum was minimally influenced by truncal vagotomy. In conclusion, parietal cell vagotomy has minimal disruptive effects on the antralduodenal relationship while truncal vagotomy reduces antral contractile activity.
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Walker GD, Stewart JJ, Bass P. The effect of secretin on the fed pattern of gastric and duodenal contractile activity. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1972; 134:807-9. [PMID: 5031494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Walker GD. Uses of blood gas estimations. Br Med J 1968; 4:774-5. [PMID: 5723742 PMCID: PMC1912880 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5633.774-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Walker GD. "Geriatric emergencies". West J Med 1967. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5572.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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